1
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Li J, Yang S, Wu Y, Wang R, Liu Y, Liu J, Ye Z, Tang R, Whiteway M, Lv Q, Yan L. Alternative Oxidase: From Molecule and Function to Future Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:12478-12499. [PMID: 38524433 PMCID: PMC10955580 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
In the respiratory chain of the majority of aerobic organisms, the enzyme alternative oxidase (AOX) functions as the terminal oxidase and has important roles in maintaining metabolic and signaling homeostasis in mitochondria. AOX endows the respiratory system with flexibility in the coupling among the carbon metabolism pathway, electron transport chain (ETC) activity, and ATP turnover. AOX allows electrons to bypass the main cytochrome pathway to restrict the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The inhibition of AOX leads to oxidative damage and contributes to the loss of adaptability and viability in some pathogenic organisms. Although AOXs have recently been identified in several organisms, crystal structures and major functions still need to be explored. Recent work on the trypanosome alternative oxidase has provided a crystal structure of an AOX protein, which contributes to the structure-activity relationship of the inhibitors of AOX. Here, we review the current knowledge on the development, structure, and properties of AOXs, as well as their roles and mechanisms in plants, animals, algae, protists, fungi, and bacteria, with a special emphasis on the development of AOX inhibitors, which will improve the understanding of respiratory regulation in many organisms and provide references for subsequent studies of AOX-targeted inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiye Li
- School
of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute
of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy
of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shiyun Yang
- School
of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yujie Wu
- School
of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ruina Wang
- School
of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School
of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiacun Liu
- School
of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zi Ye
- School
of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Renjie Tang
- Beijing
South Medical District of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100072, China
| | - Malcolm Whiteway
- Department
of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, H4B 1R6 Quebec, Canada
| | - Quanzhen Lv
- School
of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Basic
Medicine Innovation Center for Fungal Infectious Diseases, (Naval Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key
Laboratory of Biosafety Defense (Naval Medical University), Ministry
of Education, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lan Yan
- School
of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Basic
Medicine Innovation Center for Fungal Infectious Diseases, (Naval Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key
Laboratory of Biosafety Defense (Naval Medical University), Ministry
of Education, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Shanghai 200433, China
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2
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Weinmann J, Kirchner L, Engstler M, Meinel L, Holzgrabe U. Design, synthesis and biological evaluations of quinolone amides against African trypanosomiasis with improved solubility. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115176. [PMID: 36805945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human African trypanosomiasis is a devastating parasitic infection, which is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei and transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly. An untreated infection usually results in death and only few drugs with significant drawbacks are currently available for treatment. Previous investigations revealed the quinolone amide MB007 as a lead compound with an excellent selectivity for T. b. brucei. Here, new quinolone amides were synthesized for deeper insights into the structure-activity relationship. Furthermore, the aqueous solubility of the compounds was analyzed, as the poor solubility of previous quinolone amides impeded in vivo studies for target identification. The biological evaluation led to the new lead structure 9f, which exhibits a promising in vitro activity against T. b. brucei (IC50 = 22 nM) and showed no cytotoxicity against macrophages. Moreover, compounds 10b and 10c were discovered, which possessed an improved solubility combined with a decent selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Weinmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Kirchner
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Engstler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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3
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Ngo HPT, Nguyen DQ, Park H, Park YS, Kwak K, Kim T, Lee JH, Cho KS, Kang LW. Conformational change of organic cofactor PLP is essential for catalysis in PLP-dependent enzymes. BMB Rep 2022; 55:439-446. [PMID: 36104257 PMCID: PMC9537024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes are ubiquitous, catalyzing various biochemical reactions of approximately 4% of all classified enzymatic activities. They transform amines and amino acids into important metabolites or signaling molecules and are important drug targets in many diseases. In the crystal structures of PLP-dependent enzymes, organic cofactor PLP showed diverse conformations depending on the catalytic step. The conformational change of PLP is essential in the catalytic mechanism. In the study, we review the sophisticated catalytic mechanism of PLP, especially in transaldimination reactions. Most drugs targeting PLP-dependent enzymes make a covalent bond to PLP with the transaldimination reaction. A detailed understanding of organic cofactor PLP will help develop a new drug against PLP-dependent enzymes. [BMB Reports 2022; 55(9): 439-446].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Phuong-Thuy Ngo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Diem Quynh Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hyunjae Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Yoon Sik Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kiwoong Kwak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Taejoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jang Ho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kyoung Sang Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Lin-Woo Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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4
