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Zhao CY, Ru S, Cui P, Qi X, Kurade MB, Patil SM, Jeon BH, Xiong JQ. Multiple metabolic pathways of enrofloxacin by Lolium perenne L.: Ecotoxicity, biodegradation, and key driven genes. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 202:117413. [PMID: 34271457 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of fluoroquinolones (FQs) are of emerging concerns because of their adverse effects on environment and humans. This study investigated the ecotoxicological effects, biodegradation, and multiple metabolic pathways of a frequently found FQ, enrofloxacin (ENR) by ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Key metabolic genes for driving the metabolism of ENR have been identified using transcriptome profiling of L. perenne and gene network analysis. Toxicity of ENR on ryegrass has been evaluated according to the morphological changes, lipid peroxidation content, and antioxidant enzymatic activities. Moreover, there was 94.33%, 71.58%, 57.22%, and 55.23% removal of 1, 10, 50 and 100 mg L-1 ENR, respectively, which was mainly achieved by biodegradation according to the mass balance. A biodegradation pathway has been proposed by incorporating mass spectrums of extracted ENR intermediates with their formation dynamics. Analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their network unraveled that the genes encoding monooxygenase, oxidative carboxylase, methyltransferase, lyase, hydroxylase, dehydrogenase, and peroxidase were the key functional genes. These enzymes can induce di/hydroxylation, decarboxylation, methylation, and bond and ring cleavage of ENR for its effective degradation. This study demonstrated that ryegrass can be used for efficient treatment of ENR polluted water and extended the understanding of the molecular mechanism of antibiotics' biodegradation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yu Zhao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Pengfei Cui
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Qi
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Mayur B Kurade
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Swapnil M Patil
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Jiu-Qiang Xiong
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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Maturana P, Tobar-Calfucoy E, Fuentealba M, Roversi P, Garratt R, Cabrera R. Crystal structure of the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase from Gluconobacter oxydans reveals tetrameric 6PGDHs as the crucial intermediate in the evolution of structure and cofactor preference in the 6PGDH family. Wellcome Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16572.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The enzyme 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) is the central enzyme of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. Members of the 6PGDH family belong to different classes: either homodimeric enzymes assembled from long-chain subunits or homotetrameric ones assembled from short-chain subunits. Dimeric 6PGDHs bear an internal duplication absent in tetrameric 6PGDHs and distant homologues of the β-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase (βHADH) superfamily. Methods: We use X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of the apo form of the 6PGDH from Gluconobacter oxydans (Go6PGDH). We carried out a structural and phylogenetic analysis of short and long-chain 6PGDHs. We put forward an evolutionary hypothesis explaining the differences seen in oligomeric state vs. dinucleotide preference of the 6PGDH family. We determined the cofactor preference of Go6PGDH at different 6-phosphogluconate concentrations, characterizing the wild-type enzyme and three-point mutants of residues in the cofactor binding site of Go6PGDH. Results: The structural comparison suggests that the 6PG binding site initially evolved by exchanging C-terminal α-helices between subunits. An internal duplication event changed the quaternary structure of the enzyme from a tetrameric to a dimeric arrangement. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that 6PGDHs have spread from Bacteria to Archaea and Eukarya on multiple occasions by lateral gene transfer. Sequence motifs consistent with NAD+- and NADP+-specificity are found in the β2-α2 loop of dimeric and tetrameric 6PGDHs. Site-directed mutagenesis of Go6PGDH inspired by this analysis fully reverses dinucleotide preference. One of the mutants we engineered has the highest efficiency and specificity for NAD+ so far described for a 6PGDH. Conclusions: The family 6PGDH comprises dimeric and tetrameric members whose active sites are conformed by a C-terminal α-helix contributed from adjacent subunits. Dimeric 6PGDHs have evolved from the duplication-fusion of the tetrameric C-terminal domain before independent transitions of cofactor specificity. Changes in the conserved β2-α2 loop are crucial to modulate the cofactor specificity in Go6PGDH.
