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van der Coelen S, van der Velden J, Nadesapillai S, Braat D, Peek R, Fleischer K. Navigating fertility dilemmas across the lifespan in girls with Turner syndrome-a scoping review. Hum Reprod Update 2024; 30:383-409. [PMID: 38452347 PMCID: PMC11215162 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Girls with Turner syndrome (TS) lack a partial or complete sex chromosome, which causes an accelerated decline of their ovarian reserve. Girls have to deal with several dilemmas related to their fertility, while only a limited number of them are referred to a fertility specialist and counselled about options of family planning on time. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This scoping review provides an update of the literature on fertility in girls with TS throughout their lifespan and aims to propose a clinical practice guideline on fertility in TS. SEARCH METHODS Databases of PubMed, Embase, and Web of science were searched using the following key terms: Turner syndrome, fertility, puberty, pregnancy, sex-hormones, karyotype, fertility preservation, assisted reproductive techniques, and counselling, alongside relevant subject headings and synonymous terms. English language articles published since 2007 were critically reviewed. Pregnancies after using donated oocytes and data about girls with TS with Y-chromosomal content were excluded. OUTCOMES This search identified 1269 studies of which 120 were extracted for the review. The prevalence of natural conception ranged from 15% to 48% in women with 45,X/46,XX, 1% to 3% in women with 45,X, and 4% to 9% in women with other TS karyotypes. When assessing a girl's fertility potential, it was crucial to determine the karyotype in two cell lines, because hidden mosaicism may exist. In addition to karyotype, assessment of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) played a significant role in estimating ovarian function. Girls with AMH above the detection limit were most likely to experience spontaneous thelarche, menarche, and ongoing ovarian function during the reproductive lifespan. Fertility preservation became more routine practice: vitrification of oocytes was reported in 58 girls with TS and a median of five oocytes were preserved per stimulation. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation has demonstrated the presence of follicles in approximately 30% of girls with TS, mostly in girls with mosaic-TS, spontaneous puberty, and AMH above the detection limit. Although girls and their parents appreciated receiving counselling on fertility in TS, only one in ten girls with TS received specialized counselling. Unfamiliarity with fertility preservation techniques or uncertainties regarding the eligibility of a girl for fertility preservation constituted barriers for healthcare professionals when discussing fertility with girls with TS. WIDER IMPLICATIONS There currently is a high demand for fertility preservation techniques in girls with TS. A reliable prognostic model to determine which girls with TS might benefit from fertility preservation is lacking. Only a minority of these girls received comprehensive fertility counselling on the full spectrum of fertility, including uncertainties of fertility preservation, pregnancy risks, and alternatives, such as adoption. Fertility preservation could be a viable option for girls with TS. However, the question remains whether enough oocytes can be obtained for a realistic prospect of a live birth. It is important that girls and parents are empowered with the necessary information to make a well-informed decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne van der Coelen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janielle van der Velden
- Department of Paediatrics, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sapthami Nadesapillai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Didi Braat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Peek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kathrin Fleischer
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Nij Geertgen Center for Fertility, Elsendorp, The Netherlands
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Gravholt CH, Andersen NH, Christin-Maitre S, Davis SM, Duijnhouwer A, Gawlik A, Maciel-Guerra AT, Gutmark-Little I, Fleischer K, Hong D, Klein KO, Prakash SK, Shankar RK, Sandberg DE, Sas TCJ, Skakkebæk A, Stochholm K, van der Velden JA, Backeljauw PF. Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:G53-G151. [PMID: 38748847 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) affects 50 per 100 000 females. TS affects multiple organs through all stages of life, necessitating multidisciplinary care. This guideline extends previous ones and includes important new advances, within diagnostics and genetics, estrogen treatment, fertility, co-morbidities, and neurocognition and neuropsychology. Exploratory meetings were held in 2021 in Europe and United States culminating with a consensus meeting in Aarhus, Denmark in June 2023. Prior to this, eight groups addressed important areas in TS care: (1) diagnosis and genetics, (2) growth, (3) puberty and estrogen treatment, (4) cardiovascular health, (5) transition, (6) fertility assessment, monitoring, and counselling, (7) health surveillance for comorbidities throughout the lifespan, and (8) neurocognition and its implications for mental health and well-being. Each group produced proposals for the present guidelines, which were meticulously discussed by the entire group. Four pertinent questions were submitted for formal GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) evaluation with systematic review of the literature. The guidelines project was initiated by the European Society for Endocrinology and the Pediatric Endocrine Society, in collaboration with members from the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, the European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions, the Society for Endocrinology, and the European Society of Cardiology, Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, Australia and New Zealand Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Latin American Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, Arab Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and the Asia Pacific Pediatric Endocrine Society. Advocacy groups appointed representatives for pre-meeting discussions and the consensus meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels H Andersen
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Sophie Christin-Maitre
- Endocrine and Reproductive Medicine Unit, Center of Rare Endocrine Diseases of Growth and Development (CMERCD), FIRENDO, Endo ERN Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Shanlee M Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
- eXtraOrdinarY Kids Clinic, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Anthonie Duijnhouwer
- Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Aneta Gawlik
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrea T Maciel-Guerra
- Area of Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, 13083-888 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iris Gutmark-Little
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Kathrin Fleischer
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Nij Geertgen Center for Fertility, Ripseweg 9, 5424 SM Elsendorp, The Netherlands
| | - David Hong
- Division of Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, United States
| | - Karen O Klein
- Rady Children's Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92123, United States
| | - Siddharth K Prakash
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Roopa Kanakatti Shankar
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's National Hospital, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20010, United States
| | - David E Sandberg
- Susan B. Meister Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800, United States
- Division of Pediatric Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800, United States
| | - Theo C J Sas
- Department the Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Pediatric and Adult Diabetes Care and Research, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Skakkebæk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Stochholm
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Center for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Janielle A van der Velden
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe F Backeljauw
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
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Porcu E, Cipriani L, Damiano G. Reproductive health in Turner's syndrome: from puberty to pregnancy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1269009. [PMID: 38116311 PMCID: PMC10728473 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1269009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic pathology that affects about 1/2500 newborn females. Turner's syndrome is characterized by highly variable genetic anomalies that consist in a partial or complete deletion of the X sexual chromosome; it can be present as a monosomy or as a mosaicism with two o three different cellular lines. 50% of the patients with Turner's syndrome has a 45 XO karyotype while the remaining cases have karyotypes with mosaicism or X isochromosome or with partial or whole Y chromosome. This pathology is characterized by multiple anomalies that involve physical and cognitive development and in particular endocrine, cardiovascular, reproductive, auditive and visual systems. Integrity of the X chromosome in essential for fertility. In TS is accelerated germ cells apoptosis. About 30% of TS girls have some pubertal development, 10-20% undergo menarche and 2-8% go through spontaneous pregnancy. Women with TS should be informed about the risk of premature menopause and should be referred, if possible, to a specialist evaluation with a doctor expert in assisted reproductive techniques. In adolescents and in adults, Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI) can be evaluated clinically and biochemically with the classic combination of amenorrhea and elevated FSH concentrations (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism). However, in postpubertal adolescents and adult women, reproductive hormones may remain within the normal range before POI is clinically evident, despite significant depletion of the ovarian reserve. Today, reproductive medicine offers the opportunity of fertility preservation in women with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). Two techniques have been suggested such as ovarian cortex cryopreservation and oocytes cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Cipriani