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Li Z, Xin W, Wang Q, Zhu M, Zhou H. Design and synthesis of N-(3-sulfamoylphenyl)amides as Trypanosoma brucei leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 217:113319. [PMID: 33725631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei) causes human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), which is a fatal and neglected disease in the tropic areas, and new treatments are urgently needed. Leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LeuRS) is an attractive target for the development of antimicrobial agents. In this work, starting from the hit compound thiourea ZCL539, we designed and synthesized a series of amides as effective T. brucei LeuRS (TbLeuRS) synthetic site inhibitors. The most potent compounds 74 and 91 showed IC50 of 0.24 and 0.25 μM, which were about 700-fold more potent than the starting hit compound. The structure-activity relationship was also discussed. These compounds provided a new scaffold and lead compounds for further development of antitrypanosomal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixiang Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Huchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Pardali V, Giannakopoulou E, Balourdas DI, Myrianthopoulos V, Taylor MC, Šekutor M, Mlinarić-Majerski K, Kelly JM, Zoidis G. Lipophilic Guanylhydrazone Analogues as Promising Trypanocidal Agents: An Extended SAR Study. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:838-866. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200210150127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we extend the SAR analysis of a number of lipophilic guanylhydrazone analogues with
respect to in vitro growth inhibition of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi. Sleeping sickness and Chagas
disease, caused by the tropical parasites T. brucei and T. cruzi, constitute a significant socioeconomic burden
in low-income countries of sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, respectively. Drug development is underfunded.
Moreover, current treatments are outdated and difficult to administer, while drug resistance is an emerging
concern. The synthesis of adamantane-based compounds that have potential as antitrypanosomal agents is
extensively reviewed. The critical role of the adamantane ring was further investigated by synthesizing and testing
a number of novel lipophilic guanylhydrazones. The introduction of hydrophobic bulky substituents onto the
adamantane ring generated the most active analogues, illustrating the synergistic effect of the lipophilic character
of the C1 side chain and guanylhydrazone moiety on trypanocidal activity. The n-decyl C1-substituted compound
G8 proved to be the most potent adamantane derivative against T. brucei with activity in the nanomolar range
(EC50=90 nM). Molecular simulations were also performed to better understand the structure-activity relationships
between the studied guanylhydrazone analogues and their potential enzyme target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Pardali
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, GR-15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Erofili Giannakopoulou
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, GR-15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios-Ilias Balourdas
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, GR-15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilios Myrianthopoulos
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, GR-15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Martin C. Taylor
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Šekutor
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kata Mlinarić-Majerski
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - John M. Kelly
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Grigoris Zoidis
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, GR-15771 Athens, Greece
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6
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Ong YC, Roy S, Andrews PC, Gasser G. Metal Compounds against Neglected Tropical Diseases. Chem Rev 2018; 119:730-796. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yih Ching Ong
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Saonli Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philip C. Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
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7
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Baker CH, Welburn SC. The Long Wait for a New Drug for Human African Trypanosomiasis. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:818-827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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8
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Pyrih A, Berninger M, Gzella A, Lesyk R, Holzgrabe U. Synthesis and evaluation of antitrypanosomal activity of some thiosemicarbazide derivatives of 1-butyl-6-fluoro-7-morpholino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2018.1476889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Pyrih
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Michael Berninger
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Germany
| | - Andrzej Gzella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Roman Lesyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Germany
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9
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Fluorine walk: The impact of fluorine in quinolone amides on their activity against African sleeping sickness. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 152:377-391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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West RA, Cunningham T, Pennicott LE, Rao SPS, Ward SE. Toward More Drug Like Inhibitors of Trypanosome Alternative Oxidase. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:592-604. [PMID: 29353481 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New tools are required to ensure the adequate control of the neglected tropical disease human African trypanosomiasis. Annual reports of infection have recently fallen to fewer than 5000 cases per year; however, current therapies are hard to administer and have safety concerns and, hence, are far from ideal. Trypanosome alternative oxidase is an exciting target for controlling the infection; it is unique to the parasite, and inhibition of this enzyme with the natural product ascofuranone has shown to clear in vivo infections. We report the synthesis and associated structure activity relationships of inhibitors based upon this natural product with correlation to T. b. brucei growth inhibition in an attempt to generate molecules that possess improved physicochemical properties and potential for use as new treatments for human African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. West
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Cunningham
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis E. Pennicott
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom
| | - Srinivasa P. S. Rao
