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de Haan LR, van Golen RF, Heger M. Molecular Pathways Governing the Termination of Liver Regeneration. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:500-558. [PMID: 38697856 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The liver has the unique capacity to regenerate, and up to 70% of the liver can be removed without detrimental consequences to the organism. Liver regeneration is a complex process involving multiple signaling networks and organs. Liver regeneration proceeds through three phases: the initiation phase, the growth phase, and the termination phase. Termination of liver regeneration occurs when the liver reaches a liver-to-body weight that is required for homeostasis, the so-called "hepatostat." The initiation and growth phases have been the subject of many studies. The molecular pathways that govern the termination phase, however, remain to be fully elucidated. This review summarizes the pathways and molecules that signal the cessation of liver regrowth after partial hepatectomy and answers the question, "What factors drive the hepatostat?" SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Unraveling the pathways underlying the cessation of liver regeneration enables the identification of druggable targets that will allow us to gain pharmacological control over liver regeneration. For these purposes, it would be useful to understand why the regenerative capacity of the liver is hampered under certain pathological circumstances so as to artificially modulate the regenerative processes (e.g., by blocking the cessation pathways) to improve clinical outcomes and safeguard the patient's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne R de Haan
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China (L.R.d.H., M.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands (L.R.d.H.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.F.v.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.); and Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.)
| | - Rowan F van Golen
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China (L.R.d.H., M.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands (L.R.d.H.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.F.v.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.); and Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.)
| | - Michal Heger
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China (L.R.d.H., M.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands (L.R.d.H.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.F.v.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.); and Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.)
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Wang Q, Ju F, Li J, Liu T, Zuo Y, Abbott GW, Hu Z. Empagliflozin protects against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19323. [PMID: 36369319 PMCID: PMC9652474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) can induce acute kidney injury. Empagliflozin is a newly developed inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) approved as an antidiabetic medication for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Despite the established cardioprotective functions of empagliflozin, its protective role in renal I/R is unclear. Here, the present study evaluated the renoprotective effects of empagliflozin in a mouse model of renal I/R injury. Male C57/BL6 mice were allocated to sham-operated, I/R, and empagliflozin groups. Kidney pedicles on both sides were clamped for 45 min and were reperfused for 24 h. Empagliflozin (1 mg/kg) was administered to the mice for 2 days preischemia. The GSK-3β inhibitor SB216763 was administered intravenously at the beginning of reperfusion (0.1 mg/kg). Renal function and histological scores were evaluated. The kidneys were taken for immunohistochemical analysis, western blotting and apoptosis measurements. We found that empagliflozin decreased serum levels of creatinine and urea, reduced the average kidney weight-to-tibia length ratio, attenuated tubular damage, reduced renal proinflammatory cytokine expression and inhibited apoptosis in injured kidneys. Furthermore, empagliflozin increased renal glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) phosphorylation post I/R. Pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3β activity mimicked the renal protective effects offered by empagliflozin. In summary, these results support a protective role of empagliflozin against renal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Wang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Feng Ju
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Jiaxue Li
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Ting Liu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Yunxia Zuo
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Geoffrey W. Abbott
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Bioelectricity Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Zhaoyang Hu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China