- Infertility and IVF Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Damiano
- Infertility and IVF Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Slonim M, Peate M, Merigan K, Lantsberg D, Anderson RA, Stern K, Gook D, Jayasinghe Y. Ovarian stimulation and oocyte cryopreservation in females and transgender males aged 18 years or less: a systematic review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1146476. [PMID: 37404308 PMCID: PMC10315913 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1146476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fertility preservation is an important healthcare focus in the paediatric and adolescent population when gonadotoxic treatments are required. Ovarian stimulation (OS) resulting in oocyte cryopreservation is a well-established fertility preservation option in the adult population. It's utility, however, is little known in young patients. The purpose of this review was to synthesise the available literature on OS in patients ≤18 years old, to identify gaps in current research and provide suggestions for future research directions. Methods Using PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review of the literature was performed for all relevant full-text articles published in English in Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library and Google Scholar databases. The search strategy used a combination of subject headings and generic terms related to the study topic and population. Two reviewers independently screened studies for eligibility, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. Characteristics of the studies, objectives and key findings were extracted and summarised in a narrative synthesis. Results Database search and manual review identified 922 studies, 899 were eliminated based on defined exclusion criteria. Twenty-three studies were included and comprised 468 participants aged ≤18 years who underwent OS (median 15.2, range 7-18 years old). Only three patients were premenarchal, and four patients were on treatment to suppress puberty. Patients had OS for a broad range of indications including oncology treatment, transgender care and Turner syndrome. A total of 488 cycles of OS were completed, with all but 18 of these cycles (96.3%) successfully resulting in cryopreserved mature oocytes (median 10 oocytes, range 0-35). Fifty-three cycles (9.8%) were cancelled. Complications were rare (<1%). One pregnancy was reported from a female who had OS aged 17 years old. Conclusion This systematic review demonstrates that OS and oocyte cryopreservation is achievable in young females however there are only a few cases in the literature describing OS in premenarcheal children or those who have suppressed puberty. There is little proof that OS can lead to pregnancy in adolescents, and no proof that this can be achieved in premenarchal girls. Therefore it should be regarded as an innovative procedure for adolescents and experimental for premenarcheal girls. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=265705, identifier CRD42021265705.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnie Slonim
- Oncofertility Program and Department of Gynaecology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle Peate
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kira Merigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Richard A. Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Stern
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne IVF, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Debra Gook
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne IVF, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yasmin Jayasinghe
- Oncofertility Program and Department of Gynaecology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Bollig KJ, Mainigi M, Senapati S, Lin AE, Levitsky LL, Bamba V. Turner syndrome: fertility counselling in childhood and through the reproductive lifespan. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2023; 30:16-26. [PMID: 36437755 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The potential for fertility in Turner syndrome has improved in recent years. Understanding of associated risks and approaches is important for the care of girls and women with this condition. This review focuses on reproductive health, fertility options and appropriate counselling for women with Turner syndrome and their families. RECENT FINDINGS Women with Turner syndrome have rapidly declining ovarian function beginning in utero . Therefore, counselling regarding fertility concerns should begin at a young age and involve discussion of options, including ovarian tissue cryopreservation, oocyte preservation and use of nonautologous oocytes. Clinical guidance on fertility management and pregnancy risk assessment based on karyotype, associated comorbidities and fertility is still not fully data driven. Realistic expectations regarding reproductive options and associated outcomes as well as the need for multidisciplinary follow-up during pregnancy are crucial to the ethical and safe care of these patients. SUMMARY Fertility care in women with Turner syndrome is evolving as current management techniques improve and new approaches are validated. Early counselling and active management of fertility preservation is critical to ensure positive and well tolerated reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassie J Bollig
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Monica Mainigi
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Suneeta Senapati
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Lynne L Levitsky
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Vaneeta Bamba
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Więcek M, Gawlik J, Nowak Z, Gawlik A. Questions concerning fertility preservation during transition in girls with Turner syndrome: review of the literature. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e220344. [PMID: 36191160 PMCID: PMC9641775 DOI: 10.1530/ec-22-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Loss of fertility is one of the most important concerns facing Turner syndrome (TS) patients as they transition into adult health care. Due to the limited and rapidly decreasing ovarian reserve, many TS patients require fertility preservation (FP) techniques to preserve their reproductive potential until they are ready to pursue procreation. One has to also remember about the additional risks connected with pregnancy in TS patients. In order to determine the optimal time for introducing FP techniques and decrease the chance of an unnecessary intervention, markers and procedures assessing ovarian reserve have been developed. The exposure to potential cardiovascular complications should be determined before FP to avoid unnecessary procedures in patients with potential contraindications to pregnancy. The aim of the present review is to answer the following three questions important for successful preservation of fertility and safe pregnancy in TS: which markers of ovarian reserve should be used as selection criteria for FP? Which methods of FP are the safest and most effective? Are there any cardiovascular contraindications to FP? For each of those questions, separate literature searches have been conducted. A total of 86 articles have been included in this review: 34 for the first question, 35 for the second, and 17 for the third. Ovarian reserve markers and cardiovascular contraindications to pregnancy should be established before FP; hoverer, there are no unambiguous indicators as to which patients should be disqualified from the FP and more evidence is needed in this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Więcek
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jakub Gawlik
- Student Scientific Society at the Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Nowak
- Student Scientific Society at the Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Gawlik
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Martel RA, Blakemore JK, Fino ME. The use of oocyte cryopreservation for fertility preservation in patients with sex chromosome disorders: a case series describing outcomes. J Assist Reprod Genet 2022; 39:1143-1153. [PMID: 35320443 PMCID: PMC9107557 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Characterize outcomes among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with sex chromosome disorders (SCDs) after oocyte cryopreservation (OC) consultation. METHODS Retrospective case series of all AYA (< 25 years) patients with SCDs seen for OC consultation from 2011 to 2019 at a large, urban, academic fertility center. All AYA patients with an SCD seen for OC consult in the study time period were reviewed and included. Data collected included patient age, SCD type, number of patients who attempted OC, number of cycles attempted, and cycle outcomes. RESULTS Twenty-two patients were included: 9 with Turner syndrome, 12 with mosaic Turner syndrome, and 1 with 47,XXX. Mean age at consult was 14.7 ± 3.5 years. Fourteen patients elected for OC: 5 with Turner syndrome, 8 with mosaic Turner syndrome, and 1 47,XXX who pursued 31 OC cycles total. Of those 14 patients, 10 underwent retrieval, 9 froze oocytes, and 8 froze mature (MII) oocytes. Seven patients underwent > 1 cycle and 7 had ≥ 1 cancelation. 3/3 patients who pursued cycles after 1st cancelation never got to retrieval. Age, SCD type, and baseline FSH did not predict ability to freeze MIIs. One patient returned after OC and attempted 4 ovulation induction cycles and 2 IVF cycles; all were canceled for low response. CONCLUSIONS AYA patients with SCDs have a high risk of poor response and cycle cancelation but the majority froze MIIs. Thus, setting expectations is important. A larger sample size is needed to evaluate possible clinical predictors of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Martel