- Novartis Institutes for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608-2916, United States
| | - Simon E. Ward
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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11
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Skaf J, Hamarsheh O, Berninger M, Balasubramanian S, Oelschlaeger TA, Holzgrabe U. Improving anti-trypanosomal activity of alkamides isolated from Achillea fragrantissima. Fitoterapia 2017; 125:191-198. [PMID: 29108932 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies the aerial parts of Achillea fragrantissima were found to have substantial antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity. A bioassay-guided fractionation of a dichloromethane extract yielded the isolation of the essential anti-trypanosomal compounds of the plant. Seven sesquiterpene lactones (including Achillolide-A), two flavonoids, chrysosplenol-D and chrysosplenetine, and four alkamides (including pellitorine) were identified. This is the first report for the isolation of the sesquiterpene lactones 3 and 4, chrysosplenetine and the group of alkamides from this plant. Bioevaluation against Trypanosoma brucei brucei TC221 (T.b brucei) using the Alamar-Blue assay revealed the novel alkamide 13 to have an IC50 value of 40.37μM. A compound library, derived from the alkamide pellitorine (10), was synthesized and bioevaluated in order to find even more active substances. The most active compounds 26 and 27 showed activities in submicromolar concentrations and selectivity indices of 20.1 and 45.6, respectively, towards macrophage cell line J774.1. Toxicity of 26 and 27 was assessed using the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella larvae as an in vivo model. No significant toxicity was observed for the concentration range of 1.25-20mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Skaf
- University of Würzburg, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Omar Hamarsheh
- Al-Quds University, Faculty of Science & Technology, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 51000, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Michael Berninger
- University of Würzburg, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Srikkanth Balasubramanian
- University of Würzburg, Institut für Molekulare Infektionsbiologie, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2/D15, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias A Oelschlaeger
- University of Würzburg, Institut für Molekulare Infektionsbiologie, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2/D15, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- University of Würzburg, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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12
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West RA, O'Doherty OG, Askwith T, Atack J, Beswick P, Laverick J, Paradowski M, Pennicott LE, Rao SPS, Williams G, Ward SE. African trypanosomiasis: Synthesis & SAR enabling novel drug discovery of ubiquinol mimics for trypanosome alternative oxidase. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 141:676-689. [PMID: 29107420 PMCID: PMC5697954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease affecting 5000 humans and millions of livestock animals in sub-Saharan Africa every year. Current treatments are limited, difficult to administer and often toxic causing long term injury or death in many patients. Trypanosome alternative oxidase is a parasite specific enzyme whose inhibition by the natural product ascofuranone (AF) has been shown to be curative in murine models. Until now synthetic methods to AF analogues have been limited, this has restricted both understanding of the key structural features required for binding and also how this chemotype could be developed to an effective therapeutic agent. The development of 3 amenable novel synthetic routes to ascofuranone-like compounds is described. The SAR generated around the AF chemotype is reported with correlation to the inhibition of T. b. brucei growth and corresponding selectivity in cytotoxic assessment in mammalian HepG2 cell lines. These methods allow access to greater synthetic diversification and have enabled the synthesis of compounds that have and will continue to facilitate further optimisation of the AF chemotype into a drug-like lead. Synthesis of ascofuranone like inhibitors of trypanosome alternative oxidase. Structure activity relationships of trypanosome alternative oxidase inhibitors. Correlation of trypanosome alternative oxidase inhibition and T. b. brucei growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A West
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Oran G O'Doherty
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Trevor Askwith
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - John Atack
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK; Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Paul Beswick
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Jamie Laverick
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Michael Paradowski
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Lewis E Pennicott
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Srinivasa P S Rao
- Novartis Institutes for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, California, 94608-2916, USA
| | - Gareth Williams
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Simon E Ward
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK; Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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13
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Berninger M, Schmidt I, Ponte-Sucre A, Holzgrabe U. Novel lead compounds in pre-clinical development against African sleeping sickness. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1872-1890. [PMID: 30108710 PMCID: PMC6072528 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00280g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as African sleeping sickness, is caused by parasitic protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. As the disease progresses, the parasites cross the blood brain barrier and are lethal for the patients if the disease is left untreated. Current therapies suffer from several drawbacks due to e.g. toxicity of the respective compounds or resistance to approved antitrypanosomal drugs. In this review, the different strategies of drug development against HAT are considered, namely the target-based approach, the phenotypic high throughput screening and the drug repurposing strategy. The most promising compounds emerging from these approaches entering an in vivo evaluation are mentioned herein. Of note, it may turn out to be difficult to confirm in vitro activity in an animal model of infection; however, possible reasons for the missing efficacy in unsuccessful in vivo studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Berninger
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany .
| | - Ines Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany .
| | - Alicia Ponte-Sucre
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology , Institute of Experimental Medicine , Luis Razetti School of Medicine , Faculty of Medicine , Universidad Central de Venezuela Caracas , Venezuela . Tel: +0931 31 85461
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany .
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14
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Schmidt I, Göllner S, Fuß A, Stich A, Kucharski A, Schirmeister T, Katzowitsch E, Bruhn H, Miliu A, Krauth-Siegel RL, Holzgrabe U. Bistacrines as potential antitrypanosomal agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4526-4531. [PMID: 28698054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is caused by two subspecies of the genus Trypanosoma, namely Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. The disease is fatal if left untreated and therapy is limited due to only five non-adequate drugs currently available. In preliminary studies, dimeric tacrine derivatives were found to inhibit parasite growth with IC50-values in the nanomolar concentration range. This prompted the synthesis of a small, but smart library of monomeric and dimeric tacrine-type compounds and their evaluation of antiprotozoal activity. Rhodesain, a lysosomal cathepsin-L like cysteine protease of T. brucei rhodesiense is essential for parasite survival and likely target of the tacrine derivatives. In addition, the inhibition of trypanothione reductase by bistacrines was found. This flavoprotein oxidoreductase is the main defense against oxidative stress in the thiol redox system unique for protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Schmidt
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Göllner
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antje Fuß
- Medical Mission Institute, Hermann-Schell-Strasse 7, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - August Stich
- Medical Mission Institute, Hermann-Schell-Strasse 7, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Kucharski
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute for Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Elena Katzowitsch
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Bruhn
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Miliu
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Luise Krauth-Siegel
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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15
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Gazestani VH, Yip CW, Nikpour N, Berghuis N, Salavati R. TrypsNetDB: An integrated framework for the functional characterization of trypanosomatid proteins. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005368. [PMID: 28158179 PMCID: PMC5310917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatid parasites cause serious infections in humans and production losses in livestock. Due to the high divergence from other eukaryotes, such as humans and model organisms, the functional roles of many trypanosomatid proteins cannot be predicted by homology-based methods, rendering a significant portion of their proteins as uncharacterized. Recent technological advances have led to the availability of multiple systematic and genome-wide datasets on trypanosomatid parasites that are informative regarding the biological role(s) of their proteins. Here, we report TrypsNetDB (http://trypsNetDB.org), a web-based resource for the functional annotation of 16 different species/strains of trypanosomatid parasites. The database not only visualizes the network context of the queried protein(s) in an intuitive way but also examines the response of the represented network in more than 50 different biological contexts and its enrichment for various biological terms and pathways, protein sequence signatures, and potential RNA regulatory elements. The interactome core of the database, as of Jan 23, 2017, contains 101,187 interactions among 13,395 trypanosomatid proteins inferred from 97 genome-wide and focused studies on the interactome of these organisms. Methods to predict protein function based on sequences enable the rapid annotation of newly sequenced genomes. However, as most of these methods rely on homology-based approaches, non-conserved proteins in trypanosomatids remain elusive for annotation, rendering approximately half of the sequenced proteins uncharacterized. In this study, we developed a user friendly integrated database, TrypsNetDB, which fills multiple gaps in the field by depositing the current interactome knowledge on trypanosomatid proteins and combining this information with other available resources accompanied by related statistical analyses. The database allows automatic inter-species mapping of available data to better characterize the queried proteins in the species of interest. The database is built on fast and reliable ASP.Net framework and provides (i) a significant increase in the genome-wide functional annotation of trypanosomatid proteins, (ii) potential novel targets for therapeutics against trypanosomatids, and (iii) a robust methodology that can be adapted for the functional annotation of other non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid H. Gazestani
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chun Wai Yip
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Najmeh Nikpour
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Natasha Berghuis
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Reza Salavati
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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16