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Abdel-Wahab BA, Ali FEM, Alkahtani SA, Alshabi AM, Mahnashi MH, Hassanein EHM. Hepatoprotective effect of rebamipide against methotrexate-induced hepatic intoxication: role of Nrf2/GSK-3β, NF-κβ-p65/JAK1/STAT3, and PUMA/Bax/Bcl-2 signaling pathways. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 42:493-503. [PMID: 32865051 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1811307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The fact that methotrexate (MTX) is hepatotoxic is an important reason to limit its clinical use. Rebamipide (REB) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and is useful for the treatment of gastro-duodenal ulcers. This study investigated the impact and protective mechanisms of REB against MTX-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals were divided into four groups of six rats each: a control group, REB group (REB 100 mg/kg/day, orally), MTX control group (20 mg/kg, single i.p.), and MTX + REB group. RESULTS The administration of MTX induced marked hepatic injury in the form of hepatocyte inflammatory swelling, degeneration, apoptosis, and focal necrosis. In parallel, our biochemical investigations revealed a marked hepatic dysfunction associated with the disturbance of the oxidant/antioxidant balance in the group treated with only MTX. Moreover, MTX led to the down-regulation of the hepatic Nrf2 and Bcl-2 expressions along with a marked elevation in the hepatic NF-κβ-p65, GSK-3β, JAK1, STAT3, PUMA, and Bax expressions. On the other hand, co-treatment with REB significantly ameliorated the aforementioned histopathological, biochemical, and molecular defects caused by MTX treatment. CONCLUSION the outcomes of the present study showed REB's ability to protect from hepatic injury induced by MTX, possibly through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. These effects could be attributed to REB's ability to modulate, at least in part, the Nrf2/GSK-3β,NF-κβ-p65/JAK1/STAT3, and PUMA/Bax/Bcl-2signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basel A Abdel-Wahab
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Fares E M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Saad A Alkahtani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Alshabi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mater H Mahnashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
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Mahmoud AR, Ali FEM, Abd-Elhamid TH, Hassanein EHM. Coenzyme Q 10 protects hepatocytes from ischemia reperfusion-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress via regulation of Bax/Bcl-2/PUMA and Nrf-2/FOXO-3/Sirt-1 signaling pathways. Tissue Cell 2019; 60:1-13. [PMID: 31582012 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and regarded as a strong anti-oxidant agent. In this study, we focused on the mechanistic insights involved in the hepato-protective effects of CoQ10 against hepatic ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. Our results revealed that CoQ10 significantly improved hepatic dysfunctions and oxidative stress caused by IR injury. Interestingly, as compared to IR subjected rat, CoQ10 inhibited apoptosis by marked down-regulation of both Bax and PUMA genes while the level of Bcl-2 gene was significantly increased. Moreover, CoQ10 up-regulated PI3K, Akt and mTOR protein expressions while it inhibited the expression of both GSK-3β and β-catenin. Additionally, CoQ10 restored oxidant/antioxidant balance via marked activated Nrf-2 protein as well as up-regulation of both Sirt-1 and FOXO-3 genes. Moreover, CoQ10 strongly inhibited inflammatory response through down-regulation of NF-κB-p65 and decrease both JAK1 and STAT-3 protein expressions with a subsequent modulating circulating inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, histopathological analysis showed that CoQ10 remarkably ameliorated the histopathological damage induced by IR injury. Taken together, our results suggested and proved that CoQ10 provided a hepato-protection against hepatic IR injury via inhibition of apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation and their closed related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany R Mahmoud
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt; Department of Anatomy, Unaizah College of Medicine, Qassim University, Unaizah Al Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fares E M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt.
| | - Tarek Hamdy Abd-Elhamid
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
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Tschuor C, Kachaylo E, Ungethüm U, Song Z, Lehmann K, Sánchez-Velázquez P, Linecker M, Kambakamba P, Raptis DA, Limani P, Eshmuminov D, Graf R, Columbano A, Humar B, Clavien PA. Yes-associated protein promotes early hepatocyte cell cycle progression in regenerating liver after tissue loss. FASEB Bioadv 2018; 1:51-61. [PMID: 30740593 PMCID: PMC6351850 DOI: 10.1096/fba.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the liver to restore its original volume following tissue loss has been associated with the Hippo‐YAP1 pathway, a key controller of organ size. Yes‐associated protein 1 (YAP1)—a growth effector usually restrained by Hippo signaling—is believed to be of particular importance; however, its role in liver regeneration remains ill‐defined. To explore its function, we knocked down YAP1 prior to standard 70%‐hepatectomy (sHx) using a hepatocyte‐specific nanoformulation. Knockdown was effective during the major parenchymal growth phase (S‐phase/M‐phase peaks at 32 hours/48 hours post‐sHx). Liver weight gain was completely suppressed by the knockdown at 32 hours, but was reaccelerated toward 48 hours. Likewise, proliferative markers, Ccna2/b2 and YAP1 target gene expression were downregulated at 32 hours, but re‐elevated at 48 hours post‐sHx. Nonetheless, knockdown slightly compromised survival after sHx. When assessing a model of resection‐induced liver failure (extended 86%‐hepatectomy, eHx) featuring deficient S‐ and M‐phase progression, YAP1 was not induced at 32 hours, but upregulated at 48 hours post‐eHx, confirming its dissociation from M‐phase regulation. Therefore, YAP1 is vital to push hepatocytes into cycle and through the S‐phase, but is not required for further cell cycle progression during liver regeneration. The examination of YAP1 in human livers suggested its function is conserved in the regenerating mammalian liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Tschuor