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Jennifer K Blakemore
- New York University Langone Prelude Fertility Center, 660 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Fino
- New York University Langone Prelude Fertility Center, 660 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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Ulrich ND, Raja N, Ellman E, Moravek MB. Outcomes of Fertility Preservation Consults for Women at Risk for Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Due to History of Cancer Treatment or Mosaic Turner Syndrome. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2021; 11:427-432. [PMID: 34550775 DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2021.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) at risk of primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) often request fertility preservation consultation. We report consult/treatment outcomes for 21 cancer survivors and 3 mosaic Turner syndrome (TS) patients (mean age 21.6 at consult, 3 with POI). Ten AYAs (9 survivors, 1 mosaic TS) attempted ovarian stimulation; 4 cancelled for poor response. Of completed cycles, mean 3.8 mature oocytes were retrieved, with mean anti-Müllerian hormone 0.653 ng/mL. Ovarian stimulation for mosaic TS AYA and survivors is possible, even with diminished ovarian reserve. Further study is needed to establish guidelines for patient selection, treatment timing, and stimulation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Ulrich
- Division of REI, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicholas Raja
- Division of REI, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Erin Ellman
- Division of REI, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Molly B Moravek
- Division of REI, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Schleedoorn MJ, Mulder BH, Braat DDM, Beerendonk CCM, Peek R, Nelen WLDM, Van Leeuwen E, Van der Velden AAEM, Fleischer K, Turner Fertility Expert Panel OBOT. International consensus: ovarian tissue cryopreservation in young Turner syndrome patients: outcomes of an ethical Delphi study including 55 experts from 16 different countries. Hum Reprod 2021; 35:1061-1072. [PMID: 32348471 PMCID: PMC7493129 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the standpoint of an international expert panel on ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC) in young females with Turner syndrome (TS)? SUMMARY ANSWER The expert panel states that OTC should be offered to young females with TS, but under strict conditions only. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY OTC is already an option for preserving the fertility of young females at risk of iatrogenic primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). Offering OTC to females with a genetic cause of POI could be the next step. One of the most common genetic disorders related to POI is TS. Due to an early depletion of the ovarian reserve, most females with TS are confronted with infertility before reaching adulthood. However, before offering OTC as an experimental fertility preservation option to young females with TS, medical and ethical concerns need to be addressed. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A three-round ethical Delphi study was conducted to systematically discuss whether the expected benefits exceed the expected negative consequences of OTC in young females with TS. The aim was to reach group consensus and form an international standpoint based on selected key statements. The study took place between February and December 2018. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Anonymous panel selection was based on expertise in TS, fertility preservation or medical ethics. A mixed panel of 12 gynaecologists, 13 (paediatric) endocrinologists, 10 medical ethicists and 20 patient representatives from 16 different countries gave consent to participate in this international Delphi study. In the first two rounds, experts were asked to rate and rank 38 statements regarding OTC in females with TS. Participants were offered the possibility to adjust their opinions after repetitive feedback. The selection of key statements was based on strict inclusion criteria. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A total of 46 participants completed the first Delphi round (response rate 84%). Based on strict selection criteria, six key statements were selected, and 13 statements were discarded. The remaining 19 statements and two additional statements submitted by the expert panel were re-evaluated in the second round by 41 participants (response rate 75%). The analysis of the second survey resulted in the inclusion of two additional key statements. After the approval of these eight key statements, the majority of the expert panel (96%) believed that OTC should be offered to young females with TS, but in a safe and controlled research setting first, with proper counselling and informed consent procedures, before offering this procedure in routine care. The remaining participants (4%) did not object but did not respond despite several reminders. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The anonymous nature of this study may have led to lack of accountability. The selection of experts was based on their willingness to participate. The fact that not all panellists took part in all rounds may have resulted in selection bias. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This international standpoint is the first step in the global acceptance of OTC in females with TS. Future collaborative research with a focus on efficacy and safety and long-term follow-up is urgently needed. Furthermore, we recommend an international register for fertility preservation procedures in females with TS. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Unconditional funding (A16-1395) was received from Merck B.V., The Netherlands. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Schleedoorn
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - B H Mulder
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - D D M Braat
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C C M Beerendonk
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R Peek
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - W L D M Nelen
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - E Van Leeuwen
- Medical Ethics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A A E M Van der Velden
- Paediatric Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Centre Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - K Fleischer
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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La Marca A, Mastellari E. Fertility preservation for genetic diseases leading to premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38:759-777. [PMID: 33495935 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The current review aims to summarize the data available concerning the applicability of fertility preservation techniques to genetic conditions at risk of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). METHODS A literature review through the PubMed Database was carried out. RESULTS About 10% of cases of POI is related to genetic diseases. The most frequent conditions associated with POI are Turner syndrome and fragile X pre-mutation; mutation of BRCA 1-2 genes and several other mutations and genetic syndromes have recently been highlighted, although they rarely occur. If a diagnosis is issued before POI onset, counseling on currently available fertility preservation techniques is advisable. In case of spontaneous menarche (this can occur variably depending on the mutation) established techniques like embryo or oocyte cryopreservation can be proposed, even if, in some cases, their effectiveness may be reduced by ovarian alterations connected to the mutation. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation has recently been defined as an established medical procedure for fertility preservation in young cancer patients and may be an option for prepubertal patients. However, it is still experimental in special populations with genetic diseases causing POI. New innovative experimental techniques, like in vitro maturation of immature oocytes (IVM) and vitro activation (IVA) of immature follicles on ovarian tissue, have shown limited but encouraging data and they will be probably available in the near future. For a correct risk-benefit evaluation, the following aspects should be considered: actual knowledge about the pathology-specific efficacy of the various techniques, the average age of onset of POI, the possible risks associated with the procedure in relation to the underlying pathology, the probability of spontaneous conception, as well as the health implications of a possible future pregnancy.. CONCLUSIONS Fertility preservation techniques represent a crucial opportunity for patients with genetic risk of POI. Early diagnosis increases the chances to apply these techniques. No specific recommendations concerning fertility preservation for each genetic pathology are available, and clinicians should first counsel the patient and her relatives about known risks and benefits of the available techniques, both those established and those considered as experimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio La Marca
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mother, Child and Adult, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. .,Clinica Eugin Modena, Modena, Italy.