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Cooper A, Capewell P, Clucas C, Veitch N, Weir W, Thomson R, Raper J, MacLeod A. A Primate APOL1 Variant That Kills Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004903. [PMID: 27494254 PMCID: PMC4975595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are protected against infection from most African trypanosomes by lipoprotein complexes present in serum that contain the trypanolytic pore-forming protein, Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1). The human-infective trypanosomes, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in East Africa and T. b. gambiense in West Africa have separately evolved mechanisms that allow them to resist APOL1-mediated lysis and cause human African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, in man. Recently, APOL1 variants were identified from a subset of Old World monkeys, that are able to lyse East African T. b. rhodesiense, by virtue of C-terminal polymorphisms in the APOL1 protein that hinder that parasite’s resistance mechanism. Such variants have been proposed as candidates for developing therapeutic alternatives to the unsatisfactory anti-trypanosomal drugs currently in use. Here we demonstrate the in vitro lytic ability of serum and purified recombinant protein of an APOL1 ortholog from the West African Guinea baboon (Papio papio), which is able to lyse examples of all sub-species of T. brucei including T. b. gambiense group 1 parasites, the most common agent of human African trypanosomiasis. The identification of a variant of APOL1 with trypanolytic ability for both human-infective T. brucei sub-species could be a candidate for universal APOL1-based therapeutic strategies, targeted against all pathogenic African trypanosomes. African trypanosomes are protozoan parasites that affect both humans and animals in poor rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa, and are a major constraint on health and agricultural development. Disease control is principally dependent on the administration of drugs, which are old and largely unsatisfactory. Humans are naturally resistant to infection by most African trypanosomes species because of a lytic protein component in their blood, called APOL1. However, human-infective trypanosomes, T. b. rhodesiense in East Africa, and T. b. gambiense in West Africa, have evolved separate mechanisms to disarm this lytic protein and cause disease. Recently, variants of APOL1 were discovered in some primates that are able to kill the East African human disease-causing sub-species. These APOL1 variants form the basis of current attempts to create novel therapeutic interventions that can kill both animal and human-infective trypanosomes. In this study, we show that another variant of the same protein from a West African baboon species is able to kill, not only East African human-infective trypanosomes, but also the West African parasites, which causes the majority of human African trypanosomiasis cases. This new APOL1 variant could be a potential candidate for anti-trypanosomal therapies targeted at all pathogenic trypanosome species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Cooper
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Capewell
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Clucas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Veitch
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William Weir
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Russell Thomson
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Langone School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jayne Raper
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Langone School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Annette MacLeod
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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17
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Quinolone Amides as Antitrypanosomal Lead Compounds with In Vivo Activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:4442-52. [PMID: 27139467 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01757-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a major tropical disease for which few drugs for treatment are available, driving the need for novel active compounds. Recently, morpholino-substituted benzyl amides of the fluoroquinolone-type antibiotics were identified to be compounds highly active against Trypanosoma brucei brucei Since the lead compound GHQ168 was challenged by poor water solubility in previous trials, the aim of this study was to introduce structural variations to GHQ168 as well as to formulate GHQ168 with the ultimate goal to increase its aqueous solubility while maintaining its in vitro antitrypanosomal activity. The pharmacokinetic parameters of spray-dried GHQ168 and the newly synthesized compounds GHQ242 and GHQ243 in mice were characterized by elimination half-lives ranging from 1.5 to 3.5 h after intraperitoneal administration (4 mice/compound), moderate to strong human serum albumin binding for GHQ168 (80%) and GHQ243 (45%), and very high human serum albumin binding (>99%) for GHQ242. For the lead compound, GHQ168, the apparent clearance was 112 ml/h and the apparent volume of distribution was 14 liters/kg of body weight (BW). Mice infected with T. b. rhodesiense (STIB900) were treated in a stringent study scheme (2 daily applications between days 3 and 6 postinfection). Exposure to spray-dried GHQ168 in contrast to the control treatment resulted in mean survival durations of 17 versus 9 days, respectively, a difference that was statistically significant. Results that were statistically insignificantly different were obtained between the control and the GHQ242 and GHQ243 treatments. Therefore, GHQ168 was further profiled in an early-treatment scheme (2 daily applications at days 1 to 4 postinfection), and the results were compared with those obtained with a control treatment. The result was statistically significant mean survival times exceeding 32 days (end of the observation period) versus 7 days for the GHQ168 and control treatments, respectively. Spray-dried GHQ168 demonstrated exciting antitrypanosomal efficacy.
