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Warneke K, Lohmann LH. Revisiting the stretch-induced force deficit: A systematic review with multilevel meta-analysis of acute effects. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024:S2095-2546(24)00069-3. [PMID: 38735533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When recommending avoidance of static stretching prior to athletic performance, authors and practitioners commonly refer to available systematic reviews. However, effect sizes (ES) in previous reviews were extracted in major part from studies lacking control conditions and/or pre-post testing designs. Also, currently available reviews conducted calculations without accounting for multiple study outcomes, with ES: -0.03 to 0.10, which would commonly be classified as trivial. METHODS Since new meta-analytical software and controlled research articles have appeared since 2013, we revisited the available literature and performed a multilevel meta-analysis using robust variance estimation of controlled pre-post trials to provide updated evidence. Furthermore, previous research described reduced electromyography activity-also attributable to fatiguing training routines-as being responsible for decreased subsequent performance. The second part of this study opposed stretching and alternative interventions sufficient to induce general fatigue to examine whether static stretching induces higher performance losses compared to other exercise routines. RESULTS Including 83 studies with more than 400 ES from 2012 participants, our results indicate a significant, small ES for a static stretch-induced maximal strength loss (ES = -0.21, p = 0.003), with high magnitude ES (ES = -0.84, p = 0.004) for stretching durations ≥60 s per bout when compared to passive controls. When opposed to active controls, the maximal strength loss ranges between ES: -0.17 to -0.28, p < 0.001 and 0.040 with mostly no to small heterogeneity. However, stretching did not negatively influence athletic performance in general (when compared to both passive and active controls); in fact, a positive effect on subsequent jumping performance (ES = 0.15, p = 0.006) was found in adults. CONCLUSION Regarding strength testing of isolated muscles (e.g., leg extensions or calf raises), our results confirm previous findings. Nevertheless, since no (or even positive) effects could be found for athletic performance, our results do not support previous recommendations to exclude static stretching from warm-up routines prior to, for example, jumping or sprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz A-8010, Austria; Institute of Sport Science, Alpen-Adria University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee 9020, Austria.
| | - Lars Hubertus Lohmann
- Institute of Human Movement and Exercise Physiology, University of Jena, Jena 07749, Germany
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Afonso J, Andrade R, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Nakamura FY, Sarmento H, Freitas SR, Silva AF, Laporta L, Abarghoueinejad M, Akyildiz Z, Chen R, Pizarro A, Ramirez-Campillo R, Clemente FM. What We Do Not Know About Stretching in Healthy Athletes: A Scoping Review with Evidence Gap Map from 300 Trials. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02002-7. [PMID: 38457105 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stretching has garnered significant attention in sports sciences, resulting in numerous studies. However, there is no comprehensive overview on investigation of stretching in healthy athletes. OBJECTIVES To perform a systematic scoping review with an evidence gap map of stretching studies in healthy athletes, identify current gaps in the literature, and provide stakeholders with priorities for future research. METHODS Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 and PRISMA-ScR guidelines were followed. We included studies comprising healthy athletes exposed to acute and/or chronic stretching interventions. Six databases were searched (CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) until 1 January 2023. The relevant data were narratively synthesized; quantitative data summaries were provided for key data items. An evidence gap map was developed to offer an overview of the existing research and relevant gaps. RESULTS Of ~ 220,000 screened records, we included 300 trials involving 7080 athletes [mostly males (~ 65% versus ~ 20% female, and ~ 15% unreported) under 36 years of age; tiers 2 and 3 of the Participant Classification Framework] across 43 sports. Sports requiring extreme range of motion (e.g., gymnastics) were underrepresented. Most trials assessed the acute effects of stretching, with chronic effects being scrutinized in less than 20% of trials. Chronic interventions averaged 7.4 ± 5.1 weeks and never exceeded 6 months. Most trials (~ 85%) implemented stretching within the warm-up, with other application timings (e.g., post-exercise) being under-researched. Most trials examined static active stretching (62.3%), followed by dynamic stretching (38.3%) and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching (12.0%), with scarce research on alternative methods (e.g., ballistic stretching). Comparators were mostly limited to passive controls, with ~ 25% of trials including active controls (e.g., strength training). The lower limbs were primarily targeted by interventions (~ 75%). Reporting of dose was heterogeneous in style (e.g., 10 repetitions versus 10 s for dynamic stretching) and completeness of information (i.e., with disparities in the comprehensiveness of the provided information). Most trials (~ 90%) reported performance-related outcomes (mainly strength/power and range of motion); sport-specific outcomes were collected in less than 15% of trials. Biomechanical, physiological, and neural/psychological outcomes were assessed sparsely and heterogeneously; only five trials investigated injury-related outcomes. CONCLUSIONS There is room for improvement, with many areas of research on stretching being underexplored and others currently too heterogeneous for reliable comparisons between studies. There is limited representation of elite-level athletes (~ 5% tier 4 and no tier 5) and underpowered sample sizes (≤ 20 participants). Research was biased toward adult male athletes of sports not requiring extreme ranges of motion, and mostly assessed the acute effects of static active stretching and dynamic stretching during the warm-up. Dose-response relationships remain largely underexplored. Outcomes were mostly limited to general performance testing. Injury prevention and other effects of stretching remain poorly investigated. These relevant research gaps should be prioritized by funding policies. REGISTRATION OSF project ( https://osf.io/6auyj/ ) and registration ( https://osf.io/gu8ya ).