- Laboratory of the Swiss HPB and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery University Hospital Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Ekaterina Kachaylo
- Laboratory of the Swiss HPB and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery University Hospital Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Udo Ungethüm
- Laboratory of the Swiss HPB and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery University Hospital Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Zhuolun Song
- Laboratory of the Swiss HPB and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery University Hospital Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Kuno Lehmann
- Laboratory of the Swiss HPB and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery University Hospital Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Patricia Sánchez-Velázquez
- Laboratory of the Swiss HPB and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery University Hospital Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Michael Linecker
- Laboratory of the Swiss HPB and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery University Hospital Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Patryk Kambakamba
- Laboratory of the Swiss HPB and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery University Hospital Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Dimitri A Raptis
- Laboratory of the Swiss HPB and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery University Hospital Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Përparim Limani
- Laboratory of the Swiss HPB and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery University Hospital Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Dilmurodjon Eshmuminov
- Laboratory of the Swiss HPB and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery University Hospital Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Rolf Graf
- Laboratory of the Swiss HPB and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery University Hospital Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Amedeo Columbano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Cagliari Sardinia Italy
| | - Bostjan Humar
- Laboratory of the Swiss HPB and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery University Hospital Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Alain Clavien
- Laboratory of the Swiss HPB and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery University Hospital Zürich Zürich Switzerland
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Ma Y, Lv X, He J, Liu T, Wen S, Wang L. Wnt agonist stimulates liver regeneration after small-for-size liver transplantation in rats. Hepatol Res 2016; 46:E154-64. [PMID: 26176339 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM Liver regeneration is inhibited in small-for-size grafts, which plays a role in the failure of partial liver grafts after transplantation. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a critical role in liver development, regeneration and homeostasis. In this study, we investigated whether pharmacological activation of Wnt signaling improves liver regeneration after small-for-size liver transplantation. METHODS The livers of male Sprague-Dawley rats were reduced to approximately 50% and 30% of their original sizes and transplanted. A Wnt agonist (2-amino-4-[3,4-[methylenedioxy]benzylamino]-6-[3-methoxyphenyl] pyrimidine], 5 mg/kg bodyweight) or an equal volume of vehicle was administrated i.p. into the donor 1 h before the transplantation. Tissue and blood samples were collected at various times after transplantation, and a survival study was performed. RESULTS Hepatic expression of active β-catenin and its downstream target gene Axin2 were decreased in 30% of liver grafts after transplantation while the Wnt agonist increased their expression similar to the 50% liver grafts. The Wnt agonist reversed inhibition of cyclin D1 expression and adenosine triphosphate production in the 30% liver grafts compared with the 50% grafts. The Wnt agonist also attenuated hepatocellular injury and increased the hepatocyte proliferation response, liver regeneration rate and survival after transplantation of the 30% liver graft. CONCLUSION Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in liver grafts by pharmacological pretreatment can accelerate regeneration in a partial liver transplant model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefeng Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China.,Organ Transplantation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiangwei Lv
- Organ Transplantation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jinjing He
- Organ Transplantation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tianqing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Friendship Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shuang Wen
