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Spiliopoulos O, Solomos Z, Puchner KP. Buruli ulcer, tuberculosis and leprosy: Exploring the One Health dimensions of three most prevalent mycobacterial diseases: A narrative review. Trop Med Int Health 2024. [PMID: 38994702 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
ΟBJECTIVES: Although Buruli ulcer, tuberculosis, and leprosy are the three most common mycobacterial diseases, One Health dimensions of these infections remain poorly understood. This narrative review aims at exploring the scientific literature with respect to the presence of animal reservoir(s) and other environmental sources for the pathogens of these infections, their role in transmission to humans and the research on/practical implementation of One Health relevant control efforts. METHODS The literature review was conducted using the online databases PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest and Google Scholar, reviewing articles that were written in English in the last 15 years. Grey literature, published by intergovernmental agencies, was also reviewed. RESULTS For the pathogen of Buruli ulcer, evidence suggests possums as a possible animal reservoir and thus having an active role in disease transmission to humans. Cattle and some wildlife species are deemed as established animal reservoirs for tuberculosis pathogens, with a non-negligible proportion of infections in humans being of zoonotic origin. Armadillos constitute an established animal reservoir for leprosy pathogens with the transmission of the disease from armadillos to humans being deemed possible. Lentic environments, soil and other aquatic sources may represent further abiotic reservoirs for viable Buruli ulcer and leprosy pathogens infecting humans. Ongoing investigation and implementation of public health measures, targeting (sapro)zoonotic transmission can be found in all three diseases. CONCLUSION Buruli ulcer, tuberculosis and leprosy exhibit important yet still poorly understood One Health aspects. Despite the microbiological affinity of the respective causative mycobacteria, considerable differences in their animal reservoirs, potential environmental sources and modes of zoonotic transmission are being observed. Whether these differences reflect actual variations between these diseases or rather knowledge gaps remains unclear. For improved disease control, further investigation of zoonotic aspects of all three diseases and formulation of One Health relevant interventions is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis Spiliopoulos
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Zisimangelos Solomos
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Karl Philipp Puchner
- Laboratory of Primary Health Care, General Medicine and Health Services Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Michel AL. Vaccines to control tuberculosis in cattle. Science 2024; 383:1410-1411. [PMID: 38547294 DOI: 10.1126/science.ado4333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The age-old cattle disease has resisted rigorous control, but the BCG vaccine may do better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita L Michel
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Toribio JAL, Lomata K, Fullman S, Jenkins A, Borja E, Arif S, McKercher J, Blake D, Garcia A, Whittington RJ, Underwood F, Marais BJ. Assessing risks for bovine and zoonotic tuberculosis through spatial analysis and a questionnaire survey in Fiji - A pilot study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22776. [PMID: 38125425 PMCID: PMC10730600 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis causes tuberculosis in cattle and when transmitted to humans typically causes extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) has a global distribution and is controlled in most countries to protect animal and public health. Recent studies revealed that bTB is established on dairy farms in Fiji where EPTB cases have been reported in people. The aims of this pilot investigation were to look for putative zoonotic TB (EPTB) cases in people and to evaluate practices that might contribute to the persistence and transmission of M. bovis between cattle and to humans. Existing data sets were shared between the Fiji Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Health and a questionnaire-based survey was implemented using One Health principles. Statistically significant co-location and close proximity of EPTB cases and bovine TB affected farms were identified. The bTB infection status of farms was significantly associated with unfenced water sources where cattle grazed. Of 247 households, 65 % shared drinking water sources with cattle and 36 % consumed raw milk without boiling, while 62 % of participants reported backyard slaughter of cattle. Several participants reported current symptoms potentially suggestive of TB (chronic cough) but the impact of smoking and history of previous TB treatment could not be evaluated. Farmers had limited understanding of the practices required to prevent bTB at farm level. Further study is recommended and should include an assessment of lifetime EPTB diagnoses, classification of farms based on more recent bTB test data and molecular typing of mycobacterial isolates from humans, cattle and the environment. A targeted awareness and education approach is required to reduce the future risk of zoonotic TB and to help ensure uptake of recommendations and practices aimed at controlling and preventing bTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny-Ann L.M.L. Toribio
