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Batool R, Qamar ZH, Salam RA, Yousafzai MT, Ashorn P, Qamar FN. Efficacy of typhoid vaccines against culture-confirmed Salmonella Typhi in typhoid endemic countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2024; 12:e589-e598. [PMID: 38485426 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid is a serious public health threat in many low-income and middle-income countries. Several vaccines for typhoid have been recommended by WHO for typhoid prevention in endemic countries. This study aimed to review the efficacy of typhoid vaccines against culture-confirmed Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and Embase for studies published in English between Jan 1, 1986 and Nov 2, 2023. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing typhoid vaccines with a placebo or another vaccine. This meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of several typhoid vaccines, including live attenuated oral Ty21a vaccine, Vi capsular polysaccharide (Vi-PS), Vi polysaccharide conjugated to recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A vaccine (Vi-rEPA), and Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (TCV). The certainty of evidence for key outcomes was evaluated using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations methodology. The outcome of interest was typhoid fever confirmed by the isolation of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in blood and adverse events following immunisation. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021241043). FINDINGS We included 14 RCTs assessing four different vaccines (Ty21a: four trials; Vi-PS: five trials; Vi-rEPA: one trial; TCV: four trials) involving 585 253 participants. All trials were conducted in typhoid endemic countries and the age of participants ranged from 6 months to 50 years. The pooled efficacy against typhoid fever was 45% (95% CI 33-55%; four trials; 247 649 participants; I2 59%; moderate certainty) for Ty21a and 58% (44-69%; five trials; 214 456 participants; I2 34%; moderate certainty) for polysaccharide Vi-PS. The cumulative efficacy of two doses of Vi-rEPA vaccine at 2 years was 91% (88-96%; one trial; 12 008 participants; moderate certainty). The pooled efficacy of a single shot of TCV at 2 years post-immunisation was 83% (77-87%; four trials; 111 130 participants; I2 0%; moderate certainty). All vaccines were safe, with no serious adverse effects reported in the trials. INTERPRETATION The existing data from included trials provide promising results regarding the efficacy and safety of the four recommended typhoid vaccines. TCV and Vi-rEPA were found to have the highest efficacy at 2 years post-immunisation. However, follow-up data for Vi-rEPA are scarce and only TCV is pre-qualified by WHO. Therefore, roll-out of TCV into routine immunisation programmes in typhoid endemic settings is highly recommended. FUNDING There was no funding source for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab Batool
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan; Centre for Child, Adolescent, and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Zoya Haq Qamar
- Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Mohammad Tahir Yousafzai
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan; The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Per Ashorn
- Centre for Child, Adolescent, and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Farah Naz Qamar
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Tarverdizadeh Y, Khalili M, Esmaeili S, Ahmadian G, Golchin M, Hajizade A. Targeted gene inactivation in Salmonella Typhi by CRISPR/Cas9-assisted homologous recombination. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 39:58. [PMID: 36572753 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted gene inactivation (TGI) is a widely used technique for the study of genes' functions. There are many different methods for TGI, however, most of them are so complicated and time-consuming. New promising genetic engineering tools are developing for this purpose. In the present study, for the first time we disrupted a virulence gene from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), located in the bacterial chromosome using CRISPR/Cas9 system and homology directed repair (HDR). METHODS For this aim, pCas9 plasmid containing Cas9 enzyme and required proteins for homology directed recombination was transferred to S. Typhi by electroporation. On the other hand, a specific guide RNA (gRNA) was designed using CRISPOR online tool. Synthetic gRNA was cloned into pTargetF plasmid. Also, a DNA fragment (HDR fragment) was designed to incorporate into the bacterial chromosome following the cleavage of the bacterial genome by Cas9 enzyme. pTargetF containing gRNA and HDR fragment were co-transferred to S. Typhi containing pcas9 plasmid. The transformed bacteria were screened for recombination using PCR, restriction digestion and sequencing. RESULTS The results of PCR, restriction digestion and sequencing showed the successful recombination of S. Typhi, in which the gidA gene is disrupted. CONCLUSION In the present study we aimed to develop a rapid and robust method for targeted gene inactivation in a bacterial species, S. Typhi. This procedure can be exploited for disruption of other Salmonella as well as other bacteria's genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousof Tarverdizadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khalili
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saber Esmaeili
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ahmadian
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Golchin
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Hajizade
- Biology Research Center, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran.