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Sarfraz I, Rasul A, Hussain G, Shah MA, Zahoor AF, Asrar M, Selamoglu Z, Ji XY, Adem Ş, Sarker SD. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase fuels multiple aspects of cancer cells: From cancer initiation to metastasis and chemoresistance. Biofactors 2020; 46:550-562. [PMID: 32039535 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reprogrammed metabolism is key biochemical characteristic of malignant cells, which represents one of the emerging hallmarks of cancer. Currently, there is rising contemplation on oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) enzymes as potential therapeutic hits due to their affiliation with tumor metabolism. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), third oxidative decarboxylase of PPP, has received a great deal of attention during recent years due to its critical role in tumorigenesis and redox homeostasis. 6PGD has been reported to overexpress in number of cancer types and its hyperactivation is mediated through post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications by YTH domain family 2 (YTHDF2), Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and via direct structural interactions with ME1 (malic enzyme 1). Upregulated expression of 6PGD provides metabolic as well as defensive advantage to cancer cells, thus, promoting their proliferative and metastatic potential. Moreover, enhanced 6PGD expression also performs key role in development of chemoresistance as well as radiation resistance in cancer. This review aims to discuss the historical timeline and cancer-specific role of 6PGD, pharmacological and genetic inhibitors of 6PGD and 6PGD as prognostic biomarker in order to explore its potential for therapeutic interventions. We anticipate that targeting this imperative supplier of NADPH might serve as tempting avenue to combat the deadly disease like cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Sarfraz
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Neurochemical Biology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asrar
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zeliha Selamoglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nigde Ömer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
| | - Xin-Ying Ji
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nuclear Protein Regulation, College of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Şevki Adem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Turkey
| | - Satyajit D Sarker
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, London, UK
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Pickl A, Schönheit P. The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in the haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii involves a novel type of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase--The archaeal Zwischenferment. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1105-11. [PMID: 25836736 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP), catalyzing the oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate to ribulose-5-phosphate is ubiquitous in eukarya and bacteria but has not yet been reported in archaea. In haloarchaea a putative 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) is annotated, whereas a gene coding for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Glc6PDH) could not be identified. Here we report the purification and characterization of a novel type of Glc6PDH in Haloferax volcanii that is not related to bacterial and eukaryal Glc6PDHs and the encoding gene is designated as azf (archaeal zwischenferment). Further, recombinant H. volcanii 6PGDH was characterized. Deletion mutant analyses indicate that both, Glc6PDH and 6PGDH, are functionally involved in pentose phosphate formation in vivo. This is the first report on the operation of the OPPP in the domain of archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pickl
- Institut für Allgemeine Mikrobiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Peter Schönheit
- Institut für Allgemeine Mikrobiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
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Wang Y, Wu J, Park ZY, Kim SG, Rakwal R, Agrawal GK, Kim ST, Kang KY. Comparative secretome investigation of Magnaporthe oryzae proteins responsive to nitrogen starvation. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:3136-48. [PMID: 21563842 DOI: 10.1021/pr200202m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae is a fungal pathogen that causes blast disease in rice. During its early infection process, during which starvation of nutrients, including nitrogen, prevails before establishment of successful infection, the fungally secreted proteins play an important role in the pathogenicity and stress response. In this study, M. oryzae-secreted proteins were investigated in an N-deficient minimal medium using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) coupled with mass spectrometry analysis (MALDI-TOF-MS and μLC-ESI-MS/MS). The 2-DGE analysis of secreted proteins detected 89 differentially expressed protein spots (14 downregulated and 75 upregulated) responsive to N starvation. Eighty five of the protein spots were identified by mass spectrometry analyses. Identified proteins were mainly cell wall hydrolase enzymes (22.4%), protein and lipid hydrolases (24.7%), reactive oxygen species detoxifying proteins (22.4%), and proteins with unknown function (14.1%), suggesting early production of prerequisite proteins for successful infection of the host. SignalP analysis predicted the presence of signal peptides in 67% of the identified proteins, suggesting that in addition to the classical Golgi/endoplasmic reticulum secretory pathway, M. oryzae might possess other, as yet undefined, secretory pathways. Those nonclassical or leaderless secretion proteins accounted for 25.9% of the total identified proteins by TatP and SecretomeP predictions. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of seven randomly selected N-responsive secreted proteins also revealed a good correlation between RNA and protein levels. Taken together, the establishment of the M. oryzae secretome that is responsive to N starvation provides the first evidence of the secretion of 60 unreported and 25 previously known proteins. This developed protein inventory could be exploited to improve our understanding of the secretory mechanisms of M. oryzae and its invasive growth process in rice tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
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