1
|
Carniello V, Peterson BW, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Role of adhesion forces in mechanosensitive channel gating in Staphylococcus aureus adhering to surfaces. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2020; 6:31. [PMID: 32826897 PMCID: PMC7442641 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-020-00141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensitive channels in bacterial membranes open or close in response to environmental changes to allow transmembrane transport, including antibiotic uptake and solute efflux. In this paper, we hypothesize that gating of mechanosensitive channels is stimulated by forces through which bacteria adhere to surfaces. Hereto, channel gating is related with adhesion forces to different surfaces of a Staphylococcus aureus strain and its isogenic ΔmscL mutant, deficient in MscL (large) channel gating. Staphylococci becoming fluorescent due to uptake of calcein, increased with adhesion force and were higher in the parent strain (66% when adhering with an adhesion force above 4.0 nN) than in the ΔmscL mutant (40% above 1.2 nN). This suggests that MscL channels open at a higher critical adhesion force than at which physically different, MscS (small) channels open and contribute to transmembrane transport. Uptake of the antibiotic dihydrostreptomycin was monitored by staphylococcal killing. The parent strain exposed to dihydrostreptomycin yielded a CFU reduction of 2.3 log-units when adhering with an adhesion force above 3.5 nN, but CFU reduction remained low (1.0 log-unit) in the mutant, independent of adhesion force. This confirms that large channels open at a higher critical adhesion-force than small channels, as also concluded from calcein transmembrane transport. Collectively, these observations support our hypothesis that adhesion forces to surfaces play an important role, next to other established driving forces, in staphylococcal channel gating. This provides an interesting extension of our understanding of transmembrane antibiotic uptake and solute efflux in infectious staphylococcal biofilms in which bacteria experience adhesion forces from a wide variety of surfaces, like those of other bacteria, tissue cells, or implanted biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Carniello
- Department of BioMedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Brandon W Peterson
- Department of BioMedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Henny C van der Mei
- Department of BioMedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Henk J Busscher
- Department of BioMedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hagiwara Y, Mihara Y, Sakagami K, Sagara R, Bat-Erdene U, Yatsunami R, Nakamura S. Isolation of four xylanases capable of hydrolyzing corn fiber xylan from Paenibacillus sp. H2C. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:640-650. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1693253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Corn fibre xylan (CX) shows high resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis due to its densely decorated side chains. To find enzymes capable of hydrolyzing CX, we isolated a bacterial strain (named H2C) from soil, by enrichment culture using non-starch polysaccharides of corn as the sole carbon source. Analysis based on the 16S rRNA sequence placed strain H2C within genus Paenibacillus. Enzymes were purified from supernatant of culture broth of strain H2C based on solubilizing activities toward CX. Four enzymes, Xyn5A, Xyn10B, Xyn11A, and Xyn30A, were successfully identified, which belong to glycoside hydrolase (GH) families, 5, 10, 11, and 30, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis classified Xyn5A in subfamily 35 of GH family 5, a subfamily of unknown function. Their activities toward beechwood xylan and/or wheat arabinoxylan indicated that these enzymes are β-1,4-xylanases. They showed high solubilizing activities toward a feed material, corn dried distiller’s grains with solubles, compared to five previously characterized xylanases.
Abbreviations : CX: corn fibre xylan; DDGS: corn dried distiller’s grains with solubles
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hagiwara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
- Process Development Laboratories, Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Mihara
- Process Development Laboratories, Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Koichi Sakagami
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ryuta Sagara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Undramaa Bat-Erdene
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Rie Yatsunami
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakamura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pérez-Rodríguez J, Téllez-Jurado A, Álvarez-Cervantes J, Antonio Ibarra J, Jaramillo-Loranca BE, Anducho-Reyes MA, Mercado-Flores Y. Study of the intracellular xylanolytic activity of the phytopathogenic fungus Sporisorium reilianum. MYCOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
4
|
Bioprospection of Enzymes and Microorganisms in Insects to Improve Second-Generation Ethanol Production. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2019. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2019.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
5
|
Cobucci-Ponzano B, Strazzulli A, Iacono R, Masturzo G, Giglio R, Rossi M, Moracci M. Novel thermophilic hemicellulases for the conversion of lignocellulose for second generation biorefineries. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015. [PMID: 26215346 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The biotransformation of lignocellulose biomasses into fermentable sugars is a very complex procedure including, as one of the most critical steps, the (hemi) cellulose hydrolysis by specific enzymatic cocktails. We explored here, the potential of stable glycoside hydrolases from thermophilic organisms, so far not used in commercial enzymatic preparations, for the conversion of glucuronoxylan, the major hemicellulose of several energy crops. Searches in the genomes of thermophilic bacteria led to the identification, efficient production, and detailed characterization of novel xylanase and α-glucuronidase from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius (GH10-XA and GH67-GA, respectively) and a α-glucuronidase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus (GH67-GC). Remarkably, GH10-XA, if compared to other thermophilic xylanases from this family, coupled good specificity on beechwood xylan