| | - Elisa Mastellari
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mother, Child and Adult, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Abstract
Fertility represents a biological and psychological requirement for women. Some genetic diseases represent a rare cause of infertility, being responsible for 10% of cases of premature ovarian insufficiency. Among these, the most frequent and also those most studied by researchers are Turner Syndrome - due to a karyotype abnormality of the X chromosome pair - and the presence of fragile X premutation (FMR1). To exclude these conditions the diagnostic workup for non-iatrogenic premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) involves the performance of a karyotype analysis and the search for the FMR1 gene mutation, as well as the search for the presence of Y-chromosomal material. However, several other mutations and genetic syndromes associated with POI development have recently been highlighted, although they occur rarely, such as the GALT gene mutation in galactosemia or the FOXL2 gene mutation in BPES and many others, and further autosomal genetic testing are indicated if clinical suspicion is present. Mutations of BRCA 1 and 2 genes, make patients at genetically determined high risk of developing early ovarian or breast cancer and of getting POIs for the treatments they must undergo to prevent it (prophylactic bilateral oophorectomy) or treat it (chemotherapy). The management of impaired fertility is not less important than that of other syndromic manifestations for the quality of life of patients. Few data are available regarding the efficiency of cryopreservation of reproductive material (oocytes, embryos or ovarian tissue) in order to preserve fertility in this particular subgroup of patients, but certainly it represents a promising chance and a hope for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mastellari
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio La Marca
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy -
- Clinica Eugin Modena, Modena, Italy
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Ito A, Katagiri Y, Tamaki Y, Fukuda Y, Oji A, Morita M. DuoStim: a new option for fertility preservation for a woman with Turner syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2020; 36:1144-1148. [PMID: 32945708 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2020.1822805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Turner syndrome (TS) is associated with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism due to gonadal dysgenesis, which results in premature ovarian failure and subsequent infertility. Therefore, counseling and evaluation for fertility preservation are required as early as possible for women with TS. CASE PRESENTATION A 23-year-old unmarried woman with mosaic TS (45, X [4/30] 46, XX [26/30]) presented to the pediatric department of our hospital for fertility counseling; she was accompanied by her mother. She was referred to the reproduction center of our hospital for ovarian reserve assessment and counseling regarding fertility preservation. We decided to retrieve oocytes using DuoStim as the controlled ovarian stimulation protocol. During the first and second oocyte retrievals, a total of 17 (9 and 8, respectively) mature metaphase II oocytes were cryopreserved. CONCLUSION DuoStim may be a useful option for fertility preservation for women with TS and reduced ovarian reserve. This new strategy may obtain the required number of oocytes in the shortest time and preserve the future fertility of women with TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Ito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Ota-ku, Japan
- Reproduction Center, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku, Japan
| | - Yukiko Katagiri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Ota-ku, Japan
- Reproduction Center, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku, Japan
| | - Yuko Tamaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Ota-ku, Japan
- Reproduction Center, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku, Japan
| | - Yusuke Fukuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Ota-ku, Japan
- Reproduction Center, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku, Japan
| | - Ayako Oji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Ota-ku, Japan
| | - Mineto Morita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Ota-ku, Japan
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13
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Dabrowski E, Jensen R, Johnson EK, Habiby RL, Brickman WJ, Finlayson C. Turner Syndrome Systematic Review: Spontaneous Thelarche and Menarche Stratified by Karyotype. Horm Res Paediatr 2020; 92:143-149. [PMID: 31918426 DOI: 10.1159/000502902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Girls with Turner syndrome (TS) have a high incidence of primary ovarian insufficiency. Recent data show rates of spontaneous thelarche (ST) of 38% and spontaneous menarche (SM) of 15-16%, with higher rates in those with mosaicism. SUMMARY We systematically reviewed the literature for evidence regarding rates of ST and SM in TS and evaluated rates based on the type of chromosomal mosaicism. We searched MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Database of Controlled Trials. Reference lists were screened. Studies reporting outcomes of ST and SM in girls with TS, diagnosed by genetic analysis, were included. Data was collected regarding study design, cohort type, cohort age, the number of participants with ST and SM, the individual age at diagnosis of ST and SM, the mean age of patients with ST and SM, sample size, the number of participants with secondary amenorrhea, and karyotype. Key Messages: In total 2,699 patients were assessed for ST and 2,890 for SM from 43 articles. Overall the rates of ST were 32% (95% CI 26.4-38.9) and SM 20.8% (95% CI 19.3-22.4). Girls with X monosomy had the lowest rates of ST (i.e., 13%; 95% CI 8.7-19.7) and SM (i.e., 9.1%; 95% CI 7.3-11.3). Girls with 45,X/47,XXX had the highest rates of ST (i.e., 88.1%; 95% CI 62-97.1) and SM (i.e., 66.2%; 95% CI 49.3-79.6). CONCLUSIONS Rates of ST and SM differ by karyotype in TS. When counseling patients, the karyotype should strongly influence discussions regarding pubertal development and the future reproductive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Dabrowski
- Division of Endocrinology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA,
| | - Rachel Jensen
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Emilie K Johnson
- Division of Urology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Reema L Habiby
- Division of Endocrinology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Wendy J Brickman
- Division of Endocrinology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Courtney Finlayson
- Division of Endocrinology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Ye M, Yeh J, Kosteria I, Li L. Progress in Fertility Preservation Strategies in Turner Syndrome. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:3. [PMID: 32039223 PMCID: PMC6993200 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth retardation and gonadal dysgenesis are two of the most important clinical manifestations of Turner syndrome (TS). As premature ovarian failure generally occurs early in life in women with TS, these patients should be counseled and evaluated as early as possible for discussion of optimal and individualized fertility preservation strategies. Infertility seriously affects the quality of life of women with TS. For those who have ovarian reserve, the theoretical options for future fertility in TS patients include cryopreservation of oocytes, ovarian tissues, and embryos. For those who have already lost their ovarian reserve, oocyte or embryo donation, gestational surrogacy, and adoption are strategies that allow fulfillment of desire for parenting. This review describes the etiologies of infertility and reviews the fertility preservation strategies for women with TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudan Ye
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - John Yeh
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ioanna Kosteria
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Agia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Li Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Vergier J, Bottin P, Saias J, Reynaud R, Guillemain C, Courbiere B. Fertility preservation in Turner syndrome: Karyotype does not predict ovarian response to stimulation. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 91:646-651. [PMID: 31420888 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Turner syndrome (TS) is responsible for gonadal dysgenesis with high risk of premature ovarian insufficiency. Little is known about fertility preservation (FP) strategies is this population. DESIGN Data from women with TS consulting with a fertility specialist in our FP centre from 2014 to 2018 were retrospectively collected. MEASUREMENT Total number of mature oocytes cryopreserved using vitrification. PATIENTS Nine women with TS were referred. Three women with different karyotypes underwent controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) for oocyte vitrification. Mean age at TS diagnosis was 13.7 years [9-20]. Mean referral delay between TS diagnosis and fertility consultation was 9.7 years [7-14]. First counselling for FP was provided at 23.7 years [18-28]. Mean AMH serum level prior to COS was 53.8 pmol/L [3.6-95]. RESULTS All three women succeeded in obtaining cryopreserved oocytes with a mean number of 15.3 per woman [9-20] and 9.2 per COS cycle [2-20]. Ovarian response to COS was unexpectedly remarkable for the woman with a complete 45,X monosomy. Procedure was well tolerated for all women. None of them have used oocytes for in vitro fertilization yet. CONCLUSIONS Independently of karyotype, antral follicular count, AMH and FSH levels seemed to be reliable predictive markers of oocyte cryopreservation success. In a monosomic TS woman, cryptic ovarian mosaicism could explain a successful ovarian response to stimulation with a high number of retrieved oocytes. In case of spontaneous menarche, TS adolescents should be referred during transition to adulthood for FP counselling to avoid referral delay and limit time-related diminished ovarian reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Vergier
