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Slagel N, Kage K, Wichern S. Social media behaviors and body type ideals predict weight loss and food tracking behaviors among recreational climbers. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1408209. [PMID: 38939753 PMCID: PMC11208479 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1408209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Elite and recreational climbers may be at risk for disordered eating, low energy availability (LEA), and increased injury as a result. Social media use among athlete and non-athletes can lead to body image disturbances resulting in unhealthy weight loss practices exacerbating LEA and injury risk. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine relationships between social comparative behaviors on social media, body type ideals and outcomes, and health behaviors among adult recreational climbers. Methods Participants (n = 324) were adult recreational climbers from the U.S. (29.30 ± 9.99 years old and 50% female). Participants answered a 66-item questionnaire comprised of demographics, climbing characteristics, social media behaviors, body type ideals, training and nutrition-seeking behaviors, and weight and food tracking behaviors. Results Most participants (78.7%) indicated strength-to-weight ratio was important for climbing performance. Many participants perceived they could perform better at rock climbing if their body proportions were different (59.3%). These body type ideals were found to be significant predictors of performing weight loss and food-tracking behaviors (all p < 0.001). Higher amounts of social comparative behaviors on social media and social physique anxiety independently and significantly predicted attempting weight loss to improve climbing ability (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001 respectively). Those who followed climbing influencers, used Instagram frequently for training and nutrition information, perceived they could perform better at rock climbing if their body proportions were different, or were female and college-aged had significantly higher mean social comparative behavior scores (all p < 0.01). Discussion This study expands on prior work with elite climbers by providing a possible explanation for how climbing-related body type ideals and certain social media behaviors can perpetuate negative body image and compensatory behaviors among a general climbing population. Because unhealthy weight management behaviors can lead to injury and health disturbances, broad education programming and social media campaigns should be developed to shift body ideals and nutrition behaviors among recreational climbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Slagel
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, United States
| | - Katie Kage
- Department of Nutrition, Kinesiology and Health, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, MO, United States
| | - Sarah Wichern
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, United States
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Chapa DAN, Johnson SN, Richson BN, Bjorlie K, Won YQ, Nelson SV, Ayres J, Jun D, Forbush KT, Christensen KA, Perko VL. Eating-disorder psychopathology in female athletes and non-athletes: A meta-analysis. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 55:861-885. [PMID: 35665528 PMCID: PMC9303059 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is ongoing discussion about whether sports participation is a risk or protective factor for eating disorders (EDs). Research is mixed, with some studies suggesting that athletes have higher mean levels of ED psychopathology compared to nonathletes, while other studies suggest the opposite effect or no differences. The purpose of the current meta-analysis was to identify whether female athletes reported higher mean levels of ED psychopathology compared to nonathletes. METHOD Following PRISMA guidelines, we identified 56 studies that reported ED psychopathology for female athletes and nonathletes. A three-level random-effects model of between- and within-study variance was completed for the following outcome variables: overall ED psychopathology, body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, restricting, and loss-of-control eating. RESULTS Athletes reported lower levels of body dissatisfaction compared to nonathletes (g = -.21, p < .0001). Athletes and nonathletes reported similar levels of overall ED psychopathology, drive for thinness, restricting, and loss-of-control eating on average. Sport type significantly moderated standardized mean difference effect sizes of ED psychopathology in athletes versus nonathletes. Effect sizes comparing levels of drive for thinness, restricting, and loss-of-control eating in athletes versus nonathletes were larger for studies with athletes participating in aesthetic/lean sports compared to nonaesthetic/nonlean sports. DISCUSSION Findings from this meta-analysis could inform future ED prevention and treatment in female athletes by providing further evidence that athletes in aesthetic/lean sports may report higher levels of ED psychopathology. Participating in nonaesthetic/nonlean sports may be a protective factor for experiencing less body dissatisfaction. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The current meta-analysis summarized findings from 56 studies that assessed levels of disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, dietary restricting, and loss-of-control eating in female athletes and nonathletes. Athletes reported lower levels of body dissatisfaction compared to nonathletes, highlighting that participation in sport could have some protective factors. Athletes participating in sports that require weight categories (e.g., judo) and sports that emphasize thinness/leanness (e.g., gymnastics and distance running) had higher levels of disordered eating relative to athletes participating in other types of sports that do not emphasize thinness/leanness (e.g., volleyball and basketball).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ying Q. Won
- University of Kansas, Department of Psychology
| | | | | | - Daiil Jun
- University of Kansas, Department of Psychology
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Venetsanou F, Ioannidou C. SOCIAL PHYSIQUE ANXIETY, DISTURBED EATING ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS, AND PERCEIVED PRESSURE FOR THIN BODY IN COMPETITIVE RHYTHMIC AND AEROBIC GYMNASTS. SCIENCE OF GYMNASTICS JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.52165/sgj.11.3.331-342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated social physique anxiety (SPA), disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors (DEAB), and perceived pressure for thin body by the “significant others” (coach, parents, peers, experts) in 41 female rhythmic gymnastics (RG) and 49 aerobic gymnastics (AG) athletes at competitive level. Moreover, the potential impact of gymnasts' BMI was examined and controlled. Results showed that BMI associated with gymnasts’ SPA, DEAB and perceived pressure, so its effect was controlled. There were no significant differences between RG and AG regarding SPA and DEAB, whereas AG athletes had higher parental pressure for thin body than RG athletes. When RG and AG data were merged, a high percentage (40%) of gymnasts presenting DEAB was revealed. Gymnasts with DEAB had significantly higher SPA and perceived pressure for thin body than those with normal eating attitudes and behaviors. These results underline the need for interventions involving “significant others” and aiming at DEAB prevention in female gymnasts.
