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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Prusty
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha, India
| | - Sarat K. Swain
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha, India
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Al Bandar MH, Kim NK. Current status and future perspectives on treatment of liver metastasis in colorectal cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2553-2564. [PMID: 28350137 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver metastasis is the most common site of colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis. Approximately half of all colorectal cancer patients will develop liver metastases. Although radical surgery is the standard treatment modality, only 10-20% of patients are deemed eligible for resection. Despite advances in survival with chemotherapy, surgical resection is still considered the only curative option for patients with liver metastases. Much effort has been expended to address patients with metastatic liver disease. The majority of evidence stated a significant survival benefit with surgical resection to reach an overall 5-year survival rate of 35-55% after hepatic resection. However, still majority of patients will experience disease recurrence even after a successful resection. In this review, we describe current status and controversies related to treatment options for CRC liver metastases and its potential for enhancing oncologic outcomes and improving quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hussain Al Bandar
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Kyu Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
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Navez J, Remue C, Leonard D, Bachmann R, Kartheuser A, Hubert C, Coubeau L, Komuta M, Van den Eynde M, Zech F, Jabbour N. Surgical Treatment of Colorectal Cancer with Peritoneal and Liver Metastases Using Combined Liver and Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy: Report from a Single-Centre Experience. Ann Surg Oncol 2016; 23:666-673. [PMID: 27646023 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-016-5543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapeutic advances have enabled successful cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) expansion in treating metastatic colorectal cancer. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to evaluate the safety of combining liver surgery (LS) with HIPEC and CRS (which remains controversial) and its impact on overall survival (OS) rates. METHODS From 2007 to 2015, a total of 77 patients underwent CRS/HIPEC for peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) of colorectal cancer. Twenty-five of these patients underwent concomitant LS for suspicion of liver metastases (LM; group 2), and were compared with patients who underwent CRS/HIPEC only (group 1). Demographic and clinical data were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS Among the group 2 patients, two underwent major hepatectomies, six underwent multiple wedge resections, 16 underwent single wedge resections (one with radiofrequency ablation), and one underwent radiofrequency ablation alone. For groups 1 and 2, median peritoneal cancer index was 6 and 10 (range 0-26; p = 0.08), complication rates were 15.4 and 32.0 % (Dindo-Clavien ≥3; p = 0.15), and median follow-up was 34.2 and 25.5 months (range 0-75 and 3-97), respectively. One group 2 patient died of septic shock after 66 days. Pathology confirmed LM in 21 patients in group 2 (four with benign hepatic lesions were excluded from long-term outcome analysis). Two-year OS rates were 89.5 and 70.2 % (p = 0.04), and 2-year recurrence-free survival rates were 38.3 and 13.4 % (p = 0.01) in groups 1 and 2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous surgery for colorectal LM and PC is both feasible and safe, with low postoperative morbidity. Further longer-term studies would help determine its impact on patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Navez
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit, Department of Abdominal Surgery and Transplantation, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Abdominal Surgery and Transplantation, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe Remue
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Abdominal Surgery and Transplantation, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel Leonard
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Abdominal Surgery and Transplantation, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Radu Bachmann
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Abdominal Surgery and Transplantation, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alex Kartheuser
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Abdominal Surgery and Transplantation, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Hubert
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit, Department of Abdominal Surgery and Transplantation, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Coubeau
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit, Department of Abdominal Surgery and Transplantation, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mina Komuta
- Department of Pathology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Van den Eynde
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Francis Zech
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Jabbour
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit, Department of Abdominal Surgery and Transplantation, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Misiakos EP, Karidis NP, Kouraklis G. Current treatment for colorectal liver metastases. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:4067-75. [PMID: 22039320 PMCID: PMC3203357 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i36.4067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgical resection offers the best opportunity for survival in patients with colorectal cancer metastatic to the liver, with five-year survival rates up to 58% in selected cases. However, only a minority are resectable at the time of diagnosis. Continuous research in this field aims at increasing the percentage of patients eligible for resection, refining the indications and contraindications for surgery, and improving overall survival. The use of surgical innovations, such as staged resection, portal vein embolization, and repeat resection has allowed higher resection rates in patients with bilobar disease. The use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy allows up to 38% of patients previously considered unresectable to be significantly downstaged and eligible for hepatic resection. Ablative techniques have gained wide acceptance as an adjunct to surgical resection and in the management of patients who are not surgical candidates. Current management of colorectal liver metastases requires a multidisciplinary approach, which should be individualized in each case.