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Keresi Lomata
- Ministry of Agriculture, Koronivia Research Station, Koronivia, Republic of Fiji
| | - Sam Fullman
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Dinem House, 88 Amy Street, Suva, Republic of Fiji
| | - Aaron Jenkins
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Edith Cowan University, Centre for People, Place and Planet, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Elva Borja
- Ministry of Agriculture, Koronivia Research Station, Koronivia, Republic of Fiji
| | - Shumaila Arif
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jarrad McKercher
- Edith Cowan University, Centre for People, Place and Planet, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - David Blake
- Edith Cowan University, Centre for People, Place and Planet, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Anabel Garcia
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard J. Whittington
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Frank Underwood
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Dinem House, 88 Amy Street, Suva, Republic of Fiji
| | - Ben J. Marais
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Ahmad I, Raji YE, Hassan L, Samaila A, Aliyu B, Zinsstag J, Fasina FO. Systematic review and meta-analysis of tuberculosis in animals in Nigeria. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17215. [PMID: 37383186 PMCID: PMC10293676 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious and chronic disease caused by mycobacteria belonging to theMycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in domestic and wild animals. MTBC strains infection has been confirmed in many animal species in Nigeria, including captive wildlife, cattle, dromedary camels, goats, and pigs. Despite widespread infection and the potential impact of the disease on public health, active surveillance and control strategies are absent in Nigeria. This study aimed to conduct the first comprehensive meta-analysis to assess the distribution of tuberculosis and analyze the potential moderators of infection in animals in Nigeria. Eligible studies (sixty-one (Cadmus et al., 2014) [61] prevalence and seven (Menzies and Neill, 2000) [7] case reports) were retrieved and included in the analysis. The analyses showed an overall pooled TB prevalence of 7.0% (95% CI: 6.0-8.0) comprising of infection distributed in cattle (8.0%, 95% CI: 7.0-8.0), goats (0.47%, 95% CI: 0-1.2), sheep (0.27%, 95% CI: 0.14-0.46), camels (13.0%, 95% CI: 0-47), and wildlife (13.0%, 95% CI: 9-16) respectively. The occurrence of infection was significantly moderated by the publication periods, geographical location, sample size, and detection methods. TB prevalence was heterogeneous across several predictors, with the year of publication exhibiting a higher rate (46%) of the detected heterogeneity. These findings should provide policy-relevant information to guide the design and establishment of prevention and control measures amenable to the local situations in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ahmad
- Animal Health and Livestock Development, Gusau, Zamfara, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yakubu Egigogo Raji
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Microbiology Unit, College of Health Sciences Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Nigeria
| | - Latiffah Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdullahi Samaila
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar'adua University, Katsina, Nigeria
| | - Basiru Aliyu
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi, Nigeria
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Human and Animal Health Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Folorunso O. Fasina
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Office in Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
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Neutrophils in Tuberculosis: Cell Biology, Cellular Networking and Multitasking in Host Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094801. [PMID: 33946542 PMCID: PMC8125784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils readily infiltrate infection foci, phagocytose and usually destroy microbes. In tuberculosis (TB), a chronic pulmonary infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), neutrophils harbor bacilli, are abundant in tissue lesions, and their abundances in blood correlate with poor disease outcomes in patients. The biology of these innate immune cells in TB is complex. Neutrophils have been assigned host-beneficial as well as deleterious roles. The short lifespan of neutrophils purified from blood poses challenges to cell biology studies, leaving intracellular biological processes and the precise consequences of Mtb–neutrophil interactions ill-defined. The phenotypic heterogeneity of neutrophils, and their propensity to engage in cellular cross-talk and to exert various functions during homeostasis and disease, have recently been reported, and such observations are newly emerging in TB. Here, we review the interactions of neutrophils with Mtb, including subcellular events and cell fate upon infection, and summarize the cross-talks between neutrophils and lung-residing and -recruited cells. We highlight the roles of neutrophils in TB pathophysiology, discussing recent findings from distinct models of pulmonary TB, and emphasize technical advances that could facilitate the discovery of novel neutrophil-related disease mechanisms and enrich our knowledge of TB pathogenesis.