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Kampouri D, Kotopoulea-Nikolaidi M, Daskou S, Giannopoulou I. Prevalence of disordered eating in elite female athletes in team sports in Greece. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:1267-1275. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1587520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Kampouri
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Kotopoulea-Nikolaidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Daskou
- Nottingham Business School, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Gomes R, Gonçalves S, Costa J. Exercise, eating disordered behaviors and psychological well-being: a study with Portuguese adolescents. REVISTA LATINOAMERICANA DE PSICOLOGIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0120-0534(15)30008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Social Physique Anxiety and Disturbed Eating Attitudes and Behaviors in Adolescents: Moderating Effects of Sport, Sport-Related Characteristics, and Gender. Int J Behav Med 2014; 22:149-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s12529-014-9406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Karr TM, Davidson D, Bryant FB, Balague G, Bohnert AM. Sport type and interpersonal and intrapersonal predictors of body dissatisfaction in high school female sport participants. Body Image 2013; 10:210-9. [PMID: 23254111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Through multiple group structural equation modeling analyses, path models were used to test the predictive effects of sport type and both interpersonal (i.e., mothers' body dissatisfaction, family dynamics) and intrapersonal factors (i.e., athletic self-efficacy, body mass index [BMI]) on high school female sport participants' (N=627) body dissatisfaction. Sport types were classified as esthetic/lean (i.e., gymnastics), non-esthetic/lean (i.e., cross-country), or non-esthetic/non-lean (i.e., softball). Most participants reported low body dissatisfaction, and body dissatisfaction did not differ across sport types. Nevertheless, mothers' body dissatisfaction was positively associated with daughters' body dissatisfaction for non-esthetic/lean and non-esthetic/non-lean sport participants, and high family cohesion was predictive of body dissatisfaction among non-esthetic/lean sport participants. Across sport types, higher BMI was associated with greater body dissatisfaction, whereas greater athletic self-efficacy was associated with lower body dissatisfaction. These findings highlight the complex relationship between interpersonal and intrapersonal factors and body dissatisfaction in adolescent female sport participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha M Karr
- Department of Psychology, Saint Mary's University of Minnesota, Winona, MN 55967, USA.
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Gay JL, Monsma EV, Torres-McGehee TM. Developmental and contextual risks of social physique anxiety among female athletes. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2011; 82:168-177. [PMID: 21699096 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2011.10599744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined developmental and contextual factors that may increase the odds of reporting higher social physique anxiety (SPA) among 404 adolescent athletes 11 to 16 years old. Findings showed older, later maturing athletes past peak height velocity and with greater body mass index (BMI) reported higher SPA. Individual aesthetic sport athletes were older at menarche, had lower BMI, and reported higher SPA. The odds of reporting higher SPA were 4.5 times higher (odds ratio = 4.61) for individual aesthetic sport athletes than for nonaesthetic sport athletes. Team aesthetic sport contexts were not implicated in SPA risk. Results are discussed in terms of self-selection away from individual aesthetic sports and the relevance of physical size and puberty in the SPA construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Gay
- Division of Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, USA
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Gomes AR, Martins C, Silva L. Eating disordered behaviours in Portuguese athletes: The influence of personal, sport, and psychological variables. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2011; 19:190-200. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Woodman T, Steer R. Body self-discrepancies and women's social physique anxiety: The moderating role of the feared body. Br J Psychol 2011; 102:147-60. [DOI: 10.1348/000712610x507821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Patel DR, Omar H, Terry M. Sport-related performance anxiety in young female athletes. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2010; 23:325-35. [PMID: 20869282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of anxiety disorders in adolescents range from 6% to 20%, and it is much higher for anxiety symptoms not meeting criteria for a specific anxiety disorder. The prevalence is much higher in females. Athletes participating in sports experience different levels of stress from competitive sports. For most young athletes (generally 13 to 24 years old, i.e., high-school and college age group) sport participation is reported to be no more stressful than many other activities of daily student or work life in general where competition is involved and performance is measured. Some level of sport related performance anxiety is considered to be normal and healthy; however, extreme anxiety in athletes can be detrimental in these performance situations. A number of factors may contribute to the development, severity, and persistence of performance anxiety related to sport participation. This article reviews the definitions, theories, clinical presentation, evaluation, and management principles of performance anxiety symptoms in young athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip R Patel
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Kalamazoo Center for Medical Studies, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA.