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Pathak S, Jones R, Tang JMF, Parmar C, Fenwick S, Malik H, Poston G. Ablative therapies for colorectal liver metastases: a systematic review. Colorectal Dis 2011; 13:e252-65. [PMID: 21689362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2011.02695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM The standard treatment for colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) is surgical resection. Only 20-30% of patients are deemed suitable for surgery. Recently, much attention has focused on ablative therapies either to treat unresectable CRLM or to extend the margins of resectability. This review aims to assess the long-term outcome and complication rates of various ablative therapies used in the management of CRLM. METHOD A literature search was performed of electronic databases including Medline, Cochrane Collaboration Library and the National Library of Medicine's ClinicalTrials.gov. Inclusion criteria were ablation for CRLM with minimum 1 year follow-up and >10 patients, published between January 1994 and January 2010. RESULTS In all, 226 potentially relevant studies were identified, of which 75 met the inclusion criteria. Cryotherapy (26 studies) had local recurrence rates of 12-39%, with mean 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates of 84%, 37% and 17%. The major complication rate ranged from 7% to 66%. Microwave ablation (13 studies) had a local recurrence rate of 5-13%, with a mean 1-, 3- and 5-year survival of 73%, 30% and 16%, and a major complication rate ranging from 3% to 16%. Radiofrequency ablation (36 studies) had a local recurrence rate of 10-31%, with a mean 1-, 3- and 5-year survival of 85%, 36% and 24%, with major complication rate ranging from 0% to 33%. CONCLUSION Ablative therapies offer significantly improved survival compared with palliative chemotherapy alone with 5-year survival rates of 17-24%. Complication rates amongst commonly used techniques are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pathak
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Aintree University NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
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Liver ablation techniques: a review. Surg Endosc 2009; 24:254-65. [PMID: 19554370 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-009-0590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ablation techniques for unresectable liver carcinomas have evolved immensely since their introduction. Results of studies involving these techniques are restricted to reports of patient case series, which are often not presented in a standardised manner. This review aims to summarise the major studies in ablation technologies and present them in a way that may make comparison between the major modalities easier. METHODS All major databases (Medline, Cochrane, Embase and Pubmed) were searched for studies using microwave, radiofrequency or cryoablation to treat unresectable liver tumours. Only studies with at least 30 patients and 3-year follow-up were included. Complication, recurrence and survival rates of all studies are summarised and presented. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION It is difficult to compare ablation modalities, as probe design and energy sources have evolved rapidly over the last decade. Ablation offers an invaluable palliative option and in some cases it may offer rates of cure approaching that of surgical resection with lower morbidity and mortality. Perhaps the time has come, therefore, for prospective large-scale randomised control trials to take place comparing ablation modalities to each other and surgical resection.
