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Rumpik D, Rumpikova T, Pohanka M, Ventruba P, Belaskova S. Gestational surrogacy in the Czech Republic. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2018; 163:155-160. [PMID: 30238935 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2018.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational surrogacy, is a treatment option for women with certain clearly defined medical problems, usually an absent uterus, to help them have their own genetic children. The aim of our study was to review, evaluate and share our experience and outcomes over the last 13 years of the largest surrogacy program in the Czech republic. METHODS A total of 75 intended mothers and 82 surrogate mothers participated in this study. A retrospective cohort study was performed. Anonymized data were collected on 130 cycles of gestational surrogate (2004-2017) directly from the Clinic database. RESULTS We performed 130 in vitro fertilization cycles with gestational surrogacy which involved 73 fresh embryo transfers and 57 frozen embryo transfers. We achieved 57 (43.9%) pregnancies and 42 (32.3%) live births. The rate of multiple pregnancies was only 2.3 %. The most common indication for using was an absent or damaged uterus (65%), followed by medical conditions precluding pregnancy (23%) and repeated in vitro fertilization cycles or pregnancy failure (12%). CONCLUSION In the 14 years of our experience, we have shown that treatment of young women with specific indications for gestational surrogacy is beneficial, successful and relatively free of complications. However, it is imperative to follow the medical indications for this treatment and specialist recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rumpik
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine and Gynecology Zlin, Zlin, Czech Republic.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tatana Rumpikova
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine and Gynecology Zlin, Zlin, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Humanities, Bata University Zlin, Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Pohanka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Ventruba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Silvie Belaskova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Corresponding author: David Rumpik, e-mail
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Murugappan G, Farland LV, Missmer SA, Correia KF, Anchan RM, Ginsburg ES. Gestational carrier in assisted reproductive technology. Fertil Steril 2018; 109:420-428. [PMID: 29428314 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare clinical outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles with the use of gestational carriers (GCs) with non-GC IVF cycles. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study of assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles performed with (24,269) and without (1,313,452) the use of a GC. SETTING ART centers. PATIENT(S) Infertile patients seeking IVF with or without use of a GC. INTERVENTIONS(S) Autologous and donor oocyte cycles, fresh and cryopreserved embryo transfer cycles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Live birth rate (LBR), twin and high-order multiple birth rates. RESULT(S) Approximately 2% of embryo transfers used a GC. Per embryo transfer, GCs had greater pregnancy rate and LBR across all IVF types compared with non-GC cycles in crude models and models adjusted a priori for potential confounders. For women with uterine-factor infertility, embryo transfer with the use of a GC resulted in a higher odds of live birth for autologous fresh embryos and for cryopreserved embryos compared with patients with non-uterine-factor infertility diagnoses. CONCLUSION(S) GC benefits LBRs for some patients seeking ART. The highest LBRs occurred when the indication for GC was uterine-factor infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathree Murugappan
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - Leslie V Farland
- Division of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stacey A Missmer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Katharine F Correia
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raymond M Anchan
- Division of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth S Ginsburg
- Division of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Cabra R, Alduncin A, Cabra JR, Ek LH, Briceño M, Mendoza PB. Gestational surrogacy. Medical, psychological and legal aspects: 9 years of experience in Mexico. Hum Reprod Open 2018; 2018:hox029. [PMID: 30895241 PMCID: PMC6276654 DOI: 10.1093/hropen/hox029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What are the medical, psychological and legal aspects involved in running a gestational surrogacy (GS) program in Mexico? SUMMARY ANSWER The correct and complete implementation of a medical protocol, adherence to legality and psychological screening are key elements for the success of a GS program. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY To our knowledge, this is the first reported GS case series in Mexico. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This was a retrospective, descriptive study of 135 cycles performed between 2007 and 2016 at a fertility center in Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHOD We analyzed data from 135 GS cycles, 57 intended parents (IP) and 63 gestational carriers (GC). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE GS in Mexico is only allowed in its altruistic mode. The legal requirements for the GCs are age 25–35 years and a complete medical examination that certifies no pregnancy during the last 365 days before embryo transfer and excludes infectious and chronic diseases. The IPs must be aged 25–40 years of age, have Mexican citizenship, and provide life insurance and medical expenses for the GCs. The GC recruitment was carried out by word of mouth. Of the 150+ women that requested information, 89 were identified as possible candidates. In total, 77 underwent the psychological evaluation protocol and nine were rejected owing to behavior and emotional alterations, giving 68 who began the medical selection protocol. Five women were not accepted as they were positive for human papilloma virus, or had experienced endometrial polyposis or recurrent pregnancy loss. Finally, 63 women entered the IVF protocol as GCs. The indications for GS were: hysterectomy 32%, implantation failure 21%, single fathers 14%, maternal medical condition 14%, recurrent pregnancy loss 11%, previous pregnancy complication 5% and uterine pathologies 3%. The mean age of intended mothers was 38.8 years. The average number of embryos transferred per cycle was 1.9, with 22.2% of cycles resulting in pregnancies. The live-birth rate per IP was 33.3%, 18.5% of cycles resulted in live births, with 24% of live births being twins. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Owing to the retrospective nature of this study conclusions must be drawn accordingly. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS As the first article addressing GS in Latin America, it may serve as a reference for future practice and publications. The results demonstrate the importance of having an assisted reproduction program in the form of GS. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS There was no external funding used and there are no conflicts to report.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cabra
- Centro de Cirugía Reproductiva y Ginecología Reprogyn, Prolongación Usumacinta 2085, Interior 840, Villahermosa, Tabasco, C.P. 86035, Mexico
| | - A Alduncin
- Centro de Cirugía Reproductiva y Ginecología Reprogyn, Prolongación Usumacinta 2085, Interior 840, Villahermosa, Tabasco, C.P. 86035, Mexico
| | - J R Cabra
- Centro de Cirugía Reproductiva y Ginecología Reprogyn, Prolongación Usumacinta 2085, Interior 840, Villahermosa, Tabasco, C.P. 86035, Mexico
| | - L H Ek
- Centro de Cirugía Reproductiva y Ginecología Reprogyn, Prolongación Usumacinta 2085, Interior 840, Villahermosa, Tabasco, C.P. 86035, Mexico
| | - M Briceño
- Centro de Cirugía Reproductiva y Ginecología Reprogyn, Prolongación Usumacinta 2085, Interior 840, Villahermosa, Tabasco, C.P. 86035, Mexico
| | - P B Mendoza
- Centro de Cirugía Reproductiva y Ginecología Reprogyn, Prolongación Usumacinta 2085, Interior 840, Villahermosa, Tabasco, C.P. 86035, Mexico
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Machtinger R, Duvdevani NR, Lebovitz O, Dor J, Hourvitz A, Orvieto R. Outcome of gestational surrogacy according to IVF protocol. J Assist Reprod Genet 2017; 34:445-449. [PMID: 28181050 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-017-0877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Surrogacy remains the only option for having a biologic child for a unique population of women with severe medical conditions. However, no study has looked at surrogacy outcome as a result of the type of ovarian stimulation of the intended mother [controlled ovarian stimulation (COH), modified natural cycle (MNC), and in vitro maturation (IVM)] for oocyte retrieval. METHODS This is a retrospective study, including all intended mothers and gestational carriers in a tertiary, university affiliated, medical center, from 1998 to 2016. RESULTS Fifty-two women underwent 252 oocyte retrieval cycles. The pregnancy outcome of 212 embryo transfer cycles (64 gestational carriers) was reviewed according to the origin of the embryo. The number of retrieved oocytes was significantly higher following COH (n = 132) compared with IVM (n = 58) and MNC cycles (n = 62) (p = 0.013 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Pregnancy rates for embryos transferred according to each protocol were similar. All pregnancies that ended in live births when oocytes from IVM cycles were used derived from transfers of retrieved mature and mixed mature and immature oocytes. Pregnancies that involved embryos derived solely from immature oocytes that further matured in vitro and were transferred to gestational carriers were unsuccessful. CONCLUSIONS MNC protocol is a good option to achieve pregnancy for intended mothers using gestational surrogacy who have contraindications to COH. The yield of IVM cycles in which immature oocytes are retrieved is inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Machtinger