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18
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Schulze CJ, Donia MS, Siqueira-Neto JL, Ray D, Raskatov JA, Green RE, McKerrow JH, Fischbach MA, Linington RG. Genome-Directed Lead Discovery: Biosynthesis, Structure Elucidation, and Biological Evaluation of Two Families of Polyene Macrolactams against Trypanosoma brucei. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2373-81. [PMID: 26270237 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Marine natural products are an important source of lead compounds against many pathogenic targets. Herein, we report the discovery of lobosamides A-C from a marine actinobacterium, Micromonospora sp., representing three new members of a small but growing family of bacterially produced polyene macrolactams. The lobosamides display growth inhibitory activity against the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei (lobosamide A IC50 = 0.8 μM), the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). The biosynthetic gene cluster of the lobosamides was sequenced and suggests a conserved cluster organization among the 26-membered macrolactams. While determination of the relative and absolute configurations of many members of this family is lacking, the absolute configurations of the lobosamides were deduced using a combination of chemical modification, detailed spectroscopic analysis, and bioinformatics. We implemented a "molecules-to-genes-to-molecules" approach to determine the prevalence of similar clusters in other bacteria, which led to the discovery of two additional macrolactams, mirilactams A and B from Actinosynnema mirum. These additional analogs have allowed us to identify specific structure-activity relationships that contribute to the antitrypanosomal activity of this class. This approach illustrates the power of combining chemical analysis and genomics in the discovery and characterization of natural products as new lead compounds for neglected disease targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Schulze
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa
Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Mohamed S. Donia
- Department
of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and the California Institute
for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California San Francisco, San
Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jair L. Siqueira-Neto
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Debalina Ray
- Department
of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jevgenij A. Raskatov
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa
Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Richard E. Green
- Department
of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa
Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael A. Fischbach
- Department
of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and the California Institute
for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California San Francisco, San
Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Roger G. Linington
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa
Cruz, California 95064, United States
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19
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Ethyl Pyruvate Emerges as a Safe and Fast Acting Agent against Trypanosoma brucei by Targeting Pyruvate Kinase Activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137353. [PMID: 26340747 PMCID: PMC4560413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) also called sleeping sickness is an infectious disease in humans caused by an extracellular protozoan parasite. The disease, if left untreated, results in 100% mortality. Currently available drugs are full of severe drawbacks and fail to escape the fast development of trypanosoma resistance. Due to similarities in cell metabolism between cancerous tumors and trypanosoma cells, some of the current registered drugs against HAT have also been tested in cancer chemotherapy. Here we demonstrate for the first time that the simple ester, ethyl pyruvate, comprises such properties. Results The current study covers the efficacy and corresponding target evaluation of ethyl pyruvate on T. brucei cell lines using a combination of biochemical techniques including cell proliferation assays, enzyme kinetics, phasecontrast microscopic video imaging and ex vivo toxicity tests. We have shown that ethyl pyruvate effectively kills trypanosomes most probably by net ATP depletion through inhibition of pyruvate kinase (Ki = 3.0±0.29 mM). The potential of ethyl pyruvate as a trypanocidal compound is also strengthened by its fast acting property, killing cells within three hours post exposure. This has been demonstrated using video imaging of live cells as well as concentration and time dependency experiments. Most importantly, ethyl pyruvate produces minimal side effects in human red cells and is known to easily cross the blood-brain-barrier. This makes it a promising candidate for effective treatment of the two clinical stages of sleeping sickness. Trypanosome drug-resistance tests indicate irreversible cell death and a low incidence of resistance development under experimental conditions. Conclusion Our results present ethyl pyruvate as a safe and fast acting trypanocidal compound and show that it inhibits the enzyme pyruvate kinase. Competitive inhibition of this enzyme was found to cause ATP depletion and cell death. Due to its ability to easily cross the blood-brain-barrier, ethyl pyruvate could be considered as new candidate agent to treat the hemolymphatic as well as neurological stages of sleeping sickness.
