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Sabino CP, Wainwright M, Ribeiro MS, Sellera FP, Dos Anjos C, Baptista MDS, Lincopan N. Global priority multidrug-resistant pathogens do not resist photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 208:111893. [PMID: 32446039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbial drug-resistance demands immediate implementation of novel therapeutic strategies. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) combines the administration of a photosensitizer (PS) compound with low-irradiance light to induce photochemical reactions that yield reactive oxygen species (ROS). Since ROS react with nearly all biomolecules, aPDT offers a powerful multitarget method to avoid selection of drug-resistant strains. In this study, we assayed photodynamic inactivation under a standardized method, combining methylene blue (MB) as PS and red light, against global priority pathogens. The species tested include Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Our strain collection presents resistance to all tested antimicrobials (>50). All drug-resistant strains were compared to their drug-sensitive counterparts. Regardless of resistance phenotype, MB-aPDT presented species-specific dose-response kinetics. More than 5log10 reduction was observed within less than 75 s of illumination for A. baumannii, E. coli, E. faecium, E. faecalis and S. aureus and within less than 7 min for K. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans and C. neoformans. No signs of correlations in between drug-resistance profiles and aPDT sensitivity were observed. Therefore, MB-aPDT can provide effective therapeutic protocols for a very broad spectrum of pathogens. Hence, we believe that this study represents a very important step to bring aPDT closer to implementation into mainstream medical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caetano Padial Sabino
- BioLambda, Scientific and Commercial LTD, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.; Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil..
| | - Mark Wainwright
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Martha Simões Ribeiro
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Nuclear, and Energy Research Institute, National Commission for Nuclear Energy, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Parra Sellera
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Dos Anjos
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Nilton Lincopan
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Simultaneous delivery of cytotoxic and biologic therapeutics using nanophotoactivatable liposomes enhances treatment efficacy in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 12:223-34. [PMID: 26390832 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A lack of intracellular delivery systems has limited the use of biologics such as monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that abrogate molecular signaling pathways activated to promote escape from cancer treatment. We hypothesized that intracellular co-delivery of the photocytotoxic chromophore benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid A (BPD) and the anti-VEGF mAb bevacizumab in a nanophotoactivatable liposome (nanoPAL) might enhance the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) combined with suppression of VEGF-mediated signaling pathways. As a proof-of-concept we found that nanoPAL-PDT induced enhanced extra- and intracellular bevacizumab delivery and enhanced acute cytotoxicity in vitro. In an in vivo subcutaneous mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, nanoPAL-PDT achieved significantly enhanced tumor reduction. We attribute this to the optimal incorporation of insoluble BPD into the lipid bilayer, enhancing photocytotoxicity, and the simultaneous spatiotemporal delivery of bevacizumab, ensuring efficient neutralization of the rapid but transient burst of VEGF following PDT. From the Clinical Editor: Most patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) by the time present the disease it is very advanced, which unavoidably translates to poor survival. For these patients, use of traditional chemotherapy often becomes ineffective due to tumor resistance to drugs. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be an effective modality against chemo-resistant cancers. In this article, the authors investigated the co-delivery of a photocytotoxic agent and anti-VEGF mAb using liposomes. This combination was shown to results in enhanced tumor killing. This method should be applicable to other combination of treatments.