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Affiliation(s)
- José Afonso
- Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Renato Andrade
- Clínica Espregueira-FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal
- Dom Henrique Research Centre, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues
- Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Alvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Tumour and Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-153, Porto, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandro R Freitas
- Laboratório de Função Neuromuscular, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Alvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Lorenzo Laporta
- Núcleo de Estudos em Performance Analysis Esportiva (NEPAE/UFSM), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, nº 1000, Cidade Universitária, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, CEP: 97105-900, Brazil
| | | | - Zeki Akyildiz
- Sports Science Faculty, Department of Coaching Education, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Pizarro
- Faculty of Sport, Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Rua das Taipas, 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy. Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, 7591538, Santiago, Chile
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Alvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336, Gdańsk, Poland
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Allam NM, Ebrahim HA, Megahed Ibrahim A, Elneblawi NH, El-Sherbiny M, Fouda KZ. The association of hamstring tightness with lumbar lordosis and trunk flexibility in healthy individuals: gender analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1225973. [PMID: 37781540 PMCID: PMC10538639 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1225973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate if there is a relation between hamstring tightness and lumbar lordosis as well as trunk flexibility based on gender differences and to analyze the differences in hamstring tightness, lumber lordosis and trunk flexibility in healthy adults. Methods: One hundred young healthy adults were recruited and distributed into 2 equal groups according to gender: group A (female group) and group B (male group). Hamstring tightness (HT) was measured by Active Knee Extension (AKE) test and Straight Leg Raise (SLR) test, the angle of lumbar lordosis was measured with a flexible ruler from standing position and trunk flexion flexibility (TFF) was measured by Fingertip-to-Floor Test. Results: There was a significant correlation between TFF and both measures of HT (SLR, p = 0.001; AKE, p = 0.001) in females. While, there was a non-significant correlation in males (SLR, p = 0.900; AKE, p = 0.717). Moreover, there was a non-significant correlation between lumbar lordosis and HT measures in both groups as (p > 0.05). Furthermore, there were significant differences between males and females in hamstring flexibility, TFF and lumbar lordosis as (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Gender differences in the relationship between hamstring tightness and trunk flexion flexibility are significant. However, there was no significant difference between males and females in the relationship between hamstring tightness and lumbar lordosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesma M. Allam
- Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation Department, College of Applied Medical Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
- Physical Therapy Department for Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hasnaa Ali Ebrahim
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ateya Megahed Ibrahim
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Family and Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Nora Helmi Elneblawi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, College of Nursing, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Almaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Zaki Fouda
- Department of Basic Science for Physical Therapy, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Robles-Palazón FJ, Ayala F, Cejudo A, De Ste Croix M, Sainz de Baranda P, Santonja F. Effects of Age and Maturation on Lower Extremity Range of Motion in Male Youth Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1417-1425. [PMID: 32398630 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Robles-Palazón, FJ, Ayala, F, Cejudo, A, De Ste Croix, M, Sainz de Baranda, P, and Santonja, F. Effects of age and maturation on lower extremity range of motion in male youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 36(5): 1417-1425, 2022-Restricted joint range of motion (ROM) has been considered as a primary risk factor for some sport-related injuries. Consequently, preparticipation assessment of lower extremity joints ROM could help identify youth soccer players at high risk of injury and to aid in the design of tailored age and maturational specific training interventions. The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the influence of chronological age and maturational stage on several lower extremity ROM measures, as well as to describe the lower extremity ROM profile using a comprehensive approach in youth soccer players. A total of 286 male youth soccer players' ROM were assessed including passive hip (extension [PHE], adduction with hip flexed 90° [PHADHF90°], flexion with knee flexed [PHFKF] and extended [PHFKE], abduction with hip neutral [PHABD] and flexed 90° [PHABDHF90°], external [PHER] and internal [PHIR] rotation), knee (flexion [PKF]) and ankle (dorsiflexion with knee flexed [ADFKF] and extended [ADFKE]) ROMs. Between-group differences were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and magnitude-based decisions. The results only report statistically significant (p < 0.05; d > 0.5) and clinically relevant differences (>8°) for the PKF ROM between U12 vs. U19, and Pre-PHV vs. Post-PHV groups. Furthermore, approximately 40, 35, and 20% of players displayed restrictions in their PHFKE, PKF, and ADFKF ROM values, respectively. These findings emphasize the necessity of prescribing (across all age groups and periods of growth and maturation) compensatory measures in daily soccer training, and these exercises should be equally applied to both limbs with the aim of improving PHFKE, PKF and ADFKF ROM values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Robles-Palazón
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Ayala
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom; and
| | - Antonio Cejudo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mark De Ste Croix
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom; and
| | - Pilar Sainz de Baranda
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Santonja
- Virgin of the Arrixaca University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Lower-Limb Range of Motion Predicts Sagittal Spinal Misalignments in Children: A Case-Control Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095193. [PMID: 35564587 PMCID: PMC9104746 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to determine lower-limb range of motion (ROM) as a risk factor associated with sagittal spinal misalignments in children. Two hundred and one children (10.9 ± 0.7 years old) from five different primary schools were recruited for this retrospective case-control study. Anthropometric variables, sagittal spinal alignment in habitual everyday postures, and lower-limb ROM, such as ankle dorsiflexion with the knee flexed (ADF-KF), hip extension with the knee relaxed (HE), and hip flexion with the knee extended (HF-KE) were measured. Multivariate and univariate analyses revealed differences between the means of HE and HF-KE ROM, and the thoracic and lumbar curves (p ≤ 0.034; η2 ≥ 0.052). The HE (p ≤ 0.028; OR ≥ 1.066) predicted sagittal thoracic misalignment in the slump sitting (SSP) and relaxed standing (RSP) postures in males and the sagittal lumbar misalignment in the RSP in female children; while HF-KE (p ≤ 0.006; OR ≥ 1.089) predicted sagittal thoracic misalignment in the maximum trunk forward flexion posture (MTFP) and sagittal lumbar misalignment in SSP and MTFP in males. In this study, the reference values for restricted HE and HF-KE were significantly associated with sagittal spinal misalignment in male children but not for the ankle ROM. Physical education teachers should include stretching exercises in the ISQUIOS programme to increase the extensibility of the iliopsoas (HE) and hamstrings (HF-KE) and prevent sagittal spinal misalignments in habitual everyday postures.