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20
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Leeder WM, Reuss AJ, Brecht M, Kratz K, Wachtveitl J, Göringer HU. Charge reduction and thermodynamic stabilization of substrate RNAs inhibit RNA editing. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118940. [PMID: 25742417 PMCID: PMC4350841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes cause a parasitic disease known as sleeping sickness. Mitochondrial transcript maturation in these organisms requires a RNA editing reaction that is characterized by the insertion and deletion of U-nucleotides into otherwise non-functional mRNAs. Editing represents an ideal target for a parasite-specific therapeutic intervention since the reaction cycle is absent in the infected host. In addition, editing relies on a macromolecular protein complex, the editosome, that only exists in the parasite. Therefore, all attempts to search for editing interfering compounds have been focused on molecules that bind to proteins of the editing machinery. However, in analogy to other RNA-driven biochemical pathways it should be possible to stall the reaction by targeting its substrate RNAs. Here we demonstrate inhibition of editing by specific aminoglycosides. The molecules bind into the major groove of the gRNA/pre-mRNA editing substrates thereby causing a stabilization of the RNA molecules through charge compensation and an increase in stacking. The data shed light on mechanistic details of the editing process and identify critical parameters for the development of new trypanocidal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- W.-Matthias Leeder
- Molecular Genetics, Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andreas J. Reuss
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Brecht
- Molecular Genetics, Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Katja Kratz
- Molecular Genetics, Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - H. Ulrich Göringer
- Molecular Genetics, Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany
- * E-mail:
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21
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Sola I, Castellà S, Viayna E, Galdeano C, Taylor MC, Gbedema SY, Pérez B, Clos MV, Jones DC, Fairlamb AH, Wright CW, Kelly JM, Muñoz-Torrero D. Synthesis, biological profiling and mechanistic studies of 4-aminoquinoline-based heterodimeric compounds with dual trypanocidal-antiplasmodial activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5156-67. [PMID: 25678015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dual submicromolar trypanocidal-antiplasmodial compounds have been identified by screening and chemical synthesis of 4-aminoquinoline-based heterodimeric compounds of three different structural classes. In Trypanosoma brucei, inhibition of the enzyme trypanothione reductase seems to be involved in the potent trypanocidal activity of these heterodimers, although it is probably not the main biological target. Regarding antiplasmodial activity, the heterodimers seem to share the mode of action of the antimalarial drug chloroquine, which involves inhibition of the haem detoxification process. Interestingly, all of these heterodimers display good brain permeabilities, thereby being potentially useful for late stage human African trypanosomiasis. Future optimization of these compounds should focus mainly on decreasing cytotoxicity and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sola
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Castellà
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Viayna
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Galdeano
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin C Taylor
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Y Gbedema
- Bradford School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1 DP, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmaceutics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Belén Pérez
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Victòria Clos
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Deuan C Jones
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Colin W Wright
- Bradford School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1 DP, United Kingdom
| | - John M Kelly
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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22
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Sola I, Artigas A, Taylor MC, Gbedema SY, Pérez B, Clos MV, Wright CW, Kelly JM, Muñoz-Torrero D. Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of oligomethylene- and p-phenylene-bis(methylene)-linked bis(+)-huprines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5435-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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23