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Garcea G, Ong SL, Maddern GJ. Inoperable colorectal liver metastases: a declining entity? Eur J Cancer 2008; 44:2555-72. [PMID: 18755585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Untreated colorectal liver metastases (CLMs) have a dismal prognosis. Surgery remains the gold standard of treatment, but many patients will have inoperable disease at presentation. Until recently, the outlook for such patients was bleak. The purpose of this review was to report on available options in the treatment CLMs, which would be considered unresectable by conventional evaluation. METHODS Inclusion criteria were articles published in English-language journals reporting on either retrospective or prospective cohorts of patients undergoing treatment for conventionally inoperable CLM. Main outcome measures were survival, resectability rates, morbidity and mortality following treatment of the patients' disease. RESULTS Improved chemotherapy regimes and other innovative treatments have opened up new options for such patients and may even render conventionally inoperable disease resectable. The aim of treatment should be down-staging of metastases to achieve resectability, however, other treatments such as ablation may be also be used (either alone or in conjunction with resection). CONCLUSION A nihilistic attitude to the patient with seemingly inoperable liver metastases should be discouraged. Discussion of such patients at multi-disciplinary meetings is essential in order to plan and monitor treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Garcea
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Riffat F, Niu R, Zhu C, Chu F, Morris DL. Impact of preoperative positron emission tomography scans on survival after liver resection for metastatic colorectal cancer. SURGICAL PRACTICE 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-1633.2008.00399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bringing unresectable liver disease to resection with curative intent. Eur J Surg Oncol 2007; 33 Suppl 2:S42-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2007.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Hou RM, Chu F, Zhao J, Morris DL. The effects of surgical margin and edge cryotherapy after liver resection for colorectal cancer metastases. HPB (Oxford) 2007; 9:201-7. [PMID: 18333223 PMCID: PMC2063602 DOI: 10.1080/13651820701275113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A 1 cm margin seen at operation is typically the minimally acceptable margin for liver resections. Patients who fail to achieve this margin are routinely treated with edge cryotherapy at our unit. This paper aims to assess the benefit of edge cryotherapy on survival in patients with such suboptimal margins. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between January 1990 and February 2006, 608 patients underwent liver resection and/or cryotherapy for colorectal cancer metastases. All liver resections were performed using the CUSA transection method. Data on marginal status were available for 398 patients. Patient demographics, number and size of liver lesions, preoperative and postoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), extent of liver resection, margin status, site and date of recurrence, date of last follow-up and death were examined. RESULTS There were 175 patients in the R0 group (>1 cm macroscopic and > or = 1 mm microscopic margin), 103 patients in the R1 group (>1 cm macroscopic and <1 mm microscopic margin) and 120 patients in the R2 group (< or = 1 cm macroscopic margin and received edge cryotherapy). After a median follow-up of 63 months, there were no significant difference between the 5-year survival rates for R0, R1 and R2 (40%, 30% and 28%, respectively). CONCLUSION As long as the surgical margin is clear macroscopically, the microscopic margin width does not affect survival. In patients with suboptimal margins, the addition of edge cryotherapy improves the prospect for long-term survival and may lower recurrence risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M. Hou
- Department of Surgery, University of New South Wales, St George HospitalSydneyAustralia
| | - Francis Chu
- Department of Surgery, University of New South Wales, St George HospitalSydneyAustralia
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University of New South Wales, St George HospitalSydneyAustralia
| | - David L. Morris
- Department of Surgery, University of New South Wales, St George HospitalSydneyAustralia
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C.G. Martin
- From the Division of Surgical Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, Kentucky
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Hao CY, Ji JF. Surgical treatment of liver metastases of colorectal cancer: Strategies and controversies in 2006. Eur J Surg Oncol 2006; 32:473-83. [PMID: 16580172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2006.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To review the latest strategies and controversies in the surgical treatment of liver metastases of colorectal cancer systemically and comprehensively. METHODS A medline based literature search on relevant topics was performed in PubMed for key articles concerning the novel strategies and controversies in the management of liver metastases of colorectal cancer. Some information was obtained from 'Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol' published recently. The findings and discussions were related to our own experiences. RESULTS Although for well-indicated patients, a consensus has been reached that hepatic resection is the only management that could provide the patients curability, there still exist many controversies, such as the prognostic evaluation, contraindications to hepatic resection, treatment for synchronous liver metastases, the place of laparoscopic surgery, etc. Meanwhile, various strategies to improve the respectabilities are available, including neoadjuvant chemotherapy, portal vein embolization, two stage hepatectomy, and some locally ablative approaches. The current condition is difficult and sometimes confusing for a relevant surgeon when designing treatment protocols for more complex diseases. CONCLUSION As the advancing of the management of liver metastases of colorectal cancer, more patients will become candidates for and benefit from potentially curative surgical resections. Optimal effect could only be achieved when used in a manner tailored to the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Hao
- Peking Unversity School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital, People's Republic of China
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