- In Vitro Fertilization Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel. .,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Nir-Ram Duvdevani
- In Vitro Fertilization Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Oshrit Lebovitz
- In Vitro Fertilization Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jehoshua Dor
- In Vitro Fertilization Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ariel Hourvitz
- In Vitro Fertilization Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Raoul Orvieto
- In Vitro Fertilization Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Trends and outcomes of gestational surrogacy in the United States. Fertil Steril 2016; 106:435-442.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Söderström-Anttila V, Wennerholm UB, Loft A, Pinborg A, Aittomäki K, Romundstad LB, Bergh C. Surrogacy: outcomes for surrogate mothers, children and the resulting families—a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2015; 22:260-76. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Akar ME. Might uterus transplantation be an option for uterine factor infertility? J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2015; 16:45-8. [PMID: 25788850 PMCID: PMC4358312 DOI: 10.5152/jtgga.2015.15107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Current data on uterus allotransplantation research has been reviewed and summarized. Over the past 15 years, progress in uterus transplantation research has increased dramatically. As a consequence, the first pregnancy and delivery following uterus allotransplantation in rats have been reported. The technique has been better defined. Although clinical pregnancy and delivery following uterus allotransplantation has been reported in humans, there are still many questions to be answered before clinical application. Gestational surrogacy still remains an important option for being a genetic parent in selected cases with uterine factor infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Münire Erman Akar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
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Dar S, Lazer T, Swanson S, Silverman J, Wasser C, Moskovtsev SI, Sojecki A, Librach CL. Assisted reproduction involving gestational surrogacy: an analysis of the medical, psychosocial and legal issues: experience from a large surrogacy program. Hum Reprod 2014; 30:345-52. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deu333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Anchan RM, Missmer SA, Correia KF, Ginsburg ES. Gestational carriers: A viable alternative for women with medical contraindications to pregnancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 3:24-31. [PMID: 25664218 PMCID: PMC4315940 DOI: 10.4236/ojog.2013.35a2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Compare the efficacy of surrogate or gestational carrier (GC) cycles to that of autologous in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injections (ICSI) in patients with gynecologic or medical co-morbidities contraindicative to pregnancy. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Infertility patients from a single university hospital-based program from 1998-2009. INTERVENTIONS 128 GC cycles from 80 intended parents were identified and compared with 15,311 IVF or ICSI cycles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The peak estradiol (E2), number of oocytes retrieved, cycle cancellation, ongoing pregnancy, and live-birth were compared between GCs and autologous IVF carriers. Indications for GC use were also identified. Multiple cycles contributed by the same patient were accounted for using multivariable generalized estimating equations and two-sided Wald p-values. RESULTS Uterine factors (67%) was the most common indication for using a GC, followed by non-gynecologic medical conditions including coagulopathies (13%), end stage renal disease (10%), cardiovascular disease (5%) and cancer (5%). Adjusting for age, ovulation induction in GC cycles had similar peak E2 levels and number of oocytes retrieved relative to IVF cycles (p = 0.23 and 0.43, respectively). Clinical pregnancy (49% vs. 42%, p = 0.28) and live-birth rates (31% vs. 32%, p = 0.74) were also comparable. A sub-analysis of GC cycles in those women with uterine factor indications, demonstrated significantly higher clinical pregnancy rates (OR = 2.0; CI = 1.2 - 3.5) with 60% greater odds of live-birth relative to IVF/ICSI cycles, however this odds was not statistically significant for differences in live-birth (CI = 0.9 - 2.9). Conclusions: GCs are a viable alternative to start families for patients with medical co-morbidities precluding pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond M Anchan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Stacey A Missmer
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Katharine F Correia
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Ginsburg