- Department of Pathology, Friendship Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Organ Transplantation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Jian R, Yixu Y, Sheyu L, Jianhong S, Yaohua Y, Xing S, Qingfeng H, Xiaojian L, Lei Z, Yan Z, Fangling X, Huasong G, Yilu G. Repair of spinal cord injury by chitosan scaffold with glioma ECM and SB216763 implantation in adult rats. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:3259-72. [PMID: 25809817 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The loss of spinal cord tissue and the cavity formation are major obstacles to the repair of spinal cord injury (SCI). In the study, the scaffold of chitosan+ECM+SB216763 was fabricated and used for the repair of injured spinal cord injury. First, the biocompatibility of the scaffold was analyzed and results showed that the scaffold had a good compatibility with the neural stem cells. Especially, the processes of differentiated neural stem cell embedded in the scaffold were found in the experiment. At the same time, we also investigated the effect of scaffold on the differentiation of neural stem cell. The results showed that the scaffold of chitosan+ECM+SB216763 could significantly promote the differentiation of neural stem cells into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes relative to those in other groups. In order to probe the application of scaffold in vivo, the rat models of spinal cord hemisection were set up and scaffolds were implanted into transected gap. Then the electrophysiology and BBB score were evaluated and results showed that the amplitude, latency period and BBB score in chitosan+ECM+SB216763 group were dramatically better than those in other groups. In addition, the differentiation of neural stem cells into nerve cells was also assayed and the results revealed that the number of neural stem cells differentiating into neuron, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in chitosan+ECM+SB216763 group was significantly bigger than those in other groups. All these data suggested that the scaffold of chitosan+ECM+SB216763 would be a promising medium for the repair of injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yang Yixu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lin Sheyu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shen Jianhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yan Yaohua
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Su Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Huang Qingfeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lu Xiaojian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhang Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiong Fangling
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Gao Huasong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gao Yilu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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YAN YICHAO, LI GUANGYING, TIAN XIAOFENG, YE YINGJIANG, GAO ZHIDONG, YAO JIHONG, ZHANG FENG, WANG SHAN. Ischemic preconditioning increases GSK-3β/β-catenin levels and ameliorates liver ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1625-32. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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GSK-3β inhibition attenuates CLP-induced liver injury by reducing inflammation and hepatic cell apoptosis. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:629507. [PMID: 25525303 PMCID: PMC4265684 DOI: 10.1155/2014/629507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver dysfunction has been known to occur frequently in cases of sepsis. Excessive inflammation and apoptosis are pathological features of acute liver failure. Recent studies suggest that activation of glycogen synthase kinase- (GSK-) 3β is involved in inflammation and apoptosis. We aimed to investigate the protective effects of GSK-3β inhibition on polymicrobial sepsis-induced liver injury and to explore the possible mechanisms. Polymicrobial sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and SB216763 was used to inhibit GSK-3β in C57BL/6 mice. GSK-3β was activated following CLP. Administration of SB216763 decreased mortality, ameliorated liver injury, and reduced hepatic apoptosis. The inhibition of GSK-3β also reduced leukocyte infiltration and hepatic inflammatory cytokine expression and release. Moreover, GSK-3β inhibition suppressed the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) but enhanced the transcriptional activity of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in the liver. In in vitro studies, GSK-3β inhibition reduced inflammatory cytokine production via modulation of NF-κB and CREB signaling pathways in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. In conclusion, these findings suggest that GSK-3β blockade protects against CLP-induced liver via inhibition of inflammation by modulating NF-κB and CREB activity and suppression of hepatic apoptosis.
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Abstract
Beyond their contribution to basic metabolism, the major cellular organelles, in particular mitochondria, can determine whether cells respond to stress in an adaptive or suicidal manner. Thus, mitochondria can continuously adapt their shape to changing bioenergetic demands as they are subjected to quality control by autophagy, or they can undergo a lethal permeabilization process that initiates apoptosis. Along similar lines, multiple proteins involved in metabolic circuitries, including oxidative phosphorylation and transport of metabolites across membranes, may participate in the regulated or catastrophic dismantling of organelles. Many factors that were initially characterized as cell death regulators are now known to physically or functionally interact with metabolic enzymes. Thus, several metabolic cues regulate the propensity of cells to activate self-destructive programs, in part by acting on nutrient sensors. This suggests the existence of "metabolic checkpoints" that dictate cell fate in response to metabolic fluctuations. Here, we discuss recent insights into the intersection between metabolism and cell death regulation that have major implications for the comprehension and manipulation of unwarranted cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; F-75005 Paris, France. INSERM, U1138, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; F-75005 Paris, France. INSERM, U1138, F-94805 Villejuif, France. Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France. Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75015 Paris, France.