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Moreno-Pérez V, Rodas G, Peñaranda-Moraga M, López-Samanes Á, Romero-Rodríguez D, Aagaard P, Del Coso J. Effects of Football Training and Match-Play on Hamstring Muscle Strength and Passive Hip and Ankle Range of Motion during the Competitive Season. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052897. [PMID: 35270589 PMCID: PMC8909953 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in hamstring muscle strength and in hip range of motion (ROM) have been considered risk factors for hamstring muscle injuries. However, there is a lack of information on how chronic exposure to regular football training affects hamstring muscle strength and hip ROM. The aim of this study was to examine the longitudinal effect of football training and competition during a complete season on hamstring muscle strength and hip ROM in football players. A total of 26 semi-professional football players underwent measurements of isometric hamstring muscle strength and passive hip flexion/extension, and internal/external hip rotation (IR/ER) ROM during the football season (pre-season, mid-season, end-season). Compared to pre-season, hamstring muscle strength increased in the dominant (+11.1%, p = 0.002) and non-dominant (+10.5%, p = 0.014) limbs in the mid-season. Compared to mid-season, hamstring strength decreased in the dominant (−9.3%, p = 0.034) limb at end-season. Compared to the pre-season, hip extension ROM decreased in mid-season in the dominant (−31.7%, p = 0.007) and non-dominant (−44.1%, p = 0.004) limbs, and further decreased at end-season (−49.0%, p = 0.006 and −68.0%, p < 0.001) for the dominant and non-dominant limbs. Interlimb asymmetry for hip IR ROM increased by 57.8% (p < 0.002) from pre-season to mid-season. In summary, while hamstring muscle strength increased during the first half of the football season in football players, a progressive reduction in hip extension ROM was observed throughout the season. The reduced hip extension ROM suggests a reduced mobility of the hip flexors, e.g., iliopsoas, produced by the continuous practice of football. Consequently, hip-specific stretching and conditioning exercises programs should be implemented during the football season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Moreno-Pérez
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain;
| | - Gil Rodas
- Medical Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | | | - Álvaro López-Samanes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain;
| | | | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Research Unit for Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Cejudo A, Ruiz-Pérez I, Hernández-Sánchez S, De Ste Croix M, Sainz de Baranda P, Ayala F. Comprehensive Lower Extremities Joints Range of Motion Profile in Futsal Players. Front Psychol 2021; 12:658996. [PMID: 34194363 PMCID: PMC8236511 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.658996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to describe the lower extremities joints range of motion (ROM) profile using a comprehensive approach in futsal players and to examine potential player position (goalkeepers vs. outfield players), competitive level (first [top] division vs. second division), number of playing years, sex (males vs. females), and bilateral (dominant limb vs. non-dominant limb) differences. A total of 72 male and 67 female elite futsal players from 11 clubs were measured of passive hip (flexion with knee flexed [HFKF] and extended [HFKE], extension [HE], abduction [HA], external [HER], and internal [HIR] rotation), knee (flexion [KF]) and ankle (dorsiflexion with knee flexed [ADFKF] and extended [ADFKE]) ROMs. Bayesian inferences exploring differences between player position, competitive level, sex and limb were made. A Bayesian correlation analysis was conducted to explore the influence of playing years on joints ROMs. The results showed no significant player position or competitive level related differences in any average ROM score. However, statistically significant sex-related differences were documented whereby female players reported higher hip and knee joints ROM average values than their male counterparts. Especially relevant were the proportions of males (72%) and players from teams engaged in the second division (61%) displaying limited HFKE ROMs. Likewise, around 35% of all players showed restricted ADFKF ROMs. In addition, approximately 21, 18, 22, and 25% of the futsal players were identified as having bilateral asymmetries (≥8°) for HA, HIR, HER, and KF ROMs, respectively. Finally, Bayesian correlation analysis did not report any significant association between years of playing futsal and ROM measures (all r values < 0.34). The implications that these restricted HFKE and ADFKF ROMs and bilateral asymmetries in hip (abduction, internal and external rotation) and knee (flexion) ROMs caused by the practice of futsal may have on physical performance and injury risk warrant future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cejudo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Iñaki Ruiz-Pérez
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Sergio Hernández-Sánchez
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Physiotherapy Area, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Mark De Ste Croix
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Sainz de Baranda
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Ayala
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom.,Ramón y Cajal Postdoctoral Fellowship, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Konrad A, Močnik R, Titze S, Nakamura M, Tilp M. The Influence of Stretching the Hip Flexor Muscles on Performance Parameters. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041936. [PMID: 33671271 PMCID: PMC7922112 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The hip flexor muscles are major contributors to lumbar spine stability. Tight hip flexors can lead to pain in the lumbar spine, and hence to an impairment in performance. Moreover, sedentary behavior is a common problem and a major contributor to restricted hip extension flexibility. Stretching can be a tool to reduce muscle tightness and to overcome the aforementioned problems. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to determine the effects of a single hip flexor stretching exercise on performance parameters. The online search was performed in the following three databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Eight studies were included in this review with a total of 165 subjects (male: 111; female 54). In contrast to other muscle groups (e.g., plantar flexors), where 120 s of stretching likely decreases force production, it seems that isolated hip flexor stretching of up to 120 s has no effect or even a positive impact on performance-related parameters. A comparison of the effects on performance between the three defined stretch durations (30–90 s; 120 s; 270–480 s) revealed a significantly different change in performance (p = 0.02) between the studies with the lowest hip flexor stretch duration (30–90 s; weighted mean performance change: −0.12%; CI (95%): −0.49 to 0.41) and the studies with the highest hip flexor stretch duration (270–480 s; performance change: −3.59%; CI (95%): −5.92 to −2.04). Meta-analysis revealed a significant (but trivial) impairment in the highest hip flexor stretch duration of 270–480 s (SMD effect size = −0.19; CI (95%) −0.379 to 0.000; Z = −1.959; p = 0.05; I2 = 0.62%), but not in the lowest stretch duration (30–90 s). This indicates a dose-response relationship in the hip flexor muscles. Although the evidence is based on a small number of studies, this information will be of great importance for both athletes and coaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (R.M.); (S.T.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-380-8336; Fax: +43-316-380-9790
| | - Richard Močnik
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (R.M.); (S.T.); (M.T.)