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Hagger MS, Stevenson A. Social physique anxiety and physical self-esteem: Gender and age effects. Psychol Health 2010; 25:89-110. [DOI: 10.1080/08870440903160990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Physique Anxiety and Disordered Eating Correlates in Female Athletes: Differences in Team and Individual Sports. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SPORT PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1123/jcsp.3.3.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As female athletes participating in physique-salient sports report similar levels of social physique anxiety (SPA) and disordered eating symptoms compared with those in nonphysique salient sports, alternative factors contributing to disordered eating require consideration, specifically participation in sport type (team vs. individual). This study examined SPA and disordered eating correlates in female athletes (N= 137) in two sport types (team sports and individual sports). Individual sport athletes exhibited higher SPA,F(1, 135) = 22.03,p< .001; dieting, Brown and Forsythe’sF(1, 57.05) = 43.79,p< .001; and bulimic behavior, Brown and Forsythe’sF(1, 59.92) = 13.45,p= .001 than team sport athletes. SPA and sport type together predicted 44% of dieting and 22% of bulimic symptom variance, suggesting that individual-sport athletes with higher SPA experienced greater disordered eating. Involvement in individual sports where physique is more open to social evaluation may contribute to dieting and bulimic symptoms among female athletes.
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Monsma EV, Pfeiffer KA, Malina RM. Relationship of social physique anxiety to indicators of physique. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2008; 79:417-422. [PMID: 18816955 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2008.10599507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva V Monsma
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Mack DE, Strong HA, Kowalski KC, Crocker PRE. Does Friendship Matter? An Examination of Social Physique Anxiety in Adolescence. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Haase AM, Mountford V, Waller G. Understanding the link between body checking cognitions and behaviors: the role of social physique anxiety. Int J Eat Disord 2007; 40:241-6. [PMID: 17167755 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent evidence supports the utility of a model where body checking cognitions and behaviors influence disordered eating. It can be hypothesized that emotional states might explain the links between checking cognitions and behaviors. Social physique anxiety is associated with disordered eating and is an important form of affect to consider in this model. This study aims to examine the associations between these variables, testing a mediational model of the role of social physique anxiety in the links between body checking cognitions and behaviors. METHOD A nonclinical group of 292 women completed well-validated measures of social physique anxiety, body checking cognitions, and body checking behaviors. RESULTS The data were compatible with a model where social physique anxiety partially mediates the relationship between body checking cognitions and body checking behavior. The combination of cognitions and affect explained a significant proportion of variance in body checking behavior. CONCLUSION Incorporating affect allows for a more comprehensive model of understanding the antecedent factors of body checking behaviors. The impact of body checking cognitions on physique anxiety might serve to drive the repetitive body checking behaviors, potentially contributing to disordered eating. Interventions for body checking might be more effective if they included an affective treatment component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Haase
- Department of Exercise, Nutrition, and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England.
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Hagger MS, Aşçi FH, Lindwall M, Hein V, Mülazimoğlu-Balli O, Tarrant M, Ruiz YP, Sell V. Cross-cultural validity and measurement invariance of the social physique anxiety scale in five European nations. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007; 17:703-19. [PMID: 17346291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cross-cultural generalizability of the social physique anxiety scale (SPAS) was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in five European nations: Britain, Estonia, Spain, Sweden, and Turkey. Motl and Conroy's (2000) methods were used to develop modified versions of the scale within each sample based on the original 12-item version. Pending the satisfactory fit of the CFAs of the modified models within each sample, it was expected that the measurement parameters and mean values of these models would be equivalent across samples in multisample CFAs. An eight-item version of the SPAS exhibited a good fit with data from the British, Estonian, and Swedish samples, and a seven-item version fitted the data well in the Spanish and Turkish samples. The eliminated items were also influenced by a method effect associated with the item wording. Multisample analyses revealed that factor loadings were equivalent across samples. Tests of latent means revealed that British and Spanish participants reported the highest levels of SPA, with Estonian participants reporting the lowest. Results indicate that the SPAS is generalizable across these cultures, although subtle variations existed in the Spanish and Turkish samples. Researchers are advised to follow these procedures to develop a valid version of the SPAS appropriate for their sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Hagger
- Risk Analysis, Social Processes, and Health Group, School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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