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Saha S, Sayeed KMI, Saha S, Islam MS, Rahaman A, Islam M, Rahman H, Das R, Hasan MM, Uddin MJ, Tanmoy AM, Ahmed ASMNU, Luby SP, Andrews JR, Garrett DO, Saha SK. Hospitalization of Pediatric Enteric Fever Cases, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2017-2019: Incidence and Risk Factors. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71:S196-S204. [PMID: 33258942 PMCID: PMC7705877 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric fever causes substantial morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Here, we analyzed Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project (SEAP) data to estimate the burden of enteric fever hospitalization among children aged <15 years and identify risk factors for hospitalization in Bangladesh. METHODS SEAP used hospital surveillance paired with a community-based health-care utilization assessment. In SEAP hospital surveillance, blood was obtained for culture from children aged <15 years with ≥3 days of fever. In the hospital catchment area, a health-care utilization survey (HCUS) was conducted to estimate the proportion of febrile children hospitalized at the study hospitals. We analyzed hospital surveillance and HCUS data to estimate the health care-adjusted incidence of enteric fever hospitalization, and conducted univariable and multivariable logistic regressions. RESULTS From July 2017 through June 2019, 2243 laboratory-confirmed enteric fever cases were detected in 2 study hospitals; 673 (30%) were hospitalized. The health care-adjusted incidence of enteric fever hospitalization among children <15 years old was 303/100 000 children/year (95% confidence interval [CI], 293-313). Salmonella Typhi contributed most to the enteric fever hospitalization incidence (277/100 000 children/year; 95% CI, 267-287). The incidence was highest among children aged 2 to <5 years (552/100 000 children/year; 95% CI, 522-583), followed by those aged <2 years (316/100 000 children/year; 95% CI, 288-344). Factors independently associated with enteric fever hospitalization included fever duration, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and leukocytopenia. CONCLUSIONS We estimated a high burden of hospitalization due to enteric fever among children aged <5 years in Bangladesh. The introduction of a typhoid conjugate vaccine would protect children from typhoid and avert typhoid hospitalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shampa Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Senjuti Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Raktim Das
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - A S M Nawshad Uddin Ahmed
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Sher-E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Stephen P Luby
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Denise O Garrett
- Applied Epidemiology, Sabin Vaccine Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Samir K Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Sher-E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Emergence of Novel Mutations in Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi from Pakistan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00696-20. [PMID: 32457111 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00696-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Giannelli C, Raso MM, Palmieri E, De Felice A, Pippi F, Micoli F. Development of a Specific and Sensitive HPAEC-PAD Method for Quantification of Vi Polysaccharide Applicable to other Polysaccharides Containing Amino Uronic Acids. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6304-6311. [PMID: 32330386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Typhoid fever is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Vaccines based on the Vi capsular polysaccharide are licensed or in development against typhoid fever. Vi content is a critical quality attribute for vaccines release, to monitor their stability and to ensure appropriate immune response. Vi polysaccharide is a homopolymer of α-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminouronic acid, O-acetylated at the C-3 position, resistant to the commonly used acid hydrolysis for sugar chain depolymerization before monomer quantification. We previously developed a quantification method based on strong alkaline hydrolysis followed by High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography-Pulsed Amperometric Detection analysis, but with low sensitivity and use for quantification of an unknown product coming from polysaccharide depolymerization. Here we describe the development of a method for Vi polysaccharide quantification based on acid hydrolysis with concomitant use of trifluoroacetic and hydrochloric acids. A Design of Experiment approach was used for the identification of the optimal hydrolysis conditions. The method is 100-fold more sensitive than the previous one, and specifically, resulting in the formation of a known product, confirmed to be the Vi monomer both de-O- and de-N-acetylated by mono- and bidimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Accuracy and precision were determined, and chromatographic conditions were improved to result in reduced time of analysis. This method will facilitate characterization of Vi-based vaccines. Furthermore, a similar approach has the potential to be extended to other polysaccharides containing 2-amino uronic acids, as already verified here for Shigella sonnei O-antigen, Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 12F, and Staphylococcus aureus types 5 and 8 capsular polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Giannelli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Elena Palmieri
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Antonia De Felice
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Federico Pippi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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