| | - Sylvia Titze
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (R.M.); (S.T.); (M.T.)
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata 950-3198, Japan;
| | - Markus Tilp
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (R.M.); (S.T.); (M.T.)
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Moreno-PÉrez V, Courel-IbÁÑez J, Mateo-March M, LÓpez-Samanes Á, Del Coso J. Descriptive profile for lower-limb range of motion in professional road cyclists. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:359-364. [PMID: 32880133 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To describe the lower limb range of motion (ROM) profile in professional road cyclists. METHODS Cohort study. One hundred and twenty-one road cyclists volunteered to participate. ROM measurements of passive hip flexion, extension, internal rotation, external rotation, knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion in dominant and non-dominant limbs were performed using an inclinometer. ROM scores were individually categorized as normal or restricted according to reference values. RESULTS Overall, hip flexion was smaller in the non-dominant limb than in the dominant limb (F=12.429, P<0.001), with bilateral differences in male (95% mean diff: 0.5° to 3.3°) and female cyclists (95% mean diff: 0.1° to 3.1°). Sex differences were found in hip flexion (F=18.346, P<0.001), hip internal rotation (F=6.030, P=0.016) and ankle dorsiflexion (F=4.363, P=0.039), with males showing smaller ROM than females. Males and females had restricted knee flexion in dominant (males: 51.6%; females: 42.6%) and non-dominant limbs (males: 45.0%; females: 39.3%). Ankle dorsiflexion was also restricted in dominant (males: 38.3%; females: 31.1%) and non-dominant limbs (males: 41.6%; females: 34.4%). CONCLUSIONS Elite road cyclists showed restricted lower-limb ROM according to reference values. In general, male cyclists showed lower values of ROM than females' counterparts. These findings suggest that including specific stretching exercises and resistance training to improve knee and ankle dorsiflexion ROM may prevent muscle imbalances caused by chronic pedaling in professional cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Moreno-PÉrez
- Sports Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain.,Department of Pathology and Surgery, Center for Translational Research in Physiotherapy, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, San Joan, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Mateo-March
- Sports Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Álvaro LÓpez-Samanes
- Exercise Physiology Group, School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain -
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Center for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
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10
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Sorbie GG, Low C, Richardson AK. Effect of a 6-week yoga intervention on swing mechanics during the golf swing: a feasibility study. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1566845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme G. Sorbie
- School of Social & Health Sciences, Sport and Exercise, Abertay University, Dundee, UK
| | - Chris. Low
- School of Social & Health Sciences, Sport and Exercise, Abertay University, Dundee, UK
| | - Ashley K. Richardson
- School of Social & Health Sciences, Sport and Exercise, Abertay University, Dundee, UK
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López-Valenciano A, Ayala F, Vera-García FJ, de Ste Croix M, Hernández-Sánchez S, Ruiz-Pérez I, Cejudo A, Santonja F. Comprehensive profile of hip, knee and ankle ranges of motion in professional football players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017; 59:102-109. [PMID: 29087138 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.17.07910-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited ranges of motion (ROM) have been considered as a primary risk factor for some football injuries, but only a few studies have analyzed differences in lower extremity joints. The main purposes were: 1) to describe the lower extremity ROM profile in professional football players; and 2) to examine differences between goalkeepers and outfield players. METHODS Eighty-two professional male football players from 4 teams were measured in the 2013 pre-season. Measures of passive hip (flexion with knee flexed [PHFKF] and extended [PHFKE], extension [PHE], abduction [PHA], external [PHER] and internal [PHIR] rotation), knee (flexion [PKF]) and ankle (dorsiflexion with knee flexed [ADFKF] and extended [ADFKE]) ROMs were taken. Magnitude-based inferences exploring differences between player position and limb were made. RESULTS Overall, 46% of all participants showed restricted PHFKE and/or around 30% showed restricted ADFKF ROM values. Contrarily, most players reported normal PHFKF, PHE, PHIR and PHER as well as PKF ROM scores with percentage values close to 100%. Bilateral meaningful differences for PHA, PHIR and PHER were found in approximately 30% of outfield players and goalkeepers. Statistical analysis found trivial differences between players for PHFKE, PHE, PHIR, PHER, ADFKE and ADFKF. However, moderate differences between players were found for PHFKF, PHA and PKF, with goalkeepers demonstrating higher values than outfield players. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study reinforce the necessity of prescribing exercises aimed at improving PHFKE and ADFKF ROM within everyday football training routines. In addition, as some bilateral deficits were observed, unilateral training should be considered where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Ayala
- Sports Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | | | - Mark de Ste Croix
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | | | - Iñaki Ruiz-Pérez
- Sports Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Antonio Cejudo
- Faculty of Sports Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Santonja