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Jung Y, Nichols AJ, Klein OJ, Roussakis E, Evans CL. Label-Free, Longitudinal Visualization of PDT Response In Vitro with Optical Coherence Tomography. Isr J Chem 2012; 52:728-744. [PMID: 23316088 PMCID: PMC3538822 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in creating and optimizing therapeutics in the fight against cancer is visualizing and understanding the microscale spatiotemporal treatment response dynamics that occur in patients. This is especially true for photodynamic therapy (PDT), where therapeutic optimization relies on understanding the interplay between factors such as photosensitizer localization and uptake, in addition to light dose and delivery rate. In vitro 3D culture systems that recapitulate many of the biological features of human disease are powerful platforms for carrying out detailed studies on PDT response and resistance. Current techniques for visualizing these models, however, often lack accuracy due to the perturbative nature of the sample preparation, with light attenuation complicating the study of intact models. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an ideal method for the long-term, non-perturbative study of in vitro models and their response to PDT. Monitoring the response of 3D models to PDT by time-lapse OCT methods promises to provide new perspectives and open the way to cancer treatment methodologies that can be translated towards the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yookyung Jung
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (USA)
| | - Alexander J. Nichols
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (USA)
- Harvard University, Program in Biophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)
| | - Oliver J. Klein
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (USA)
| | - Emmanuel Roussakis
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (USA)
| | - Conor L. Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (USA)
- Harvard University, Program in Biophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)
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Milane L, Duan Z, Amiji M. Role of hypoxia and glycolysis in the development of multi-drug resistance in human tumor cells and the establishment of an orthotopic multi-drug resistant tumor model in nude mice using hypoxic pre-conditioning. Cancer Cell Int 2011; 11:3. [PMID: 21320311 PMCID: PMC3045873 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-11-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The development of multi-drug resistant (MDR) cancer is a significant challenge in the clinical treatment of recurrent disease. Hypoxia is an environmental selection pressure that contributes to the development of MDR. Many cancer cells, including MDR cells, resort to glycolysis for energy acquisition. This study aimed to explore the relationship between hypoxia, glycolysis, and MDR in a panel of human breast and ovarian cancer cells. A second aim of this study was to develop an orthotopic animal model of MDR breast cancer. Methods Nucleic and basal protein was extracted from a panel of human breast and ovarian cancer cells; MDR cells and cells pre-exposed to either normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Western blotting was used to assess the expression of MDR markers, hypoxia inducible factors, and glycolytic proteins. Tumor xenografts were established in the mammary fat pad of nu/nu mice using human breast cancer cells that were pre-exposed to either hypoxic or normoxic conditions. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the MDR character of excised tumors. Results Hypoxia induces MDR and glycolysis in vitro, but the cellular response is cell-line specific and duration dependent. Using hypoxic, triple-negative breast cancer cells to establish 100 mm3 tumor xenografts in nude mice is a relevant model for MDR breast cancer. Conclusion Hypoxic pre-conditiong and xenografting may be used to develop a multitude of orthotopic models for MDR cancer aiding in the study and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Milane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Preise D, Scherz A, Salomon Y. Antitumor immunity promoted by vascular occluding therapy: lessons from vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP). Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:681-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00315h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Design of porphyrin-based photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385904-4.00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Casas A, Di Venosa G, Hasan T, Al Batlle. Mechanisms of resistance to photodynamic therapy. Curr Med Chem 2011; 18:2486-515. [PMID: 21568910 PMCID: PMC3780570 DOI: 10.2174/092986711795843272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the administration of a photosensitizer (PS) followed by illumination with visible light, leading to generation of reactive oxygen species. The mechanisms of resistance to PDT ascribed to the PS may be shared with the general mechanisms of drug resistance, and are related to altered drug uptake and efflux rates or altered intracellular trafficking. As a second step, an increased inactivation of oxygen reactive species is also associated to PDT resistance via antioxidant detoxifying enzymes and activation of heat shock proteins. Induction of stress response genes also occurs after PDT, resulting in modulation of proliferation, cell detachment and inducing survival pathways among other multiple extracellular signalling events. In addition, an increased repair of induced damage to proteins, membranes and occasionally to DNA may happen. PDT-induced tissue hypoxia as a result of vascular damage and photochemical oxygen consumption may also contribute to the appearance of resistant cells. The structure of the PS is believed to be a key point in the development of resistance, being probably related to its particular subcellular localization. Although most of the features have already been described for chemoresistance, in many cases, no cross-resistance between PDT and chemotherapy has been reported. These findings are in line with the enhancement of PDT efficacy by combination with chemotherapy. The study of cross resistance in cells with developed resistance against a particular PS challenged against other PS is also highly complex and comprises different mechanisms. In this review we will classify the different features observed in PDT resistance, leading to a comparison with the mechanisms most commonly found in chemo resistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Casas
- Centro de Invesigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET and Hospital de Clinicas José de San Martin, University of Buenos Aires Córdoba 2351 ler subsuelo, Argentina.