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Anti-trypanosomal activities and structural chemical properties of selected compound classes. Parasitol Res 2014; 114:501-12. [PMID: 25416330 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Potent compounds do not necessarily make the best drugs in the market. Consequently, with the aim to describe tools that may be fundamental for refining the screening of candidates for animal and preclinical studies and further development, molecules of different structural classes synthesized within the frame of a broad screening platform were evaluated for their trypanocidal activities, cytotoxicities against murine macrophages J774.1 and selectivity indices, as well as for their ligand efficiencies and structural chemical properties. To advance into their modes of action, we also describe the morphological and ultrastructural changes exerted by selected members of each compound class on the parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Our data suggest that the potential organelles targeted are either the flagellar pocket (compound 77, N-Arylpyridinium salt; 15, amino acid derivative with piperazine moieties), the endoplasmic reticulum membrane systems (37, bisquaternary bisnaphthalimide; 77, N-Arylpyridinium salt; 68, piperidine derivative), or mitochondria and kinetoplasts (88, N-Arylpyridinium salt; 68, piperidine derivative). Amino acid derivatives with fumaric acid and piperazine moieties (4, 15) weakly inhibiting cysteine proteases seem to preferentially target acidic compartments. Our results suggest that ligand efficiency indices may be helpful to learn about the relationship between potency and chemical characteristics of the compounds. Interestingly, the correlations found between the physico-chemical parameters of the selected compounds and those of commercial molecules that target specific organelles indicate that our rationale might be helpful to drive compound design toward high activities and acceptable pharmacokinetic properties for all compound families.
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24
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Mackey TK, Liang BA, Cuomo R, Hafen R, Brouwer KC, Lee DE. Emerging and reemerging neglected tropical diseases: a review of key characteristics, risk factors, and the policy and innovation environment. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014; 27:949-79. [PMID: 25278579 PMCID: PMC4187634 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00045-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In global health, critical challenges have arisen from infectious diseases, including the emergence and reemergence of old and new infectious diseases. Emergence and reemergence are accelerated by rapid human development, including numerous changes in demographics, populations, and the environment. This has also led to zoonoses in the changing human-animal ecosystem, which are impacted by a growing globalized society where pathogens do not recognize geopolitical borders. Within this context, neglected tropical infectious diseases have historically lacked adequate attention in international public health efforts, leading to insufficient prevention and treatment options. This subset of 17 infectious tropical diseases disproportionately impacts the world's poorest, represents a significant and underappreciated global disease burden, and is a major barrier to development efforts to alleviate poverty and improve human health. Neglected tropical diseases that are also categorized as emerging or reemerging infectious diseases are an even more serious threat and have not been adequately examined or discussed in terms of their unique risk characteristics. This review sets out to identify emerging and reemerging neglected tropical diseases and explore the policy and innovation environment that could hamper or enable control efforts. Through this examination, we hope to raise awareness and guide potential approaches to addressing this global health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim K Mackey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA Division of Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Bryan A Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Raphael Cuomo
- Joint Doctoral Program in Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, and San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ryan Hafen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA Internal Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kimberly C Brouwer
- Division of Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Daniel E Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA Pediatrics Department, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
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25
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Persch E, Bryson S, Todoroff NK, Eberle C, Thelemann J, Dirdjaja N, Kaiser M, Weber M, Derbani H, Brun R, Schneider G, Pai EF, Krauth-Siegel RL, Diederich F. Binding to large enzyme pockets: small-molecule inhibitors of trypanothione reductase. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1880-91. [PMID: 24788386 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The causative agents of the parasitic disease human African trypanosomiasis belong to the family of trypanosomatids. These parasitic protozoa exhibit a unique thiol redox metabolism that is based on the flavoenzyme trypanothione reductase (TR). TR was identified as a potential drug target and features a large active site that allows a multitude of possible ligand orientations, which renders rational structure-based inhibitor design highly challenging. Herein we describe the synthesis, binding properties, and kinetic analysis of a new series of small-molecule inhibitors of TR. The conjunction of biological activities, mutation studies, and virtual ligand docking simulations led to the prediction of a binding mode that was confirmed by crystal structure analysis. The crystal structures revealed that the ligands bind to the hydrophobic wall of the so-called "mepacrine binding site". The binding conformation and potency of the inhibitors varied for TR from Trypanosoma brucei and T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Persch
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich (Switzerland)
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