- Department of Traumatology, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Frikha M, Derbel MS, Chaâri N, Gharbi A, Chamari K. Acute effect of stretching modalities on global coordination and kicking accuracy in 12-13year-old soccer players. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 54:63-72. [PMID: 28395147 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the effect of stretching procedures on global coordination and accuracy in instep soccer kicks achieved in different stress conditions. Twenty male young soccer players completed the global coordination test (GC), the instep kicking accuracy test in free (FKA) and in time-pressure (TPKA) conditions, either after static (SS), dynamic (DS), ballistic (BS) or no-stretching (CTR) protocols, on nonconsecutive days and in a randomized order. After performing a 5min standardized intensity jogging (70% of MAV), followed by stretching exercises for 10min, each participant completed, successively, the GC, FKA and TPKA tests. Accuracy data, heart-rate, rating of perceived exertion and task difficulty perception were recorded and analyzed using a two-way ANOVA. GC scores were analyzed using one way ANOVA with repeated measures. The results showed higher GC and TPKA performances after DS and BS procedures. However, there was no effect of the stretching procedures on FKA. The GC scores increased by 10.8% and 7.2% after DS and BS, respectively, but were not affected by SS. Compared to FKA, the TPKA accuracy significantly decreased by 20.2% after CTR (p<0.01) and 30.7% SS (p<0.001) with no significant difference after DS (10.1%; p>0.05) and BS (11.0%; p>0.05). The use of dynamic and ballistic stretching yielded to better GC scores and helped reducing the adverse effect of time-pressure on instep kicking accuracy. Consequently, dynamic and ballistic exercises can be recommended before practicing activities requiring coordination and lower limbs speed and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Frikha
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, King Faisal University, Al-Hufūf, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad S Derbel
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nesrine Chaâri
- Faculty of Sciences, Carthage University, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Adnene Gharbi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Karim Chamari
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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González-Álvarez FJ, Valenza MC, Torres-Sánchez I, Cabrera-Martos I, Rodríguez-Torres J, Castellote-Caballero Y. Effects of diaphragm stretching on posterior chain muscle kinematics and rib cage and abdominal excursion: a randomized controlled trial. Braz J Phys Ther 2016; 20:405-411. [PMID: 27333481 PMCID: PMC5123258 DOI: 10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have explored the effects of stretching techniques on diaphragm and
spine kinematics. Objective To determine whether the application of diaphragm stretching resulted in changes
in posterior chain muscle kinematics and ribcage and abdominal excursion in
healthy subjects. Method Eighty healthy adults were included in this randomized clinical trial.
Participants were randomized into two groups: the experimental group, which
received a diaphragmatic stretching technique, or the placebo group, which
received a sham-ultrasound procedure. The duration of the technique, the position
of participants, and the therapist who applied the technique were the same for
both treatments. Participant assessment (cervical range of movement, lumbar
flexibility, flexibility of the posterior chain, and rib cage and abdominal
excursion) was performed at baseline and immediately after the intervention by a
blinded assessor. Results The mean between-group difference [95% CI] for the ribcage excursion after
technique at xiphoid level was 2.48 [0.97 to 3.99], which shows significant
differences in this outcome. The remaining between-group analysis showed
significant differences in cervical extension, right and left flexion, flexibility
of the posterior chain, and ribcage excursion at xiphoid level (p<0.05) in
favor of the experimental group. Conclusion Diaphragm stretching generates a significant improvement in cervical extension,
right and left cervical flexion, flexibility of the posterior chain, and ribcage
excursion at xiphoid level compared to a placebo technique in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie C Valenza
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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A taxa de desenvolvimento de força durante contrações isocinéticas dos extensores do joelho não é afetada pelo alongamento estático em indivíduos ativos. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS DO ESPORTE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbce.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Czaprowski D, Kędra A, Pawłowska P, Kolwicz-Gańko A, Leszczewska J, Tyrakowski M. The examination of the musculoskeletal system based only on the evaluation of pelvic-hip complex muscle and trunk flexibility may lead to failure to screen children for generalized joint hypermobility. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121360. [PMID: 25786251 PMCID: PMC4364744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate whether the clinical assessment of the pelvic-hip complex muscle and trunk flexibility is sufficient for diagnosing generalized joint hypermobility (GJH). Design A cross-sectional study. Setting Center of Body Posture in Olsztyn, North East Poland. Participants The study included 136 females and 113 males aged 10–13 years. Main outcome measures In order to assess muscle flexibility, the straight leg raise (SLR) test (for hamstring) and modified Thomas test for one- (O-JHF) and two-joint (T-JHF) hip flexors were performed. To evaluate trunk flexibility the fingertip-to-floor (FTF) and lateral trunk flexion (LTF) tests were used. The GJH occurrence was assessed with the use of nine-point Beighton scale (threshold value ≥5 points for females, ≥4 for males). The analysis was carried out separately for females and males. Results There were no significant differences between females with versus without GJH, and males with versus without GJH regarding SLR (p = 0.86, p = 0.19 for females and males, respectively), O-JHF (p = 0.89, p = 0.35 for females and males, respectively), T-JHF (p = 0.77, p = 0.4 for females and males, respectively), FTF (p = 0.19, p = 0.84 for females and males, respectively) and LTF (p = 0.58, p = 0.35 for females and males, respectively) tests results. Conclusions Clinical examination of the pelvic-hip complex muscles and trunk flexibility by use of SLR, O-JHF, T-JHF, FTF and LTF revealed to be insufficient in diagnosing GJH in children aged 10–13 years. Thus, the Beighton scale should be considered a standard element of physiotherapeutic examination of the musculoskeletal system in children and youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Czaprowski
- Department of Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, Marymoncka 34, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Physiotherapy, Józef Rusiecki University College in Olsztyn, Bydgoska 33, 10-243 Olsztyn, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Agnieszka Kędra
- Department of Posture Correction and Compensation, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biała Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Akademicka 2, 21-500 Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Paulina Pawłowska
- Department of Physical Education, University of Physical Education, Marymoncka 34, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kolwicz-Gańko
- Department of Physical Education, University of Physical Education, Marymoncka 34, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Leszczewska