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Tian B, Eriksson ESE, Eriksson LA. Can Range-Separated and Hybrid DFT Functionals Predict Low-Lying Excitations? A Tookad Case Study. J Chem Theory Comput 2010; 6:2086-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ct100148h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Boxue Tian
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland and Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Emma S. E. Eriksson
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland and Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Leif A. Eriksson
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland and Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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Preise D, Oren R, Glinert I, Kalchenko V, Jung S, Scherz A, Salomon Y. Systemic antitumor protection by vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy involves cellular and humoral immunity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:71-84. [PMID: 18488222 PMCID: PMC11030999 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0527-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP) takes advantage of intravascular excitation of a photosensitizer (PS) to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS are potent mediators of vascular damage inducing rapid local thrombus formation, vascular occlusion, and tissue hypoxia. This light-controlled process is used for the eradication of solid tumors with Pd-bacteriochlorophyll derivatives (Bchl) as PS. Unlike classical photodynamic therapy (PDT), cancer cells are not the primary target for VTP but instead are destroyed by treatment-induced oxygen deprivation. VTP initiates acute local inflammation inside the illuminated area accompanied by massive tumor tissue death. Consequently, in the present study, we addressed the possibility of immune response induction by the treatment that may be considered as an integral part of the mechanism of VTP-mediated tumor eradication. The effect of VTP on the host immune system was investigated using WST11, which is now in phase II clinical trials for age-related macular degeneration and intended to be evaluated for cancer therapy. We found that a functional immune system is essential for successful VTP. Long-lasting systemic antitumor immunity was induced by VTP involving both cellular and humoral components. The antitumor effect was cross-protective against mismatched tumors, suggesting VTP-mediated production of overlapping tumor antigens, possibly from endothelial origin. Based on our findings we suggest that local VTP might be utilized in combination with other anticancer therapies (e.g., immunotherapy) for the enhancement of host antitumor immunity in the treatment of both local and disseminated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Preise
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Roni Oren
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Itai Glinert
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vyacheslav Kalchenko
- Department of Veterinary Resources, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Chemical Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avigdor Scherz
- Department of Plant Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoram Salomon
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Huang Z, Xu H, Meyers AD, Musani AI, Wang L, Tagg R, Barqawi AB, Chen YK. Photodynamic therapy for treatment of solid tumors--potential and technical challenges. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2008; 7:309-20. [PMID: 18642969 DOI: 10.1177/153303460800700405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the administration of photosensitizer followed by local illumination with visible light of specific wavelength(s). In the presence of oxygen molecules, the light illumination of photosensitizer can lead to a series of photochemical reactions and consequently the generation of cytotoxic species. The quantity and location of PDT-induced cytotoxic species determine the nature and consequence of PDT. Much progress has been seen in both basic research and clinical application in recent years. Although the majority of approved PDT clinical protocols have primarily been used for the treatment of superficial lesions of both malignant and non-malignant diseases, interstitial PDT for the ablation of deep-seated solid tumors are now being investigated worldwide. The complexity of the geometry and non-homogeneity of solid tumor pose a great challenge on the implementation of minimally invasive interstitial PDT and the estimation of PDT dosimetry. This review will discuss the recent progress and technical challenges of various forms of interstitial PDT for the treatment of parenchymal and/or stromal tissues of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Huang
- University of Colorado Denver, Aurora Campus, CO, USA.