- Assistance-Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, Hôpital de la Timone Enfants, Marseille, France
| | - Pauline Bottin
- Assistance-Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Pôle Femmes-Parents-Enfants, Centre Clinico-biologique AMP-CECOS, Plateforme Cancer et Fertilité ONCOPACA-Corse, Marseille, France
| | - Jacqueline Saias
- Assistance-Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Pôle Femmes-Parents-Enfants, Centre Clinico-biologique AMP-CECOS, Plateforme Cancer et Fertilité ONCOPACA-Corse, Marseille, France
| | - Rachel Reynaud
- Assistance-Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, Hôpital de la Timone Enfants, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Guillemain
- Assistance-Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Pôle Femmes-Parents-Enfants, Centre Clinico-biologique AMP-CECOS, Plateforme Cancer et Fertilité ONCOPACA-Corse, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, UMR_S 1251, Marseille, France
| | - Blandine Courbiere
- Assistance-Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Pôle Femmes-Parents-Enfants, Centre Clinico-biologique AMP-CECOS, Plateforme Cancer et Fertilité ONCOPACA-Corse, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IBME, Marseille, France
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16
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Hoekman EJ, Louwe LA, Rooijers M, van der Westerlaken LAJ, Klijn NF, Pilgram GSK, de Kroon CD, Hilders CGJM. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation: Low usage rates and high live-birth rate after transplantation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2019; 99:213-221. [PMID: 31538662 PMCID: PMC7003842 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The likelihood of survival after cancer treatment among young women with cancer has increased considerably, quality of life after treatment has drawn more attention. However, in young fertile women, fertility preservation is an important issue with regard to quality of life. One of the options of fertility preservation is ovarian tissue cryopreservation. The purpose of this follow‐up study is to present our clinical experiences and evaluate the long‐term follow up of ovarian cryopreservation to improve future patient selection. Material and methods From July 2002 to December 2015 at the Leiden University Hospital, the Netherlands, 69 young women underwent ovarian tissue cryopreservation when they were at risk of iatrogenic premature ovarian insufficiency. Follow‐up data with regard to ovarian function were obtained until October 2018, from medical records and questionnaires. Results Of the 69 women in whom ovarian tissue cryopreservation was performed, 12 died (15.9%), 57 were approached to participate, of which 6 were lost to follow up. The indications for ovarian tissue cryopreservation were malignant (81.1%) and benign (18.9%) diseases in which gonadotoxic treatment was scheduled. In total, twenty women (39.2%) are known to have premature ovarian insufficiency due to gonadotoxic treatment. Fifteen women conceived spontaneously, and delivered 25 babies. In this cohort, the usage rate of autotransplantation is 8.7% (7/69). In total, nine autotransplantations of cryopreserved ovarian tissue were performed in seven patients (of which 1 ovarian tissue cryopreservation was performed in another hospital) after which 6 babies were born to four women, giving a live‐birth rate of 57%. Conclusions Ovarian tissue cryopreservation followed by autotransplantation is an effective method to restore fertility (live‐birth rate of 57%). The usage rate of 8.7% (6/69) indicates that more knowledge about the risk of premature ovarian insufficiency after gonadotoxic treatment is needed to be able to offer ovarian tissue cryopreservation more selectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Hoekman
- Department of Gynecology and IVF, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leoni A Louwe
- Department of Gynecology and IVF, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime Rooijers
- Department of Gynecology and IVF, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nicole F Klijn
- Department of Gynecology and IVF, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke S K Pilgram
- Department of Gynecology and IVF, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis D de Kroon
- Department of Gynecology and IVF, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Karavani G, Schachter-Safrai N, Revel A, Mordechai-Daniel T, Bauman D, Imbar T. In vitro maturation rates in young premenarche patients. Fertil Steril 2019; 112:315-322. [PMID: 31056316 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate in vitro maturation (IVM) efficacy and oocyte retrieval rates after ovarian tissue cryopreservation in young premenarche girls facing chemo- and radiotherapy. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study. SETTING University-affiliated tertiary medical center. PATIENT(S) A total of 84 chemotherapy-naïve patients ages 0-18 years referred for fertility preservation between 2004 and 2017: 33 premenarche and 51 postmenarche patients. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) IVM in the pre- and postmenarche groups and in the subgroups of very young (up to age 5 years) and older (5-10 years) premenarche girls. RESULTS The number of oocytes retrieved did not significantly differ between the postmenarche and premenarche groups (10.8 ± 8.5 and 8.1 ± 6.8, respectively). However, the overall IVM rate was significantly higher in the postmenarche group (28.2% vs. 15.5%, respectively; odds ratio = 0.47). A separate analysis for patients up to 5 years of age demonstrated significantly lower oocyte yield compared with the older (5-10 years) premenarche girls (4.7 ± 5.2 vs.10.3 ± 7.0 oocytes, respectively) and much lower IVM rates (4.9% and 18.2%, respectively). Correlation of age with number of retrieved and matured oocytes showed a positive significant correlation (r = 0.45 and r = 0.64, respectively). CONCLUSIONS IVM performed after ovarian tissue cryopreservation in premenarche girls and specifically in very young girls (4 years and younger) yields substantially decreased maturation rates compared with postmenarche patients, raising a question as to the utility of current IVM technique in this age group. Further studies are required to assess modification of the IVM technique for young girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Karavani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Natali Schachter-Safrai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel Revel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Fertility Preservation Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Talya Mordechai-Daniel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Fertility Preservation Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dvora Bauman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tal Imbar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Fertility Preservation Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Talaulikar VS, Conway GS, Pimblett A, Davies MC. Outcome of ovarian stimulation for oocyte cryopreservation in women with Turner syndrome. Fertil Steril 2018; 111:505-509. [PMID: 30598170 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the safety and efficacy of ovarian stimulation and oocyte cryopreservation as a method of fertility preservation in women with Turner syndrome (TS). DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Reproductive medicine clinic. PATIENT(S) Seven women with TS who attended the clinic between 2011 and 2017. INTERVENTION(S) Ovarian stimulation and oocyte cryopreservation. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURE(S) Number of oocytes cryopreserved, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. RESULT(S) The oocyte retrieval rates (mean ± SD, 9 ± 3.16) in women with TS were comparable to the published data from healthy women. The oocyte yield was higher than expected based on the low antimüllerian hormone levels. There was no correlation between baseline antimüllerian hormone or antral follicle count levels and the number of oocytes retrieved. CONCLUSION(S) Oocyte cryopreservation after ovarian stimulation appears to be safe and successful in women with mosaic TS who wish to consider fertility preservation.