- Department of Physical Education, University of Physical Education, Marymoncka 34, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Tyrakowski
- Department of Orthopedics, Pediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology, The Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education in Warsaw, Konarskiego 13, 05-400 Otwock, Poland
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Deutschmann KC, Jones AD, Korporaal CM. A non-randomised experimental feasibility study into the immediate effect of three different spinal manipulative protocols on kicking speed performance in soccer players. Chiropr Man Therap 2015; 23:1. [PMID: 25635222 PMCID: PMC4310142 DOI: 10.1186/s12998-014-0046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most utilized soccer kicking method is the instep kicking technique. Decreased motion in spinal joint segments results in adverse biomechanical changes within in the kinematic chain. These changes may be linked to a negative impact on soccer performance. This study tested the immediate effect of lumbar spine and sacroiliac manipulation alone and in combination on the kicking speed of uninjured soccer players. METHODS This 2010 prospective, pre-post experimental, single-blinded (subject) required forty asymptomatic soccer players, from regional premier league teams, who were purposively allocated to one of four groups (based on the evaluation of the players by two blinded motion palpators). Segment dysfunction was either localized to the lumbar spine (Group 1), sacroiliac joint (Group 2), the lumbar spine and sacroiliac joint (Group 3) or not present in the sham laser group (Group 4). All players underwent a standardized warm-up before the pre-measurements. Manipulative intervention followed after which post-measurements were completed. Measurement outcomes included range of motion changes (digital inclinometer); kicking speed (Speed Trac™ Speed Sport Radar) and the subjects' perception of a change in kicking speed. SPSS version 15.0 was used to analyse the data, with repeated measures ANOVA and a p-value <0.05 (CI 95%). RESULTS Lumbar spine manipulation resulted in significant range of motion increases in left and right rotation. Sacroiliac manipulation resulted in no significant changes in the lumbar range of motion. Combination manipulative interventions resulted in significant range of motion increases in lumbar extension, right rotation and right SI joint flexion. There was a significant increase in kicking speed post intervention for all three manipulative intervention groups (when compared to sham). A significant correlation was seen between Likert based-scale subjects' perception of change in kicking speed post intervention and the objective results obtained. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study showed that lumbar spine manipulation combined with SI joint manipulation, resulted in an effective intervention for short-term increases in kicking speed/performance. However, the lack of an a priori analysis, a larger sample size and an unblinded outcome measures assessor requires that this study be repeated, addressing these concerns and for these outcomes to be validated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charmaine Maria Korporaal
- />Department of Chiropractic and Somatology, Chiropractic Programme, M.Tech:Chiropractic, CCFC, CCSP, ICSSD, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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Fife GP, O'Sullivan D, Pieter W. Biomechanics of head injury in olympic taekwondo and boxing. Biol Sport 2013; 30:263-8. [PMID: 24744497 PMCID: PMC3944542 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1077551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose was to examine differences between taekwondo kicks and boxing punches in resultant linear head acceleration (RLA), head injury criterion (HIC15), peak head velocity, and peak foot and fist velocities. Data from two existing publications on boxing punches and taekwondo kicks were compared. Methods For taekwondo head impacts a Hybrid II Crash Dummy (Hybrid II) head was instrumented with a tri-axial accelerometer mounted inside the Hybrid II head. The Hybrid II was fixed to a height-adjustable frame and fitted with a protective taekwondo helmet. For boxing testing, a Hybrid III Crash Dummy head was instrumented with an array of tri-axial accelerometers mounted at the head centre of gravity. Results Differences in RLA between the roundhouse kick (130.11±51.67 g) and hook punch (71.23±32.19 g, d = 1.39) and in HIC15 (clench axe kick: 162.63±104.10; uppercut: 24.10±12.54, d = 2.29) were observed. Conclusions Taekwondo kicks demonstrated significantly larger magnitudes than boxing punches for both RLA and HIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Fife
- Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea ; Department of Physical Education, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - D O'Sullivan
- Department of Physical Education, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - W Pieter
- Department of Taekwondo, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Rihvk I, Clough A, Clough P. Investigation to compare static stretching and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation contract–relax stretching effects on the visco-elastic parameters of the biceps femoris muscle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/1753615410y.0000000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Carvalho FLP, Carvalho MCGA, Simão R, Gomes TM, Costa PB, Neto LB, Carvalho RLP, Dantas EHM. Acute effects of a warm-up including active, passive, and dynamic stretching on vertical jump performance. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 26:2447-52. [PMID: 22067244 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31823f2b36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of 3 different stretching methods combined with a warm-up protocol on vertical jump performance. Sixteen young tennis players (14.5 ± 2.8 years; 175 ± 5.6 cm; 64.0 ± 11.1 kg) were randomly assigned to 4 different experimental conditions on 4 successive days. Each session consisted of a general and specific warm-up, with 5 minutes of running followed by 10 jumps, accompanied by one of the subsequent conditions: (a) Control Condition (CC)-5 minutes of passive rest; (b) Passive Stretching Condition (PSC)-5 minutes of passive static stretching; (c) Active Stretching Condition (ASC)-5 minutes of active static stretching; and (d) Dynamic Stretching Condition (DC)-5 minutes of dynamic stretching. After each intervention, the subjects performed 3 squat jumps (SJs) and 3 countermovement jumps (CMJs), which were measured electronically. For the SJ, 1-way repeated measures analysis of variance (CC × PSC × ASC × DC) revealed significant decreases for ASC (28.7 ± 4.7 cm; p = 0.01) and PSC (28.7 ± 4.3 cm; p = 0.02) conditions when compared with CC (29.9 ± 5.0 cm). For CMJs, there were no significant decreases (p > 0.05) when all stretching conditions were compared with the CC. Significant increases in SJ performance were observed when comparing the DC (29.6 ± 4.9 cm; p = 0.02) with PSC (28.7 ± 4.3 cm). Significant increases in CMJ performance were observed when comparing the conditions ASC (34.0 ± 6.0 cm; p = 0.04) and DC (33.7 ± 5.5 cm; p = 0.03) with PSC (32.6 ± 5.5 cm). A dynamic stretching intervention appears to be more suitable for use as part of a warm-up in young athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe L P Carvalho