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Kock R, Michel AL, Yeboah-Manu D, Azhar EI, Torrelles JB, Cadmus SI, Brunton L, Chakaya JM, Marais B, Mboera L, Rahim Z, Haider N, Zumla A. Zoonotic Tuberculosis - The Changing Landscape. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 113 Suppl 1:S68-S72. [PMID: 33713812 PMCID: PMC8672060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, Zoonotic TB remains a poorly monitored and an important unaddressed burden. Zoonotic TB primarily from consumption M. bovis contaminated unpasteurized dairy products. Novel zoonotic TB strains (e.g. M. orygis), warrants more attention and intervention. Early detection and control of M. bovis in cattle remains the mainstay of reducing zoonotic TB risk. Reverse zoonosis to animals of treatment resistant TB strains is a threat to eliminating TB.
Despite slow reductions in the annual burden of active human tuberculosis (TB) cases, zoonotic TB (zTB) remains a poorly monitored and an important unaddressed global problem. There is a higher incidence in some regions and countries, especially where close association exists between growing numbers of cattle (the major source of Mycobacterium bovis) and people, many suffering from poverty, and where dairy products are consumed unpasteurised. More attention needs to be focused on possible increased zTB incidence resulting from growth in dairy production globally and increased demand in low income countries in particular. Evidence of new zoonotic mycobacterial strains in South Asia and Africa (e.g. M. orygis), warrants urgent assessment of prevalence, potential drivers and risk in order to develop appropriate interventions. Control of M. bovis infection in cattle through detect and cull policies remain the mainstay of reducing zTB risk, whilst in certain circumstances animal vaccination is proving beneficial. New point of care diagnostics will help to detect animal infections and human cases. Given the high burden of human tuberculosis (caused by M. tuberculosis) in endemic areas, animals are affected by reverse zoonosis, including multi-drug resistant strains. This, may create drug resistant reservoirs of infection in animals. Like COVID-19, zTB is evolving in an ever-changing global landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kock
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences Department, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Anita L Michel
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis Research Programme, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Dorothy Yeboah-Manu
- Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana.
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, and Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Simeon I Cadmus
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Lucy Brunton
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences Department, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Jeremiah M Chakaya
- Department of Medicine, Therapeutics, Dermatology and Psychiatry, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine UK.
| | - Ben Marais
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Leonard Mboera
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Zeaur Rahim
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Najmul Haider
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences Department, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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7
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Allen AR, Ford T, Skuce RA. Does Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis Survival in the Environment Confound Bovine Tuberculosis Control and Eradication? A Literature Review. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:8812898. [PMID: 33628412 PMCID: PMC7880718 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8812898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is one of the globe's most common, multihost zoonoses and results in substantial socioeconomic costs for governments, farming industries, and tax payers. Despite decades of surveillance and research, surprisingly, little is known about the exact mechanisms of transmission. In particular, as a facultative intracellular pathogen, to what extent does survival of the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis (M. bovis), in the environment constitute an epidemiological risk for livestock and wildlife? Due largely to the classical pathology of cattle cases, the received wisdom was that bTB was spread by direct inhalation and exchange of bioaerosols containing droplets laden with bacteria. Other members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) exhibit differing host ranges, an apparent capacity to persist in environmental fomites, and they favour a range of different transmission routes. It is possible, therefore, that infection from environmental sources of M. bovis could be a disease transmission risk. Recent evidence from GPS-collared cattle and badgers in Britain and Ireland suggests that direct transmission by infectious droplets or aerosols may not be the main mechanism for interspecies transmission, raising the possibility of indirect transmission involving a contaminated, shared environment. The possibility that classical pulmonary TB can be simulated and recapitulated in laboratory animal models by ingestion of contaminated feed is a further intriguing indication of potential environmental risk. Livestock and wildlife are known to shed M. bovis onto pasture, soil, feedstuffs, water, and other fomites; field and laboratory studies have indicated that persistence is possible, but variable, under differing environmental conditions. Given the potential infection risk, it is timely to review the available evidence, experimental approaches, and methodologies that could be deployed to address this potential blind spot and control point. Although we focus on evidence from Western Europe, the concepts are widely applicable to other multihost bTB episystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian R. Allen
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Stoney Road Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Tom Ford
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Stoney Road Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Robin A. Skuce
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Stoney Road Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
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