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Martinez F. Update on fertility preservation from the Barcelona International Society for Fertility Preservation-ESHRE-ASRM 2015 expert meeting: indications, results and future perspectives. Hum Reprod 2018; 32:1802-1811. [PMID: 29117320 PMCID: PMC5850800 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What progress has been made in fertility preservation (FP) over the last decade? SUMMARY ANSWER FP techniques have been widely adopted over the last decade and therefore the establishment of international registries on their short- and long-term outcomes is strongly recommended. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY FP is a fundamental issue for both males and females whose future fertility may be compromised. Reproductive capacity may be seriously affected by age, different medical conditions and also by treatments, especially those with gonadal toxicity. There is general consensus on the need to provide counselling about currently available FP options to all individuals wishing to preserve their fertility. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION An international meeting with representatives from expert scientific societies involved in FP was held in Barcelona, Spain, in June 2015. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Twenty international FP experts belonging to the American Society of Reproductive Medicine, ESHRE and the International Society of Fertility Preservation reviewed the literature up to June 2015 to be discussed at the meeting, and approved the final manuscript. At the time this manuscript was being written, new evidence considered relevant for the debated topics was published, and was consequently included. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Several oncological and non-oncological diseases may affect current or future fertility, either caused by the disease itself or the gonadotoxic treatment, and need an adequate FP approach. Women wishing to postpone maternity and transgender individuals before starting hormone therapy or undergoing surgery to remove/alter their reproductive organs should also be counselled accordingly. Embryo and oocyte cryopreservation are first-line FP methods in post-pubertal women. Metaphase II oocyte cryopreservation (vitrification) is the preferred option. Cumulative evidence of restoration of ovarian function and spontaneous pregnancies after ART following orthotopic transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue supports its future consideration as an open clinical application. Semen cryopreservation is the only established method for FP in men. Testicular tissue cryopreservation should be recommended in pre-pubertal boys even though fertility restoration strategies by autotransplantation of cryopreserved testicular tissue have not yet been tested for safe clinical use in humans. The establishment of international registries on the short- and long-term outcomes of FP techniques is strongly recommended. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Given the lack of studies in large cohorts or with a randomized design, the level of evidence for most of the evidence reviewed was three or below. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Further high quality studies are needed to study the long-term outcomes of FP techniques. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) None. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Martinez
- Hospital Universitario Dexeus, Gran Via Carlos III, 71-75, 08208 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Gravholt CH, Andersen NH, Conway GS, Dekkers OM, Geffner ME, Klein KO, Lin AE, Mauras N, Quigley CA, Rubin K, Sandberg DE, Sas TCJ, Silberbach M, Söderström-Anttila V, Stochholm K, van Alfen-van derVelden JA, Woelfle J, Backeljauw PF. Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: proceedings from the 2016 Cincinnati International Turner Syndrome Meeting. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 177:G1-G70. [PMID: 28705803 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Turner syndrome affects 25-50 per 100,000 females and can involve multiple organs through all stages of life, necessitating multidisciplinary approach to care. Previous guidelines have highlighted this, but numerous important advances have been noted recently. These advances cover all specialty fields involved in the care of girls and women with TS. This paper is based on an international effort that started with exploratory meetings in 2014 in both Europe and the USA, and culminated with a Consensus Meeting held in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA in July 2016. Prior to this meeting, five groups each addressed important areas in TS care: 1) diagnostic and genetic issues, 2) growth and development during childhood and adolescence, 3) congenital and acquired cardiovascular disease, 4) transition and adult care, and 5) other comorbidities and neurocognitive issues. These groups produced proposals for the present guidelines. Additionally, four pertinent questions were submitted for formal GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) evaluation with a separate systematic review of the literature. These four questions related to the efficacy and most optimal treatment of short stature, infertility, hypertension, and hormonal replacement therapy. The guidelines project was initiated by the European Society for Endocrinology and the Pediatric Endocrine Society, in collaboration with The European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, The Endocrine Society, European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, The American Heart Association, The Society for Endocrinology, and the European Society of Cardiology. The guideline has been formally endorsed by the European Society for Endocrinology, the Pediatric Endocrine Society, the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology and the Endocrine Society. Advocacy groups appointed representatives who participated in pre-meeting discussions and in the consensus meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus H Gravholt
- Departments of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine
- Departments of Molecular Medicine
| | - Niels H Andersen
- Departments of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gerard S Conway
- Department of Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Olaf M Dekkers
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mitchell E Geffner
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Karen O Klein
- Rady Children's Hospital, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Angela E Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics Unit, Mass General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nelly Mauras
- Division of Endocrinology, Nemours Children's Health System, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Karen Rubin
- Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - David E Sandberg
- Division of Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Theo C J Sas
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Silberbach
- Department of Pediatrics, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Kirstine Stochholm
- Departments of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine
- Center for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Joachim Woelfle
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philippe F Backeljauw
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Johnson EK, Rosoklija I, Shurba A, D'Oro A, Gordon EJ, Chen D, Finlayson C, Holl JL. Future fertility for individuals with differences of sex development: Parent attitudes and perspectives about decision-making. J Pediatr Urol 2017; 13:402-413. [PMID: 28713007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children, adolescents, and young adults (children/youth) with differences/disorders of sex development (DSD) face challenges related to future fertility; this may be due to variations in gonadal development, and, for some, gonadectomy performed to reduce the risk of malignancy. Childhood may be the only time for preservation of biological fertility potential for children/youth who undergo gonadectomy or have early gonadal failure. Fertility-related decision-making for these patients is particularly complicated, due to the need for parental proxy decision-making, potential discordance between gender identity and gonadal type, and uncertain future assisted reproductive technologies. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess: (1) attitudes regarding future fertility, and (2) healthcare needs for fertility-related decision-making among parents of children/youth with DSD. STUDY DESIGN Semi-structured qualitative interviews about future fertility were conducted with parents of children/youth with DSD. Parents who had never discussed fertility with a healthcare provider were excluded. Grounded theory methodology was used to identify emergent themes and patterns. Demographics and clinical characteristics were assessed via survey and medical chart review. RESULTS Nineteen parents were interviewed (participation rate: 60%, 14 mothers/5 fathers, median patient age at diagnosis 6 months (range 0-192), eight DSD diagnoses). The most common emergent themes are summarized in the Summary Table. Most parents identified fertility as a key concern, both at time of diagnosis and throughout development. Parents expressed difficulty with timing of disclosure about potential infertility to their children. Multiple preferences related to medical decision-making about future fertility and fertility preservation were expressed, including: a desire for step-by-step decision-making, and use of medically vetted information and research to guide decisions. DISCUSSION This qualitative study provided new information about the perspectives of parents of children/youth with DSD regarding future fertility. Previous studies have suggested that the possibility of biological parenthood is important to many individuals with DSD. This study provided an in-depth parental perspective. This is important because many decisions that affect future fertility are made in childhood, and require parents to make decisions on behalf of their children. The study sample was limited in its geographic diversity. Strengths of the study included diversity in age of the child/youth, ethnic backgrounds, and the DSD diagnoses that were represented. CONCLUSIONS Future fertility was a concern for many parents of children/youth with DSD. Parents expressed multiple priorities and preferences related to making difficult fertility-related medical decisions for their children. Many of the study findings could be incorporated into future best practices for discussions about fertility with families of children/youth with DSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie K Johnson
- Division of Urology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Healthcare Studies, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Ilina Rosoklija
- Division of Urology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Angela Shurba
- Division of Urology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anthony D'Oro
- Division of Urology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elisa J Gordon
- Center for Healthcare Studies, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Diane Chen
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Courtney Finlayson
- Division of Endocrinology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jane L Holl
- Center for Healthcare Studies, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Fertility Preservation for Pediatric Patients: Current State and Future Possibilities. J Urol 2017; 198:186-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.09.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Johnson EK, Chen D, Gordon EJ, Rosoklija I, Holl JL, Finlayson C. Fertility-Related Care for Gender and Sex Diverse Individuals: A Provider Needs-Assessment Survey. Transgend Health 2016; 1:197-201. [PMID: 28861533 PMCID: PMC5549540 DOI: 10.1089/trgh.2016.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Twelve providers (eight institutions) participating in a Gender and Sex Diversity Fertility Working Group completed a survey assessing their hospital's transgender, disorders/differences of sex development (DSD), and fertility healthcare teams. Participants also prioritized the development of a: (1) Provider Assessment Tool (questionnaire assessing knowledge/feelings about future fertility), or (2) decision aid (DA). Healthcare team presence by institution: transgender (6/8; 75%), DSD (75%), and fertility preservation (75%). Two-thirds of providers reported that the DA was most needed. Respondents recommended the DA to: help manage complex information, have a take-home reference, and provide neutral information. Other identified resource needs included: fertility specialists in clinic and financial resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie K Johnson
- Division of Urology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Center for Healthcare Studies, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Diane Chen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Division of Adolescent Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Division of Endocrinology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elisa J Gordon
- Center for Healthcare Studies, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ilina Rosoklija
- Division of Urology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jane L Holl
- Center for Healthcare Studies, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Courtney Finlayson
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Grynberg M, Bidet M, Benard J, Poulain M, Sonigo C, Cédrin-Durnerin I, Polak M. Fertility preservation in Turner syndrome. Fertil Steril 2015; 105:13-9. [PMID: 26677790 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Premature ovarian insufficiency is a relatively rare condition that can appear early in life. In a non-negligible number of cases the ovarian dysfunction results from genetic diseases. Turner syndrome (TS), the most common sex chromosome abnormality in females, is associated with an inevitable premature exhaustion of the follicular stockpile. The possible or probable infertility is a major concern for TS patients and their parents, and physicians are often asked about possible options to preserve fertility. Unfortunately, there are no recommendations on fertility preservation in this group. The severely reduced follicle pool even during prepubertal life represents the major limit for fertility preservation and is the root of numerous questions regarding the competence of gametes or ovarian tissue crybanked. In addition, patients suffering from TS show higher than usual rates of spontaneous abortion, fetal anomaly, and maternal morbidity and mortality, which should be considered at the time of fertility preservation and before reutilization of the cryopreserved gametes. Apart from fulfillment of the desire of becoming genetic parents, TS patients may be potential candidates for egg donation, gestational surrogacy, and adoption. The present review discusses the different options for preserving female fertility in TS and the ethical questions raised by these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Grynberg
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy, France; University Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Unité Inserm (U1133), University Paris-Diderot, Paris, France.