- Laboratory of Human Motricity Biosciences (LABIMH), Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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The Acute Effects of Upper Extremity Stretching on Throwing Velocity in Baseball Throwers. JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE (HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION) 2013; 2013:481490. [PMID: 26464880 PMCID: PMC4590899 DOI: 10.1155/2013/481490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. To examine the effects of static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching of the shoulder internal rotators on throwing velocity.
Subjects. 27 male throwers (mean age = 25.1 years old, SD = 2.4) with adequate knowledge of demonstrable throwing mechanics. Study Design. Randomized crossover trial with repeated measures. Methods. Subjects warmed up, threw 10 pitches at their maximum velocity, were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 stretching protocols (static, PNF, or no stretch), and then repeated their 10 pitches. Velocities were recorded after each pitch and average and peak velocities were recorded after each session. Results. Data were analyzed using a 3 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA. No significant interaction between stretching and throwing velocity was observed. Main effects for time were not statistically significant. Main effects for the stretching groups were statistically significant. Discussion. Results suggest that stretching of the shoulder internal rotators did not significantly affect throwing velocity immediately after stretching. This may be due to the complexity of the throwing task. Conclusions. Stretching may be included in a thrower's warm-up without any effects on throwing velocity. Further research should be performed using a population with more throwing experience and skill.
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Morais de Oliveira AL, Greco CC, Molina R, Denadai BS. The rate of force development obtained at early contraction phase is not influenced by active static stretching. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:2174-9. [PMID: 21997454 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31823b0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of active static stretching on the maximal isometric muscle strength (maximal voluntary contraction [MVC]) and rate of force development (RFD) determined within time intervals of 30, 50, 100, and 200 milliseconds relative to the onset of muscle contraction. Fifteen men (aged 21.3 ± 2.4 years) were submitted on different days to the following tests: (a) familiarization session to the isokinetic dynamometer; (b) 2 maximal isometric contractions for knee extensors in the isokinetic dynamometer to determine MVC and RFD (control); and (c) 2 active static stretching exercises for the dominant leg extensors (10 × 30 seconds for each exercise with a 20-second rest interval between bouts). After stretching, the isokinetic test was repeated (poststretching). Conditions 2 and 3 were performed in random order. The RFD was considered as the mean slope of the moment-time curve at time intervals of 0-30, 0-50, 0-100; 0-150; and 0200 milliseconds relative to the onset of muscle contraction. The MVC was reduced after stretching (285 ± 59 vs. 271 ± 56 N · m, p < 0.01). The RFD at intervals of 0-30, 0-50, and 0-100 milliseconds was unchanged after stretching (p > 0.05). However, the RFD measured at intervals of 0-150 and 0-200 milliseconds was significantly lower after stretching (p < 0.01). It can be concluded that explosive muscular actions of a very short duration (<100 milliseconds) seem less affected by active static stretching when compared with actions using maximal muscle strength.
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Peeler J, Leiter J. Using digital photography to document rectus femoris flexibility: A reliability study of the modified Thomas test. Physiother Theory Pract 2012; 29:319-27. [DOI: 10.3109/09593985.2012.731140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kay AD, Blazevich AJ. Effect of acute static stretch on maximal muscle performance: a systematic review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44:154-64. [PMID: 21659901 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318225cb27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The benefits of preexercise muscle stretching have been recently questioned after reports of significant poststretch reductions in force and power production. However, methodological issues and equivocal findings have prevented a clear consensus being reached. As no detailed systematic review exists, the literature describing responses to acute static muscle stretch was comprehensively examined. METHODS MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, SPORTDiscus, and Zetoc were searched with recursive reference checking. Selection criteria included randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials and intervention-based trials published in peer-reviewed scientific journals examining the effect of an acute static stretch intervention on maximal muscular performance. RESULTS Searches revealed 4559 possible articles; 106 met the inclusion criteria. Study design was often poor because 30% of studies failed to provide appropriate reliability statistics. Clear evidence exists indicating that short-duration acute static stretch (<30 s) has no detrimental effect (pooled estimate = -1.1%), with overwhelming evidence that stretch durations of 30-45 s also imparted no significant effect (pooled estimate = -1.9%). A sigmoidal dose-response effect was evident between stretch duration and both the likelihood and magnitude of significant decrements, with a significant reduction likely to occur with stretches ≥ 60 s. This strong evidence for a dose-response effect was independent of performance task, contraction mode, or muscle group. Studies have only examined changes in eccentric strength when the stretch durations were >60 s, with limited evidence for an effect on eccentric strength. CONCLUSIONS The detrimental effects of static stretch are mainly limited to longer durations (≥ 60 s), which may not be typically used during preexercise routines in clinical, healthy, or athletic populations. Shorter durations of stretch (<60 s) can be performed in a preexercise routine without compromising maximal muscle performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Kay
- Sport Exercise & Life Sciences, The University of Northampton, Northampton, United Kingdom.