and the best stability at 65 °C (3.5 days). In addition, GH67-GC was the most stable α-glucuronidases from this family and the first able to hydrolyse both aldouronic acid and aryl-α-glucuronic acid substrates. These enzymes, led to the very efficient hydrolysis of beechwood xylan by using 7- to 9-fold less protein (concentrations <0.3 μM) and in much less reaction time (2h vs 12h) if compared to other known biotransformations catalyzed by thermophilic enzymes. In addition, remarkably, together with a thermophilic β-xylosidase, they catalyzed the production of xylose from the smart cooking pre-treated biomass of one of the most promising energy crops for second generation biorefineries. We demonstrated that search by the CAZy Data Bank of currently available genomes and detailed enzymatic characterization of recombinant enzymes allow the identification of glycoside hydrolases with novel and interesting properties and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Cobucci-Ponzano
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Andrea Strazzulli
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Roberta Iacono
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Masturzo
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Rosa Giglio
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Mosè Rossi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Marco Moracci
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Microbial Exo-xylanases: A Mini Review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:81-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
7
|
Kim DY, Han MK, Oh HW, Bae KS, Jeong TS, Kim SU, Shin DH, Kim IH, Rhee YH, Son KH, Park HY. Novel intracellular GH10 xylanase from Cohnella laeviribosi HY-21: biocatalytic properties and alterations of substrate specificities by site-directed mutagenesis of Trp residues. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:8814-8821. [PMID: 20615688 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The novel intracellular GH10 xylanase (iXylC) gene (1023-bp) of Cohnella laeviribosi HY-21 encoded a protein consisting of 340 amino acids with a deduced molecular mass of 39,330Da and a calculated pI of 5.81. The primary structure of iXylC was 70% identical to that of Geobacillus sp. GH10 enzyme (GenBank accession number: EDV78425). Xylanolytic activity of the His-tagged iXylC overproduced in Escherichiacoli BL21 was stimulated by 2.2-fold in the presence of 0.5% non-ionic detergents. iXylC produced a mixture of xylooligosaccharides (xylobiose to xylooctaose) from xylotriose and xylotetraose used as the hydrolytic substrate. In addition, it exhibited considerable cleavage activities for p-nitrophenylxylopyranoside (PNP-xylopyranoside) and PNP-cellobioside, indicating that iXylC is a unique GH10 enzyme. The hydrolytic activity (57.8IUmL(-1)) of iXylC toward PNP-xylopyranoside increased to 8.3-fold by W217A and W315A mutations, while mutations of W133A, W295A, and W303A abolished the hydrolytic activity of the enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Do Young Kim
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gallardo O, Pastor FIJ, Polaina J, Diaz P, Łysek R, Vogel P, Isorna P, González B, Sanz-Aparicio J. Structural insights into the specificity of Xyn10B from Paenibacillus barcinonensis and its improved stability by forced protein evolution. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:2721-33. [PMID: 19940147 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.064394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Paenibacillus barcinonensis is a soil bacterium bearing a complex set of enzymes for xylan degradation, including several secreted enzymes and Xyn10B, one of the few intracellular xylanases reported to date. The crystal structure of Xyn10B has been determined by x-ray analysis. The enzyme folds into the typical (beta/alpha)(8) barrel of family 10 glycosyl hydrolases (GH10), with additional secondary structure elements within the beta/alpha motifs. One of these loops -L7- located at the beta7 C terminus, was essential for xylanase activity as its partial deletion yielded an inactive enzyme. The loop contains residues His(249)-Glu(250), which shape a pocket opened to solvent in close proximity to the +2 subsite, which has not been described in other GH10 enzymes. This wide cavity at the +2 subsite, where methyl-2,4-pentanediol from the crystallization medium was found, is a noteworthy feature of Xyn10B, as compared with the narrow crevice described for other GH10 xylanases. Docking analysis showed that this open cavity can accommodate glucuronic acid decorations of xylo-oligosaccharides. Co-crystallization experiments with conduramine derivative inhibitors supported the importance of this open cavity at the +2 subsite for Xyn10B activity. Several mutant derivatives of Xyn10B with improved thermal stability were obtained by forced evolution. Among them, mutant xylanases S15L and M93V showed increased half-life, whereas the double mutant S15L/M93V exhibited a further increase in stability, showing a 20-fold higher heat resistance than the wild type xylanase. All the mutations obtained were located on the surface of Xyn10B. Replacement of a Ser by a Leu residue in mutant xylanase S15L can increase hydrophobic packing efficiency and fill a superficial indentation of the protein, giving rise to a more compact structure of the enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Gallardo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fujimoto Z, Usui K, Kondo Y, Yasui K, Kawai K, Suzuki T. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of XynX, a family 10 xylanase from Aeromonas punctata ME-1. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2005; 61:255-7. [PMID: 16511010 PMCID: PMC1952265 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309105002058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Xylanases catalyze the hydrolysis of beta-1,4-glycosidic linkages within the xylan backbone. XynX is a xylanase from Aeromonas punctata ME-1 and belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 10. While most xylanases show endo-type catalytic activities, XynX shows exo-like catalytic activities, selectively producing xylobiose from birchwood xylan. In this study, XynX was crystallized by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. The crystals belonged to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 79.0, b = 88.6, c = 93.2 A, and diffracted to beyond 1.8 A resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zui Fujimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|