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Fleshker S, Preise D, Kalchenko V, Scherz A, Salomon Y. Prompt Assessment of WST11-VTP Outcome Using Luciferase Transfected Tumors Enables Second Treatment and Increase in Overall Therapeutic Rate. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:1231-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment (Stroma) for Treatment of Metastasis. Angiogenesis 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-71518-6_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tempel-Brami C, Pinkas I, Scherz A, Salomon Y. Detection of light images by simple tissues as visualized by photosensitized magnetic resonance imaging. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1191. [PMID: 18030327 PMCID: PMC2077809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we show how light can be absorbed by the body of a living rat due to an injected pigment circulating in the blood stream. This process is then physiologically translated in the tissue into a chemical signature that can be perceived as an image by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We previously reported that illumination of an injected photosynthetic bacteriochlorophyll-derived pigment leads to a generation of reactive oxygen species, upon oxygen consumption in the blood stream. Consequently, paramagnetic deoxyhemoglobin accumulating in the illuminated area induces changes in image contrast, detectable by a Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD)-MRI protocol, termed photosensitized (ps)MRI. Here, we show that laser beam pulses synchronously trigger BOLD-contrast transients in the tissue, allowing representation of the luminous spatiotemporal profile, as a contrast map, on the MR monitor. Regions with enhanced BOLD-contrast (7-61 fold) were deduced as illuminated, and were found to overlap with the anatomical location of the incident light. Thus, we conclude that luminous information can be captured and translated by typical oxygen exchange processes in the blood of ordinary tissues, and made visible by psMRI (Fig. 1). This process represents a new channel for communicating environmental light into the body in certain analogy to light absorption by visual pigments in the retina where image perception takes place in the central nervous system. Potential applications of this finding may include: non-invasive intra-operative light guidance and follow-up of photodynamic interventions, determination of light diffusion in opaque tissues for optical imaging and possible assistance to the blind.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iddo Pinkas
- Department of Plant Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avigdor Scherz
- Department of Plant Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoram Salomon
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot Israel
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Laissue JA, Blattmann H, Wagner HP, Grotzer MA, Slatkin DN. Prospects for microbeam radiation therapy of brain tumours in children to reduce neurological sequelae. Dev Med Child Neurol 2007; 49:577-81. [PMID: 17635201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microbeam radiation therapy (MRT), a form of experimental radiosurgery of tumours using multiple parallel, planar, micrometres-wide, synchrotron-generated X-ray beams ('microbeams'), can safely deliver radiation doses to contiguous normal animal tissues that are much higher than the maximum doses tolerated by the same normal tissues of animals or patients from any standard millimetres-wide radiosurgical beam. An array of parallel microbeams, even in doses that cause little damage to radiosensitive developing tissues, for example, the chick chorioallantoic membrane, can inhibit growth or ablate some transplanted malignant tumours in rodents. The cerebella of 100 normal 20 to 38g suckling Sprague-Dawley rat pups and of 13 normal 5 to 12kg weanling Yorkshire piglets were irradiated with an array of parallel, synchrotron-wiggler-generated X-ray microbeams in doses overlapping the MRT-relevant range (about 50-600Gy) using the ID17 wiggler beamline tangential to the 6GeV electron synchrotron ring at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France. Subsequent favourable development of most animals over at least 1 year suggests that MRT might be used to treat children's brain tumours with less risk to the development of the central nervous system than is presently the case when using wider beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Laissue
- Institut für Pathologie der Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Brandis A, Mazor O, Neumark E, Rosenbach-Belkin V, Salomon Y, Scherz A. Novel Water-soluble Bacteriochlorophyll Derivatives for Vascular-targeted Photodynamic Therapy: Synthesis, Solubility, Phototoxicity and the Effect of Serum Proteins¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2005.tb01473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mazor O, Brandis A, Plaks V, Neumark E, Rosenbach-Belkin V, Salomon Y, Scherz A. WST11, A Novel Water-soluble Bacteriochlorophyll Derivative; Cellular Uptake, Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution and Vascular-targeted Photodynamic Activity Using Melanoma Tumors as a Model¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2005.tb00193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Laptev R, Nisnevitch M, Siboni G, Malik Z, Firer MA. Intracellular chemiluminescence activates targeted photodynamic destruction of leukaemic cells. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:189-96. [PMID: 16819545 PMCID: PMC2360622 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves a two-stage process. A light-absorbing photosensitiser (Ps) is endocytosed and then stimulated by light, inducing transfer of energy to a cytoplasmic acceptor molecule and the generation of reactive oxygen species that initiate damage to cellular membrane components and cytolysis. The expanded use of PDT in the clinic is hindered by the lack of Ps target-cell specificity and the limited tissue penetration by external light radiation. This study demonstrates that bioconjugates composed of transferrin and haematoporphyrin (Tf–Hp), significantly improve the specificity and efficiency of PDT for erythroleukemic cells by a factor of almost seven-fold. Fluorescence microscopy showed that the conjugates accumulate in intracellular vesicles whereas free Hp was mostly membrane bound. Experiments with cells deliberately exposed to Tf–Hp at <LD100 doses showed that surviving cells did not develop resistance to subsequent treatments with the conjugate. Furthermore, we show that the compound luminol induces intracellular chemiluminescence. This strategy was then used to obviate the use of external radiation for Ps activation by incubating the cells with luminol either before or together with Tf–Hp. This novel chemical means of PDT activation induced cytotoxicity in 95% of cells. These combined approaches provide an opportunity to develop broader and more effective applications of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Laptev
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, College of Judea and Samaria, Ariel 44837, Israel
| | - M Nisnevitch
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, College of Judea and Samaria, Ariel 44837, Israel
| | - G Siboni
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Z Malik
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - M A Firer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, College of Judea and Samaria, Ariel 44837, Israel
- E-mail:
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Kim SJ, Uehara H, Yazici S, Busby JE, Nakamura T, He J, Maya M, Logothetis C, Mathew P, Wang X, Do KA, Fan D, Fidler IJ. Targeting platelet-derived growth factor receptor on endothelial cells of multidrug-resistant prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98:783-93. [PMID: 16757703 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djj211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibiting phosphorylation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) by treatment with the PDGFR kinase inhibitor imatinib and the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel reduces the incidence and size of human prostate cancer bone lesions in nude mice. Because tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells express activated PDGFR, the primary target for imatinib has been unclear. METHODS We selected multidrug-resistant human PC-3MM2 prostate cancer cells (termed PC-3MM2-MDR cells) by culturing them in increasing concentrations of paclitaxel. PC-3MM2-MDR cells were implanted into one tibia of 80 nude mice. Two weeks later, the mice were randomly assigned to receive distilled water (control group), paclitaxel, imatinib, or imatinib plus paclitaxel for 10 weeks (20 mice per group). Tumor incidence and weight, bone structure preservation and osteolysis, and the incidence of lymph node metastasis were determined. The phosphorylation status of PDGFR on tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells and levels of apoptosis were examined with immunohistochemical analyses. Microvessel density was assessed as the number of cells expressing CD31/platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1). All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS PC-3MM2-MDR cells were resistant to paclitaxel and imatinib in vitro. Treatment of implanted mice with imatinib plus paclitaxel led to statistically significant decreases in bone tumor incidence (control = 19 mice with tumors of 19 mice total; imatinib plus paclitaxel = four of 18 mice; P < .001), median tumor weight (control = 1.3 g, interquartile range [IQR] = 1.0-1.9; imatinib plus paclitaxel = 0.1 g, IQR = 0-0.3; P < .001), bone lysis, and the incidence of lymph node metastasis (control = 19 of 19 mice total; imatinib plus paclitaxel = three of 18 mice; P < .001). Treatment with imatinib alone had similar effects, and imatinib treatment also inhibited phosphorylation of PDGFR on tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells and increased the level of apoptosis of endothelial cells, but not tumor cells. Treatment with imatinib and more so with imatinib and paclitaxel decreased mean vessel density (three CD31/PECAM-1-positive cells, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0 to 9; and control group = 38 CD31/PECAM-1-positive cells, 95% CI = 17 to 59) (P < .001), which was followed by apoptosis of tumor cells. CONCLUSION Tumor-associated endothelial cells, rather than tumor cells themselves, appear to be the target for imatinib in prostate cancer bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Jin Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Rehemtulla A, Ross BD. A review of the past, present, and future directions of neoplasia. Neoplasia 2006; 7:1039-46. [PMID: 16354585 PMCID: PMC1501177 DOI: 10.1593/neo.05793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Vilensky J, Koudinova NV, Harmelin A, Scherz A, Salomon Y. Vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP) of a canine-transmissible venereal tumour in a murine model with Pd-bacteriopheophorbide (WST09). Vet Comp Oncol 2005; 3:182-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5810.2005.00078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Vakrat-Haglili Y, Weiner L, Brumfeld V, Brandis A, Salomon Y, McLlroy B, Wilson BC, Pawlak A, Rozanowska M, Sarna T, Scherz A. The microenvironment effect on the generation of reactive oxygen species by Pd-bacteriopheophorbide. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:6487-97. [PMID: 15853357 DOI: 10.1021/ja046210j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the hallmark of important biological processes and photodynamic therapy (PDT), where ROS production results from in situ illumination of certain dyes. Here we test the hypothesis that the yield, fate, and efficacy of the species evolved highly depend on the dye's environment. We show that Pd-bacteriopheophorbide (Pd-Bpheid), a useful reagent for vascular targeted PDT (VTP) of solid tumors, which has recently entered into phase II clinical trials under the code name WST09 (trade name TOOKAD), forms appreciable amounts of hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals, and probably hydrogen peroxide in aqueous medium but not in organic solvents where singlet oxygen almost exclusively forms. Evidence is provided by pico- and nanosecond time-resolved spectroscopies, ESR spectroscopy with spin-traps, time-resolved singlet oxygen phosphorescence, and chemical product analysis. The quantum yield for singlet oxygen formation falls from approximately 1 in organic solvents to approximately 0.5 in membrane-like systems (micelles or liposomes), where superoxide and hydroxyl radicals form at a minimal quantum yield of 0.1%. Analysis of photochemical products suggests that the formation of oxygen radicals involves both electron and proton transfer from (3)Pd-Bpheid at the membrane/water interface to a colliding oxygen molecule, consequently forming superoxide, then hydrogen peroxide, and finally hydroxyl radicals, with no need for metal catalysis. The ability of bacteriochlorophyll (Bchl) derivatives to form such radicals upon excitation at the near infrared (NIR) domain opens new avenues in PDT and research of redox regulation in animals and plants.
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22
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Posen Y, Kalchenko V, Seger R, Brandis A, Scherz A, Salomon Y. Manipulation of redox signaling in mammalian cells enabled by controlled photogeneration of reactive oxygen species. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:1957-69. [PMID: 15840654 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) comprise a group of noxious byproducts of oxidative processes which participate in the induction of many common diseases. However, understanding their role in the regulation of normal physiological redox signaling is currently evolving. Detailed study of the dynamic functions of ROS within the biological milieu is difficult because of their high chemical reactivity, short lifetime, minute concentrations and cytotoxicity at high concentrations. In this study, we show that increasing intracellular ROS levels, set off by controlled in situ photogeneration of a nontoxic bacteriochlorophyll-based sensitizer initiate responses in cultured melanoma cells. Using hydroethidine as detector, we determined light-dependent generation of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals in cell-free and cell culture models. Monitoring the ROS-induced responses revealed individual and differential behavior of protein kinases [p38, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Akt] as well as effects on the subcellular distribution of phosphorylated p38. Furthermore, alterations in morphology and motility and effects on cell viability as a function of time and photosensitizer doses were observed. Following mild ROS challenge, enzymatic and cellular changes were observed in the majority of the cells, without inducing extensive cell death. However, upon vigorous ROS challenge, a similar profile of the overall responses was observed, terminating in cell death. This study shows that precisely controlled photogeneration of ROS can provide simple, fine-tuned, noninvasive manipulation of ROS-sensitive cellular responses ranging from individual enzymes to gross behavior of target cells. The observations made with this tool enable a dynamic and causal correlation, presenting a new alternative for studying the role of ROS in cellular redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehudit Posen
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Chen B, Pogue BW, Zhou X, O'Hara JA, Solban N, Demidenko E, Hoopes PJ, Hasan T. Effect of Tumor Host Microenvironment on Photodynamic Therapy in a Rat Prostate Tumor Model. Clin Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.720.11.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Tumor host microenvironment plays an important role in tumor growth, metastasis, and response to cancer therapy. In this study, the influence of tumor host environment on tumor pathophysiology, photosensitizer distribution, and photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment effect was examined in the metastatic at lymph node and lung (MatLyLu) rat prostate tumor.