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Simic L, Sarabon N, Markovic G. Does pre-exercise static stretching inhibit maximal muscular performance? A meta-analytical review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012; 23:131-48. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Simic
- Motor Control and Human Performance Laboratory, School of Kinesiology; University of Zagreb; Zagreb; Croatia
| | - N. Sarabon
- Institute for Kinesiology Research; University of Primorska, Science and Research Center; Koper; Slovenia
| | - G. Markovic
- Motor Control and Human Performance Laboratory, School of Kinesiology; University of Zagreb; Zagreb; Croatia
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Evetovich TK, Cain RM, Hinnerichs KR, Engebretsen BJ, Conley DS. Interpreting Normalized and Nonnormalized Data After Acute Static Stretching in Athletes and Nonathletes. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:1988-94. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181e3132a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Haag SJ, Wright GA, Gillette CM, Greany JF. Effects of Acute Static Stretching of the Throwing Shoulder on Pitching Performance of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III Baseball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:452-7. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181c06d9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Fradkin AJ, Zazryn TR, Smoliga JM. Effects of Warming-up on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:140-8. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181c643a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Influence of Static Stretching Duration on Quadriceps Force Development and Eletromyographic Activity. HUMAN MOVEMENT 2010. [DOI: 10.2478/v10038-010-0020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Peeler JD, Anderson JE. Reliability limits of the modified Thomas test for assessing rectus femoris muscle flexibility about the knee joint. J Athl Train 2009; 43:470-6. [PMID: 18833309 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-43.5.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The modified Thomas test is commonly used in the clinical setting to assess flexibility about the thigh region. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical reliability of the modified Thomas test for evaluating the flexibility of the rectus femoris muscle about the knee joint. DESIGN Descriptive laboratory study using a test-retest design. SETTING Institution-based clinical orthopaedic setting. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Fifty-seven individuals between the ages of 18 and 45 years with no history of trauma participated. Of those, 54 completed the study. INTERVENTION(S) Three Board-certified athletic therapists with an average of 12.67 years of sport medicine expertise assessed rectus femoris flexibility using pass/fail and goniometer scoring systems. A retest session was completed 7 to 10 days later. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Parametric and nonparametric tests were used to compare participants' test-retest results. RESULTS Chance-corrected kappa values (intrarater x = 0.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.30, 0.54; interrater x = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.23, 0.41) indicated generally poor levels of reliability for pass/fail scoring. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values (intrarater x = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.55, 0.76; interrater x = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.40, 0.60) indicated fair to moderate levels of reliability for goniometer data. Measurement error values (standard error of measurement = 7 degrees , method error = 6 degrees , and coefficient of variation = 13%) and Bland-Altman plots (with 95% limits of agreement) further demonstrated the degree of intrarater variance for each examiner when conducting the test. CONCLUSIONS These results call into question the statistical reliability of the modified Thomas test and provide clinicians with important information regarding its reliability limits when used to clinically assess flexibility of the rectus femoris muscle about the knee joint in a physically active population. More research is needed to ascertain the variables that may confound the statistical reliability of this orthopaedic technique.
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Costa PB, Graves BS, Whitehurst M, Jacobs PL. The Acute Effects of Different Durations of Static Stretching on Dynamic Balance Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23:141-7. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31818eb052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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The Use of Static Stretching in Warm-Up for Training and Competition. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2007; 2:212-6. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2.2.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Static stretching (SS) is widely used in warm-ups before training and competition. A growing amount of research, however, has demonstrated that SS can impair muscle performance, leading to a reevaluation of optimal warm-up protocols. This commentary discusses many of the methodological issues that can influence conclusions about the acute effects of SS on performance. One difficulty in interpreting the literature is the lack of control or communication about the volume and intensity of the various stretching treatments used. Another major issue is the failure of many researchers to evaluate SS as it is used in practice, particularly the interaction with the other general and sport-specific components of the warm-up. Acute warm-up effects on performance should be considered in conjunction with potential effects on injury prevention. Future directions in research include optimizing general and sport-specific warm-ups, time course of physiological and performance effects, and individualization of warm-ups according to fitness and skill level.
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Knudson D, Noffal G. Time course of stretch-induced isometric strength deficits. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005; 94:348-51. [PMID: 15711989 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-004-1309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stretching in the warm-up has been shown to decrease several muscular performance variables, but the dose-response of this effect is unknown. This study documented the change in isometric grip strength over ten trials in a convenience sample of young adults randomly assigned to control (n=22) or repeated bouts of 10-s static stretches of the wrist flexors (n=35). There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in the change in mean normalized grip strength between the control and stretching groups that was not significantly different across gender. Grip strengths in the control group were consistent with a linear trend, while the grip strengths in the stretching group declined in a logarithmic fashion to 88.8% with 100 s of stretching. Statistically significant (P<0.05) differences in normalized grip strength between the two groups appeared after 40 s of stretching. Meaningful decreases in isometric grip strength following static stretching are likely to appear in young adults following 20-40 s of static stretching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane Knudson
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, First and Normal Street, Chico, CA, 95929-0330, USA.
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