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Karatzas T, Neri AA, Baibaki ME, Dontas IA. Rodent models of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury: time and percentage-related pathophysiological mechanisms. J Surg Res 2014; 191:399-412. [PMID: 25033703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury remains one of the major problems in liver surgery and transplantation, which determines the viability of the hepatic tissue after resection and of the grafted organ. This review aims to elucidate the mechanisms involved in IR injury of the liver in rodent experimental studies and the preventative methods and pharmacologic agents that have been applied. Many time- and percentage-related liver IR injury rodent models have been used to examine the pathophysiological mechanisms and the parameters implicated with different morbidity, mortality, and pathology findings. The most preferred experimental rodent model of liver IR is the induction of 70% IR for 45 min, which is associated with almost 100% survival. In this model, plasma levels of several parameters such as alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, endothelin-1, malonodialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1b, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and caspases are increased. The increase of caspases is associated with the initiation of hepatic cellular apoptosis. The main injuries observed 24 h after reperfusion are nuclear pyknosis, cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia, severe necrosis, and loss of intercellular borders. Both ischemic pre- and post-conditioning preventative methods and pharmacologic agents are successfully applied to alleviate the IR injuries. The selection of the time- and percentage-related liver IR injury rodent model and the potential preventative method should be related to the clinical question being answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Karatzas
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research "N. S. Christeas", School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; 2(nd) Department of Propedeutic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna-Aikaterini Neri
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research "N. S. Christeas", School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Ismene A Dontas
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research "N. S. Christeas", School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System "T. Garofalidis", School of Medicine, University of Athens, Kifissia, Greece.
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Liu A, Fang H, Dahmen U, Dirsch O. Chronic lithium treatment protects against liver ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Liver Transpl 2013; 19:762-72. [PMID: 23696274 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lithium has long been widely used in the treatment of bipolar mood disorders. Recent studies have demonstrated that lithium is able to decrease ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the brain, kidneys, and heart. Because lithium may act on a number of stress and survival pathways, it is of great interest to explore this compound also in the setting of liver I/R injury. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of lithium in a model of liver I/R injury in rats. Chronic treatment with lithium (2 mmol/kg for 3 days before ischemia) decreased I/R injury, whereas acute treatment with a single dose of lithium (2 mmol/kg 1 hour before ischemia) did not confer any protection in a partial hepatic I/R model. Furthermore, rats subjected to chronic lithium treatment had a significantly better survival rate (60%) than saline-treated rats (27%) in a total hepatic I/R survival model. Chronic lithium treatment protected against liver I/R injury, as indicated by lower serum aminotransferase levels, fewer I/R-associated histopathological changes, lower hepatic inflammatory cytokine levels, less neutrophil infiltration, and lower hepatic high-mobility group box expression and serum levels. The mechanism of action of lithium appears to involve its ability to inhibit glycogen synthase kinase 3β activation, modulate mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, inhibit hepatic apoptosis, and induce autophagy. On the basis of these data, we conclude that lithium treatment may be a simple and applicable preconditioning intervention for protecting against liver I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anding Liu
- Experimental Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Galectin-3 gene silencing inhibits migration and invasion of human tongue cancer cells in vitro via downregulating β-catenin. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:176-84. [PMID: 23103626 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a member of the carbohydrate-binding protein family that contributes to neoplastic transformation, tumor survival, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Gal-3 in human tongue cancer progression. METHODS Human tongue cancer cell lines (SCC-4 and CAL27) were transfected with a small-interfering RNA against Gal-3 (Gal-3-siRNA). The migration and invasion of the cells were examined using a scratch assay and BD BioCoat Matrigel Invasion Chamber, respectively. The mRNA and protein levels of β-catenin, Akt/pAkt, GSK-3β/pGSK-3β, MMP-9 in the cells were measured using RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS Transient silencing of Gal-3 gene for 48 h significantly suppressed the migration and invasion of both SCC-4 and CAL27 cells. Silencing of Gal-3 gene significantly decreased the protein level of β-catenin, leaving the mRNA level of β-catenin unaffected. Furthermore, silencing Gal-3 gene significantly decreased the levels of phosphorylated Akt and GSK-3β, and suppressed the mRNA and protein levels of MMP-9 in the cells. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that Gal-3 mediates the migration and invasion of tongue cancer cells in vitro via regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and Akt phosphorylation.
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