Experimental Design: MatLyLu tumors implanted in different host environment [i.e., orthotopically (in the prostate) or s.c.] were compared for difference in vessel density, average vessel size, vascular permeability, tumor vascular endothelial growth factor production, and tumor oxygenation. Uptake of photosensitizer verteporfin in tumors in both sites was determined by fluorescence microscopy. To compare tumor response to PDT, both orthotopic and s.c. MatLyLu tumors were given the same doses of verteporfin and laser light treatment, and PDT-induced tumor necrotic area was measured histologically.
Results: Orthotopic MatLyLu tumors were found to grow faster, have higher vessel density and more permeable vasculature, have higher vascular endothelial growth factor protein levels, and have lower tumor hypoxic fraction than the s.c. tumors. Uptake of photosensitizer verteporfin in the orthotopic tumor was higher than in the s.c. tumors at 15 minutes after injection (1 mg/kg, i.v.), and became similar at 3 hours after injection. For the vascular targeting PDT treatment (0.25 mg/kg verteporfin, 50 J/cm2 at 50 mW/cm2, 15 minutes drug-light interval), there was no significant difference in PDT-induced tumor necrotic area between the orthotopic and s.c. tumors, with 85% to 90% necrosis in both types of tumors. However, tumor necrosis induced by the cellular targeting PDT (1 mg/kg verteporfin, 50 J/cm2 at 50 mW/cm2, 3 hours drug-light interval) was significantly different in the orthotopic (64%) versus the s.c. (29%) tumors.
Conclusions: Tumor host environment can significantly affect photosensitizer verteporfin distribution and PDT treatment effect. Verteporfin-PDT regimen targeting tumor cells is more sensitive to such influence than the vascular targeting PDT. Our study showed the importance of tumor host environment in determining tumor physiologic properties and tumor response to PDT. To obtain clinically relevant information, orthotopic tumor model should be used in the experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- 1Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College and
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- 1Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College and
- 5Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaodong Zhou
- 1Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College and
| | - Julia A. O'Hara
- 2Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Nicolas Solban
- 4Department of Surgery, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire; and
| | - Eugene Demidenko
- 3Division of Biostatistics, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and
| | - P. Jack Hoopes
- 1Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College and
- 4Department of Surgery, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire; and
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- 4Department of Surgery, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire; and
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Brandis A, Mazor O, Neumark E, Rosenbach-Belkin V, Salomon Y, Scherz A. Novel Water-soluble Bacteriochlorophyll Derivatives for Vascular-targeted Photodynamic Therapy: Synthesis, Solubility, Phototoxicity and the Effect of Serum Proteins¶. Photochem Photobiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1562/2004-12-01-ra-389r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mazor O, Brandis A, Plaks V, Neumark E, Rosenbach-Belkin V, Salomon Y, Scherz A. WST11, A Novel Water-soluble Bacteriochlorophyll Derivative; Cellular Uptake, Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution and Vascular-targeted Photodynamic Activity Using Melanoma Tumors as a Model¶. Photochem Photobiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1562/2004-06-14-ra-199.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Plaks V, Koudinova N, Nevo U, Pinthus JH, Kanety H, Eshhar Z, Ramon J, Scherz A, Neeman M, Salomon Y. Photodynamic therapy of established prostatic adenocarcinoma with TOOKAD: a biphasic apparent diffusion coefficient change as potential early MRI response marker. Neoplasia 2004; 6:224-33. [PMID: 15153334 PMCID: PMC1502095 DOI: 10.1593/neo.3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to examine the use of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) for the assessment of early progression of photodamage induced by Pd-bacteriopheophorbide (TOOKAD)-based photodynamic therapy (PDT). TOOKAD is a novel second-generation photosensitizer for PDT of solid tumors developed in our laboratory and presently under clinical trials for prostate cancer (PC) therapy. Using the subcutaneous human prostate adenocarcinoma WISH-PC14 xenografts in nude mice as a model, a unique biphasic change in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was observed within the first 24 hours post-PDT, with initial decrease followed by an increase in ADC. Using DW-MRI, this phenomenon enables the detection of successful tumor response to PDT within 7 hours posttreatment. This process was validated by direct, histological, and immunohistochemical examinations and also by evaluation of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels that decreased significantly already 7 hours posttreatment. In vitro studies of multicellular cell spheroids confirmed a PDT-induced decrease in ADC, suggesting that lipid peroxidation (LPO) significantly contributes to ADC decline observed after PDT. These results demonstrate that TOOKAD-based PDT successfully eradicates prostate adenocarcinoma xenografts and suggests DW-MRI to be useful for the detection of early tumor response and treatment outcome in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Plaks