| | - Maud Bidet
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Gynecology and Diabetology, Hôpital Universitaire Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre des Maladies Endocrines Rares de la Croissance, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
| | - Julie Benard
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy, France; University Paris XIII, Bobigny, France
| | - Marine Poulain
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Hôpital Courbevoie-Neuilly-Puteaux, Neuilly sur Seine, France
| | - Charlotte Sonigo
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy, France
| | - Isabelle Cédrin-Durnerin
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy, France
| | - Michel Polak
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Gynecology and Diabetology, Hôpital Universitaire Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre des Maladies Endocrines Rares de la Croissance, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France
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Abstract
Turner syndrome is one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities affecting female infants. The severity of clinical manifestations varies and it affects multiple organ systems. Women with Turner syndrome have a 3-fold increase in mortality, which becomes even more pronounced in pregnancy. Reproductive options include adoption or surrogacy, assisted reproductive techniques, and in rare cases spontaneous pregnancy. Risks for women with Turner syndrome during pregnancy include aortic disorders, hepatic disease, thyroid disease, type 2 diabetes, and cesarean section delivery. Providers must be familiar with the risks and recommendations in caring for women with Turner syndrome of reproductive age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisal J Folsom
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 541 N. Clinical Drive CL 365, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Section of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Room 5960, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - John S Fuqua
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Room 5960, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Oktay K, Bedoschi G. Oocyte cryopreservation for fertility preservation in postpubertal female children at risk for premature ovarian failure due to accelerated follicle loss in Turner syndrome or cancer treatments. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2014; 27:342-6. [PMID: 25214440 PMCID: PMC4252563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To preliminarily study the feasibility of oocyte cryopreservation in postpubertal girls aged between 13 and 15 years who were at risk for premature ovarian failure due to the accelerated follicle loss associated with Turner syndrome or cancer treatments. DESIGN Retrospective cohort and review of literature. SETTING Academic fertility preservation unit. PARTICIPANTS Three girls diagnosed with Turner syndrome, 1 girl diagnosed with germ-cell tumor. and 1 girl diagnosed with lymphoblastic leukemia. INTERVENTIONS Assessment of ovarian reserve, ovarian stimulation, oocyte retrieval, in vitro maturation, and mature oocyte cryopreservation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Response to ovarian stimulation, number of mature oocytes cryopreserved and complications, if any. RESULTS Mean anti-müllerian hormone, baseline follical stimulating hormone, estradiol, and antral follicle counts were 1.30 ± 0.39, 6.08 ± 2.63, 41.39 ± 24.68, 8.0 ± 3.2; respectively. In Turner girls the ovarian reserve assessment indicated already diminished ovarian reserve. Ovarian stimulation and oocyte cryopreservation was successfully performed in all female children referred for fertility preservation. A range of 4-11 mature oocytes (mean 8.1 ± 3.4) was cryopreserved without any complications. All girls tolerated the procedure well. CONCLUSIONS Oocyte cryopreservation is a feasible technique in selected female children at risk for premature ovarian failure. Further studies would be beneficial to test the success of oocyte cryopreservation in young girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Oktay
- Innovation Institute for Fertility Preservation and IVF, New York, NY; Laboratory of Molecular Reproduction and Fertility Preservation, Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY.
| | - G Bedoschi
- Innovation Institute for Fertility Preservation and IVF, New York, NY; Laboratory of Molecular Reproduction and Fertility Preservation, Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
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Gawlik A, Malecka-Tendera E. Transitions in endocrinology: treatment of Turner's syndrome during transition. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 170:R57-74. [PMID: 24225028 DOI: 10.1530/eje-13-0900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Transition in health care for young patients with Turner's syndrome (TS) should be perceived as a staged but uninterrupted process starting in adolescence and moving into adulthood. As a condition associated with high risk of short stature, cardiovascular diseases, ovarian failure, hearing loss and hypothyroidism, TS requires the attention of a multidisciplinary team. In this review paper, we systematically searched the relevant literature from the last decade to discuss the array of problems faced by TS patients and to outline their optimal management during the time of transfer to adult service. The literature search identified 233 potentially relevant articles of which 114 were analysed. The analysis confirmed that all medical problems present during childhood should also be followed in adult life. Additionally, screening for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, and osteoporosis is needed. After discharge from the paediatric clinic, there is still a long way to go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Gawlik
- Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medical University of Silesia, ul Medykow 16, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
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Hewitt JK, Jayasinghe Y, Amor DJ, Gillam LH, Warne GL, Grover S, Zacharin MR. Fertility in Turner syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 79:606-14. [PMID: 23844676 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in fertility and use of assisted reproductive technologies for women with Turner syndrome (TS). Current parenting options include adoption, surrogacy, and spontaneous and assisted reproduction. For women with TS, specific risks of pregnancy include higher than usual rates of spontaneous abortion, foetal anomaly, maternal morbidity and mortality. Heterologous fertility assistance using oocytes from related or unrelated donors is an established technique for women with TS. Homologous fertility preservation includes cryopreservation of the patient's own gametes prior to the progressive ovarian atresia known to occur: preserving either mature oocytes or ovarian tissue containing primordial follicles. Mature oocyte cryopreservation requires ovarian stimulation and can be performed only in postpubertal individuals, when few women with TS have viable oocytes. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation, however, can be performed in younger girls prior to ovarian atresia - over 30 pregnancies have resulted using this technique, however, none in women with TS. We recommend consideration of homologous fertility preservation techniques in children only within specialized centres, with informed consent using protocols approved by a research or clinical ethics board. It is essential that further research is performed to improve maternal and foetal outcomes for women with TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline K Hewitt
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Chian RC, Uzelac PS, Nargund G. In vitro maturation of human immature oocytes for fertility preservation. Fertil Steril 2013; 99:1173-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.01.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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45,X mosaicism in northeast China: a clinical report and review of the literature. J Assist Reprod Genet 2013; 30:407-12. [PMID: 23299637 PMCID: PMC3607675 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-012-9927-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the prevalence and clinical features, especially the reproductive function, of 45,X mosaicism patients in northeast China. Methods GTG-banding was performed on a series of 2,250 patients from our genetic counseling clinic. Each of these patients underwent a physical examination and was interviewed about their medical history and reproductive problems. Literature on 45,X mosaicism was accessed using PubMed and reviewed. Results The prevalence of 45,X mosaicism in northeast China is 0.36 % (8/2250), and the mosaic karyotype of our study accounted for 61.54 % (8/13) of Turner syndrome cases. This is comparable with studies from Asia, Europe, South America and other regions. The affected patients showed genital abnormalities, abnormal pregnancy or infertility. Conclusion 45,X mosaicism is commonly seen in the genetic counseling clinic. Extensive cytogenetic assessment may improve the detection rate in patients with congenital dysplasia, or history of abnormal pregnancy or infertility. Karyotyping plays a key role in prognosis and assisted reproduction or early surgical treatment.