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Raziel A, Friedler S, Gidoni Y, Ben Ami I, Strassburger D, Ron-El R. Surrogate in vitro fertilization outcome in typical and atypical forms of Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome. Hum Reprod 2011; 27:126-30. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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In vitro fertilization surrogacy in rare coexisting Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome and triple X karyotype. Fertil Steril 2011; 95:1788.e11-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome: fertility counseling and treatment. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:1941-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Heng BC. Proposed ethical guidelines and legislative framework for permitting gestational surrogacy in Singapore. Reprod Biomed Online 2007; 15 Suppl 1:7-11. [PMID: 17822611 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gestational surrogacy is currently banned in Singapore but is much debated. Some ethical guidelines and legislation for permitting gestational surrogacy in Singapore are proposed and discussed including: (i) review and approval of gestational surrogacy by the Ministry of Health on a case-by-case basis; (ii) stringent guidelines for gonadotrophin stimulation, IVF and ICSI procedures in 'traditional' surrogacy; (iii) restriction of gestational surrogates to parous married women with stable family relationships; (iv) exclusion of foreign women from acting as gestational surrogates, except for close relatives of the recipient couple; (v) reimbursement and/or compensation of gestational surrogates based on the direct expenses model; (vi) exclusion of medical professionals from surrogate recruitment and reimbursement; (vii) the surrogacy contract must make it legally binding for the prospective recipient couple to accept the child, even if it is born with congenital deformities; (viii) stringent guidelines for combining surrogacy with egg donation from a third woman, who is neither the social nor gestational mother. Policymakers in Singapore should conduct a public referendum on the legalization of gestational surrogacy and actively consult the views of healthcare professionals, religious and community leaders, as well as the general public, before reaching any decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chin Heng
- National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, 119074 Singapore.
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Letur H. [Current practices of oocyte donation in France and Europe]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 36:727-37. [PMID: 17850990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to evaluate, in France, oocyte donation, an assisted reproductive technique (ART), for which 25 years of experience have shown its efficacy for the palliative treatment of infertility caused by ovarian exocrine failure. Its indications have since been expanded to cover certain genetic diseases and document failures of other ART attempts. Oocyte donation is performed within the framework of French legislation - bioethics laws 94-653 and 94-654 of 29 July 1994, and the revised bioethics law 2004-800 of 6 August 2004. Its main fundamental principles are: voluntary, free, anonymous donation, for which regulated confidentiality is assured and now - judicial decree 2004-606 of 24 June 2004 - and the synchronization of donor-recipient cycles with fresh embryo transfer in accordance with established safety procedures. According to the 2004 results of the French Group for the Study of Oocyte Donation (GEDO) for French centers actively involved in ART, the chance of pregnancy was increased to 43.4% for synchronized cycles with fresh embryo transfers versus 18.7% for deferred cycles with frozen-thawed embryos (P<0.01). In addition, follow-up studies reported the excellent family relationships and physical and psychological development of these children. The major difficulties encountered in the daily practice of oocyte donation concern the recruitment and management of donors, but also, and above all, the lack of optimal means to exercise this medical specialty, due to the lack of recognition of the organizational duties incurred, which are the cornerstone of the character-specific functioning of this type of ART. In comparison, we foresee that the discrepancies of this ART practice in Europe, with it differential facets, will lead to medical nomadism for those couples financially able to do so, when national conditions of access fail because of prohibitions but also as a consequence of insufficient means to perform the inherent tasks. Today, it seems essential to provide information on the particularity and practice of oocyte donation required for the comprehension of its obligations for the different players with the aim of obtaining the means necessary for the perpetuation of its practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Letur
- Centre de fertilité, institut mutualiste Montsouris, 42, boulevard Jourdan, 75014 Paris, France.
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Ultrasonographic-guided percutaneous transabdominal puncture for oocyte retrieval in a rare patient with Rokitansky syndrome in an in vitro fertilization surrogacy program. Fertil Steril 2006; 86:1760-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2005] [Revised: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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