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Moreau M, Mao S, Ngwa U, Yasmin-Karim S, China D, Hooshangnejad H, Sforza D, Ding K, Li H, Rezaee M, Narang AK, Ngwa W. Democratizing FLASH Radiotherapy. Semin Radiat Oncol 2024; 34:344-350. [PMID: 38880543 PMCID: PMC11218907 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
FLASH radiotherapy (RT) is emerging as a potentially revolutionary advancement in cancer treatment, offering the potential to deliver RT at ultra-high dose rates (>40 Gy/s) while significantly reducing damage to healthy tissues. Democratizing FLASH RT by making this cutting-edge approach more accessible and affordable for healthcare systems worldwide would have a substantial impact in global health. Here, we review recent developments in FLASH RT and present perspective on further developments that could facilitate the democratizing of FLASH RT. These include upgrading and validating current technologies that can deliver and measure the FLASH radiation dose with high accuracy and precision, establishing a deeper mechanistic understanding of the FLASH effect, and optimizing dose delivery conditions and parameters for different types of tumors and normal tissues, such as the dose rate, dose fractionation, and beam quality for high efficacy. Furthermore, we examine the potential for democratizing FLASH radioimmunotherapy leveraging evidence that FLASH RT can make the tumor microenvironment more immunogenic, and parallel developments in nanomedicine or use of smart radiotherapy biomaterials for combining RT and immunotherapy. We conclude that the democratization of FLASH radiotherapy represents a major opportunity for concerted cross-disciplinary research collaborations with potential for tremendous impact in reducing radiotherapy disparities and extending the cancer moonshot globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Moreau
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD..
| | - Serena Mao
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Uriel Ngwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sayeda Yasmin-Karim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Debarghya China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Hamed Hooshangnejad
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daniel Sforza
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kai Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mohammad Rezaee
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Amol K Narang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Wilfred Ngwa
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
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2
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Hao J, Zhao X, Wang C, Cao X, Liu Y. Recent Advances in Nanoimmunotherapy by Modulating Tumor-Associated Macrophages for Cancer Therapy. Bioconjug Chem 2024. [PMID: 38919067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has yielded remarkable results across a variety of tumor types. Nevertheless, the complex and immunosuppressive microenvironment within solid tumors poses significant challenges to established therapies such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy. Within the milieu, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a significant role by directly suppressing T-cell functionality and fostering an immunosuppressive environment. Effective regulation of TAMs is, therefore, crucial to enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapies. Various therapeutic strategies targeting TAM modulation have emerged, including blocking TAM recruitment, direct elimination, promoting repolarization toward the M1 phenotype, and enhancing phagocytic capacity against tumor cells. The recently introduced CAR macrophage (CAR-M) therapy opens new possibilities for macrophage-based immunotherapy. Compared with CAR-T, CAR-M may demonstrate superior targeting and infiltration capabilities toward solid tumors. This review predominantly delves into the origin and development process of TAMs, their role in promoting tumor growth, and provides a comprehensive overview of immunotherapies targeting TAMs. It underscores the significance of regulating TAMs in bolstering antitumor therapies while discussing the potential and challenges of developing TAMs as targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xinzhi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xianghui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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3
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Abdel-Wahab M, Coleman CN, Eriksen JG, Lee P, Kraus R, Harsdorf E, Lee B, Dicker A, Hahn E, Agarwal JP, Prasanna PGS, MacManus M, Keall P, Mayr NA, Jereczek-Fossa BA, Giammarile F, Kim IA, Aggarwal A, Lewison G, Lu JJ, Guedes de Castro D, Kong FMS, Afifi H, Sharp H, Vanderpuye V, Olasinde T, Atrash F, Goethals L, Corn BW. Addressing challenges in low-income and middle-income countries through novel radiotherapy research opportunities. Lancet Oncol 2024; 25:e270-e280. [PMID: 38821101 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(24)00038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Although radiotherapy continues to evolve as a mainstay of the oncological armamentarium, research and innovation in radiotherapy in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) faces challenges. This third Series paper examines the current state of LMIC radiotherapy research and provides new data from a 2022 survey undertaken by the International Atomic Energy Agency and new data on funding. In the context of LMIC-related challenges and impediments, we explore several developments and advances-such as deep phenotyping, real-time targeting, and artificial intelligence-to flag specific opportunities with applicability and relevance for resource-constrained settings. Given the pressing nature of cancer in LMICs, we also highlight some best practices and address the broader need to develop the research workforce of the future. This Series paper thereby serves as a resource for radiation professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Abdel-Wahab
- Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
| | - C Norman Coleman
- Radiation Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jesper Grau Eriksen
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Lee
- Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ryan Kraus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ekaterina Harsdorf
- Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Becky Lee
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Summa Health, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Adam Dicker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ezra Hahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jai Prakash Agarwal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Pataje G S Prasanna
- Radiation Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael MacManus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Keall
- Image X Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nina A Mayr
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Barbara Alicja Jereczek-Fossa
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiotherapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - In Ah Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ajay Aggarwal
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Grant Lewison
- Institute of Cancer Policy, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jiade J Lu
- Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Centre, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Feng-Ming Spring Kong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, HKU-Shenzhen Hospital and Queen Mary Hospital, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Haidy Afifi
- Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hamish Sharp
- Institute of Cancer Policy, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Verna Vanderpuye
- National Center for Radiotherapy, Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Korlebu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Fadi Atrash
- Augusta Victoria Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Luc Goethals
- Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Howard TP, McClelland S, Jimenez RB. Evolving Role of Proton Radiation Therapy in Clinical Practice. JCO Oncol Pract 2024; 20:771-777. [PMID: 38377440 DOI: 10.1200/op.23.00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
With the expansion of proton radiation therapy centers across the United States and a gradually expanding body of academic evidence supporting its use, more patients are receiving-and asking about-proton therapy than ever before. Here, we outline, for nonradiation oncologists, the theoretical benefits of proton therapy, the clinical evidence to date, the controversies affecting utilization, and the numerous randomized trials currently in progress. We also discuss the challenges of researching and delivering proton therapy, including the cost of constructing and maintaining centers, barriers with insurance approval, clinical situations in which proton therapy may be approached with caution, and the issue of equitable access for all patients. The purpose of this review is to assist practicing oncologists in understanding the evolving role of proton therapy and to help nonradiation oncologists guide patients regarding this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shearwood McClelland
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Rachel B Jimenez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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Wang W, Liu X, Liao Y, Zeng Y, Chen Y, Yu B, Yang Z, Gao H, Qin B. Mixed-size spot scanning with a compact large momentum acceptance superconducting (LMA-SC) gantry beamline for proton therapy. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:115011. [PMID: 38688290 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad45a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Objective. Lowering treatment costs and improving treatment quality are two primary goals for next-generation proton therapy (PT) facilities. This work will design a compact large momentum acceptance superconducting (LMA-SC) gantry beamline to reduce the footprint and expense of the PT facilities, with a novel mixed-size spot scanning method to improve the sparing of organs at risk (OAR).Approach. For the LMA-SC gantry beamline, the movable energy slit is placed in the middle of the last achromatic bending section, and the beam momentum spread of delivered spots can be easily changed during the treatment. Simultaneously, changing the collimator size can provide spots with various lateral spot sizes. Based on the provided large-size and small-size spot models, the treatment planning with mixed spot scanning is optimized: the interior of the target is irradiated with large-size spots (to cover the uniform-dose interior efficiently), while the peripheral of the target is irradiated with small-size spots (to shape the sharp dose falloff at the peripheral accurately).Main results. The treatment plan with mixed-size spot scanning was evaluated and compared with small and large-size spot scanning for thirteen clinical prostate cases. The mixed-size spot plan had superior target dose homogeneities, better protection of OAR, and better plan robustness than the large-size spot plan. Compared to the small-size spot plan, the mixed-size spot plan had comparable plan quality, better plan robustness, and reduced plan delivery time from 65.9 to 40.0 s.Significance. The compact LMA-SC gantry beamline is proposed with mixed-size spot scanning, with demonstrated footprint reduction and improved plan quality compared to the conventional spot scanning method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yicheng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiling Zeng
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Benzhaoxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Bin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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6