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Wasserman D, Asch A. Reproductive medicine and Turner syndrome: ethical issues. Fertil Steril 2012; 98:792-6. [PMID: 23020911 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This article discusses the ethical issues raised by the medical responses to Turner syndrome (TS). It explores the issues and challenges faced by women with Turner, and by prospective parents of a child with Turner. It focuses on four issues: the use of GH to increase height; the use of third-party oocytes to enable women with Turner to become pregnant; the parental decision to remove and cryopreserve ovarian tissue from a child with Turner; and the termination of fetuses diagnosed with Turner. Many of the challenges associated with TS are directly or indirectly related to social attitudes and practices, from harsh teasing in school to health professionals' assumption that a woman will abort a fetus diagnosed with Turner. All the interventions designed to alleviate the difficulties faced by women with TS should be employed with caution, in part because they raise significant concerns about risk and consent; in part because they offer a medical response to problems that are to some extent social.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wasserman
- Center for Ethics at Yeshiva University, New York, New York 10033, USA.
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Huang JYJ, Rosenwaks Z. In vitro fertilisation treatment and factors affecting success. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 26:777-88. [PMID: 23059403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of assisted reproductive technologies has improved significantly over the past decades. The main indications for in vitro fertilisation include tubal obstruction, severe male-factor infertility, severe endometriosis, ovulatory dysfunction, diminished ovarian reserve, and infertility of unexplained cause. In vitro fertilisation has also become an effective treatment option for couples wishing to undergo pre-implantation genetic diagnosis or screening, and for those wishing to cryopreserve their oocytes or embryos for preservation of fertility. The management of women in late reproductive age poses a major challenge; the optimum in vitro fertilisation treatment for poor responders remains elusive. The success of in vitro fertilisation treatment can be optimised by taking an individualised, patient-centered approach to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. Key components involve selection of an appropriate controlled ovarian protocol, close-cycle monitoring, adjustment of gonadotropin dosage to avoid hyper-response, and individualised timing of human chorionic gonadotropin injection. Future directions of assisted reproductive technologies include development of non-invasive embryo selection methods, use of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and time-lapse imaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Yu Jen Huang
- The Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 1305 York Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY, USA
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Collett-Solberg PF, Gallicchio CT, Coelho SCDS, Siqueira RA, Alves STDF, Guimarães MM. Endocrine diseases, perspectives and care in Turner syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 55:550-8. [PMID: 22218436 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302011000800008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Turner syndrome is a frequent chromosome disorder in clinical practice. It is characterized by short stature, gonadal dysgenesia and multisystemic involvement, responsible for a high morbidity and reduced life expectancy. The aim of the present paper is to describe the endocrinopathies and major problems at different ages, and to present suggestion for follow-up care in these patients.
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Brezina PR, Christianson MS, Nguyen KHD, Siegel A, Benner AT, Kearns WG. Maternal XX/X chromosome mosaicism in donor oocyte in vitro fertilization (IVF). MIDDLE EAST FERTILITY SOCIETY JOURNAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mefs.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Oliveira CS, Alves C. The role of the SHOX gene in the pathophysiology of Turner syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 58:433-42. [PMID: 21925981 DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) affects 1:2500 live females. It is caused by partial or complete absence of a sex chromosome. Patients with deletions of the distal segment of the short arm of X chromosome (Xp-) including haploinsufficiency of the SHOX (short stature homeobox) have, more often, short stature, skeletal abnormalities and hearing impairments. This article evaluates the current knowledge of the SHOX gene role in TS pathophysiology. Articles were searched from MEDLINE and LILACS databases, in the past 10 years, using the following keywords: Turner syndrome, SHOX gene, haploinsufficiency, short stature and hearing loss. As the inheritance of only one copy of the SHOX gene does not explain most of TS anomalies, more studies are needed to explain them. These studies will also improve understanding how SHOX participates in cartilage and bone growth and will help develop novel therapeutic strategies focused on SHOX-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conceicao S Oliveira
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Abstract
In vitro fertilization and embryo cryopreservation are regarded as the only established method for the preservation of fertility in female cancer patients. However, a possible delay in the treatment of cancer and exposure to supraphysiologic estrogen levels caused by ovarian stimulation raise concerns for patients and physicians. In vitro maturation avoids treatment delay or exposure to increased estradiol levels associated with in vitro fertilization. In vitro maturation combined with embryo or oocyte vitrification provides options that have been unavailable earlier, such as immature oocyte collection in the luteal phase, for some patients and improves the services provided by a fertility preservation program.
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Fertility preservation by ovarian stimulation and oocyte cryopreservation in a 14-year-old adolescent with Turner syndrome mosaicism and impending premature ovarian failure. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:753.e15-9. [PMID: 20188362 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report a novel approach to fertility preservation in adolescents with Turner syndrome mosaicism by repeated controlled ovarian stimulation and oocyte cryopreservation. DESIGN Case report. SETTING Academic reproductive medicine center. PATIENT(S) Fourteen-year-old adolescent diagnosed with Turner syndrome mosaicism. INTERVENTION(S) Two cyles of controlled ovarian stimulation and oocyte cryopreservation within 1 year. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Recovery of oocytes after controlled ovarian stimulation and oocyte cryopreservation. RESULT(S) Eleven oocytes were retrieved, of which eight were mature and three were immature during the first cycle. One year later, four mature and three immature oocytes were retrieved after a treatment cycle with even higher gonadotropin doses. All oocytes were cryopreserved by vitrification. CONCLUSION(S) Controlled ovarian stimulation and oocyte cryopreservation may be an option for fertility preservation in selected adolescents with Turner syndrome mosaicism and impending ovarian failure.
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Cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos for fertility preservation for female cancer patients. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2010; 24:101-12. [PMID: 20116335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro fertilization and embryo cryopreservation is regarded as the only established method for fertility preservation in female cancer patients. However, a possible delay in treatment of the primary disease due to ovarian stimulation, exposure to supraphysiologic estrogen levels induced by ovarian stimulation, the requirement for a male partner or willingness to use donor sperm for embryo production, legal, ethical, religious issues related to cryopreservation of embryos raise concerns for patients and physicians. Recent improvements achieved with oocyte vitrification have increased the effectiveness of oocyte cryopreservation rendering it a viable option, especially for patients without a male partner. In vitro maturation avoids treatment delay or exposure to increased estradiol levels associated with ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization. In vitro maturation combined with embryo or oocyte vitrification provides previously unavailable options for some patients and improves the services provided by a fertility preservation program.
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El-Shawarby SA, Sharif F, Conway G, Serhal P, Davies M. Oocyte cryopreservation after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in mosaic Turner syndrome: another fertility preservation option in a dedicated UK clinic. BJOG 2009; 117:234-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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