- Department of Biological Regulation Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Uri Nevo
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Tel-Aviv University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Jehonathan H Pinthus
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Department of Urology Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Hannah Kanety
- Department of Urology Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Zelig Eshhar
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jacob Ramon
- Department of Biological Regulation Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Avigdor Scherz
- Department of Plant Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michal Neeman
- Department of Biological Regulation Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yoram Salomon
- Department of Biological Regulation Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Coming of Age in the Life of Neoplasia. Neoplasia 2004. [DOI: 10.1593/neo.6-6ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Plaks V, Posen Y, Mazor O, Brandis A, Scherz A, Salomon Y. Homologous adaptation to oxidative stress induced by the photosensitized Pd-bacteriochlorophyll derivative (WST11) in cultured endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:45713-20. [PMID: 15339936 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403515200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Various forms of cellular stress induce adaptive responses through poorly understood mechanisms. In maintaining homeostasis, endothelial cells respond and adapt to changes in oxidative stress that prevail in the circulation. Endothelial cells are also the target of many oxidative stress-based vascular therapies. The objectives of this study were to determine whether endothelial cells adapt to oxidative stress induced upon the photosensitization of WST11 (a water-soluble Pd-bacteriochlorophyll derivative being developed as a photodynamic agent) and to study possible cellular mechanisms involved. The hallmark of WST11-based photodynamic therapy is the in situ generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species causing vascular shutdown, hypoxia, and tumor eradication. Here we demonstrated that photodynamic therapy also induces adaptive responses and tolerance following a sublethal preconditioning of endothelial cells with the same (homologous) or different (heterologous) stressor. A link among p38 MAPK activity, expression of hsp70 and hsp27, and homologous adaptation to reactive oxygen species induced by photosensitized WST11 was established. In addition to characterization of some key proteins involved, our observations provide a beneficial new working tool for the studies of mechanisms involved in oxidative stress and adaptation using light-controlled photosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Plaks
- Departments of Biological Regulation and Plant Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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29
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Photodynamic Therapy of Established Prostatic Adenocarcinoma with TOOKAD: A Biphasic Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Change as Potential Early MRI Response Marker. Neoplasia 2004. [DOI: 10.1593/neo.03352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Gross S, Gilead A, Scherz A, Neeman M, Salomon Y. Monitoring photodynamic therapy of solid tumors online by BOLD-contrast MRI. Nat Med 2003; 9:1327-31. [PMID: 14502284 DOI: 10.1038/nm940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2002] [Accepted: 08/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Antivascular photodynamic therapy (PDT) of tumors with palladium-bacteriopheophorbide (TOOKAD) relies on in situ photosensitization of the circulating drug by local generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species, which leads to rapid vascular occlusion, stasis, necrosis and tumor eradication. Intravascular production of reactive oxygen species is associated with photoconsumption of O(2) and consequent evolution of paramagnetic deoxyhemoglobin. In this study we evaluate the use of blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for real-time monitoring of PDT efficacy. Using a solid tumor model, we show that TOOKAD-PDT generates appreciable attenuation (25-40%) of the magnetic resonance signal, solely at the illuminated tumor site. This phenomenon is independent of, though augmented by, ensuing changes in blood flow. These results were validated by immunohistochemistry and intravital microscopy. The concept of photosensitized BOLD-contrast MRI may have intraoperative applications in interactive guidance and monitoring of antivascular cancer therapy, PDT treatment of macular degeneration, interventional cardiology and possibly other biomedical disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimon Gross
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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