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Ellin J, Rebolo L, Backfish M, Prebys E, Ariño-Estrada G. Prompt gamma timing for proton range verification with TlBr and TlCl as pure Cherenkov emitters. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:115002. [PMID: 38657638 PMCID: PMC11106777 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad4304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Objective. Prompt gamma timing (PGT) uses the detection time of prompt gammas emitted along the range of protons in proton radiotherapy to verify the position of the Bragg peak (BP). Cherenkov detectors offer the possibility of enhanced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to the inherent physics of Cherenkov emission which enhances detection of high energy prompt gamma rays relative to other induced uncorrelated signals. In this work, the PGT technique was applied to 3 semiconductor material slabs that emit only Cherenkov light for use in a full scale system: a 3 × 3 × 20 mm3TlBr, a 12 × 12 × 12 mm3TlBr, and a 5 × 5 × 5 mm3TlCl.Approach. A polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) target was exposed to a 67.5 MeV, 0.5 nA proton beam and shifted in 3 mm increments at the Crocker nuclear laboratory (CNL) in Davis, CA, USA. A fast plastic scintillator coupled to a photomultiplier tube (PMT) provided the start reference for the proton time of flight. Time of flight (TOF) distributions were generated using this reference and the gamma-ray timestamp in the Cherenkov detector.Main results. The SNR of the proton correlated peaks relative to the background was 20, 29, and 30 for each of the three samples, respectively. The upper limit of the position resolutions with the TlCl sample were 2 mm, 3 mm, and 5 mm for 30k, 10k, and 5k detected events, respectively. The time distribution of events with respect to the reference reproduced with clarity the periodicity of the beam, implying a very high SNR of the Cherenkov crystals to detect prompt gammas. Background presence from the neutron-induced continuum, prompt gammas from deuterium, or positron activation were not observed. Material choice and crystal dimensions did not seem to affect significantly the outcome of the results.Significance. These results show the high SNR of the pure Cherenkov emitters TlBr and TlCl for the detection of prompt gammas in a proton beam with current of clinical significance and their potential for verifying the proton range. The accuracy in determining shifts of the BP was highly dependent on the number of events acquired, therefore, the performance of these detectors are expected to vary with different beam conditions such as current, pulse repetition, and proton bunch width.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Ellin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Leonor Rebolo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael Backfish
- Crocker Nuclear Laboratory, University of California Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Eric Prebys
- Crocker Nuclear Laboratory, University of California Davis, CA, United States of America
- Department of Physics, University of California Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Gerard Ariño-Estrada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, CA, United States of America
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies—Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Jacomina LE, Agas RAF, Dee EC, Panda PK, Mejia MBA. Proton therapy in Asia Pacific: current resources, international disparities and steps forward. J Med Radiat Sci 2024; 71 Suppl 2:6-9. [PMID: 38425125 PMCID: PMC11011585 DOI: 10.1002/jmrs.776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The burden of cancer in Asia Pacific, a region home to over four billion people, is growing. Because of sheer demographics alone, the Asia Pacific region arguably has the highest number of patients who can benefit from protons over conventional x-rays. However, only 39 out of 113 proton facilities globally are in Asia Pacific, and 11 of them are in low- and middle-income countries where 95% of the regional population reside. We draw attention to present resource distribution of proton therapy in Asia Pacific, highlight disparities in access, and suggest steps forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa E. Jacomina
- Division of Radiation OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CentreHoustonTexasUSA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Benavides Cancer InstituteUniversity of Santo Tomas HospitalManilaPhilippines
| | - Ryan Anthony F. Agas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Benavides Cancer InstituteUniversity of Santo Tomas HospitalManilaPhilippines
| | - Edward Christopher Dee
- Department of Radiation OncologyMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CentreNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Michael Benedict A. Mejia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Benavides Cancer InstituteUniversity of Santo Tomas HospitalManilaPhilippines
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Li J, Lv Z, Guo Y, Fang J, Wang A, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Zhao Z, Cheng X, Shi H. Hafnium (Hf)-Chelating Porphyrin-Decorated Gold Nanosensitizers for Enhanced Radio-Radiodynamic Therapy of Colon Carcinoma. ACS NANO 2023; 17:25147-25156. [PMID: 38063344 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
X-ray-induced radiodynamic therapy (RDT) that can significantly reduce radiation dose with an improved anticancer effect has emerged as an attractive and promising therapeutic modality for tumors. However, it is highly significant to develop safe and efficient radiosensitizing agents for tumor radiation therapy. Herein, we present a smart nanotheranostic system FA-Au-CH that consists of gold nanoradiosensitizers, photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6), and folic acid (FA) as a folate-receptor-targeting ligand for improved tumor specificity. FA-Au-CH nanoparticles have been demonstrated to be able to simultaneously serve as radiosensitizers and RDT agents for enhanced computed tomography (CT) imaging-guided radiotherapy (RT) of colon carcinoma, owing to the strong X-ray attenuation capability of high-Z elements Au and Hf, as well as the characteristics of Hf that can transfer radiation energy to Ce6 to generate ROS from Ce6 under X-ray irradiation. The integration of RT and RDT in this study demonstrates great efficacy and offers a promising therapeutic modality for the treatment of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhengzhong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yirui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Anna Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yali Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Zhu
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Zhongsheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaju Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Haibin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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