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Jawhara S. Editorial of Special Issue "Human Pathogenic Fungi: Host-Pathogen Interactions and Virulence". Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040963. [PMID: 37110386 PMCID: PMC10142418 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Most individuals harbour several species of yeast of the genus Candida, which are considered true symbionts of the human gut microbiota [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Jawhara
- UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-59000 Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1285, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Medicine Faculty, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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Wan C, Qian WW, Liu W, Pi X, Tang MT, Wang XL, Gu Q, Li P, Zhou T. Exopolysaccharide from Lactobacillus rhamnosus ZFM231 alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mice by regulating gut microbiota. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:7087-7097. [PMID: 35707876 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by Lactobacillus and other probiotics are associated with many benefits, such as immune regulation, antioxidant properties, antitumor effect, and regulation of intestinal microbe homeostasis. In the present study, the modulatory effect of EPS produced by Lactobacillus rhamnosus ZFM231 on the intestinal flora of mice with inflammatory bowel disease induced by dextran sulfate solution was investigated. RESULTS Results indicated that weight loss, colonic length, the disease activity index score and colonic tissue damage in mice were significantly improved by EPS treatment. Compared with the model group, in the EPS-treated group, the diversity of and the composition of gut microbiota at both phylum and genus levels were found to recover to the levels of normal group, indicating the effective modulation on gut microbiota by EPS; short-chain fatty acids, including acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid produced by intestinal microbial metabolism, increased significantly; the level of anti-inflammatory factor transforning growth factor-β significantly increased and the level of pro-inflammatory factor tumor necrosis factor-α significantly decreased in the colonic cells of EPS-treated mice. CONCLUSION It is clear that EPS produced by L. rhamnosus ZFM231 could find application in functional foods with the property of anti-ulcerative colitis. The experimental results provide new insights into the probiotic effect of EPS. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wan
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen-Wen Qian
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xionge Pi
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng-Ting Tang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Wang
- Faulty of Food Science, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing Gu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Guo X, Yang X, Li Q, Shen X, Zhong H, Yang Y. The Microbiota in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: An Update on the Potential Function of Probiotics. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:759095. [PMID: 34887760 PMCID: PMC8650621 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.759095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a kind of chronic diffuse connective tissue illness characterized by multisystem and multiorgan involvement, repeated recurrence and remission, and the presence of a large pool of autoantibodies in the body. Although the exact cause of SLE is not thoroughly revealed, accumulating evidence has manifested that intake of probiotics alters the composition of the gut microbiome, regulating the immunomodulatory and inflammatory response, which may be linked to the disease pathogenesis. Particularly, documented experiments demonstrated that SLE patients have remarkable changes in gut microbiota compared to healthy controls, indicating that the alteration of microbiota may be implicated in different phases of SLE. In this review, the alteration of microbiota in the development of SLE is summarized, and the mechanism of intestinal microbiota on the progression of immune and inflammatory responses in SLE is also discussed. Due to limited reports on the effects of probiotics supplementation in SLE patients, we emphasize advancements made in the last few years on the function and mechanisms of probiotics in the development of SLE animal models. Besides, we follow through literature to survey whether probiotics supplements can be an adjuvant therapy for comprehensive treatment of SLE. Research has indicated that intake of probiotics alters the composition of the gut microbiome, contributing to prevent the progression of SLE. Adjustment of the gut microbiome through probiotics supplementation seems to alleviate SLE symptoms and their cardiovascular and renal complications in animal models, marking this treatment as a potentially novel approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirui Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuerong Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Huiyun Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Vocational College of Health and Rehabilitation, Zigong, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Zigong, Zigong, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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4
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Oral treatment with Lactobacillus rhamnosus 64 during the early postnatal period improves the health of adult rats with TNBS-induced colitis. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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5
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Zhang M, Sun K, Wu Y, Yang Y, Tso P, Wu Z. Interactions between Intestinal Microbiota and Host Immune Response in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:942. [PMID: 28855901 PMCID: PMC5558048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of IBD remain unclear, both genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are implicated in the initiation and progression of IBD. Recent studies with experimental animal models and clinical patients indicated that the intestinal microbiota is one of the critical environmental factors that influence nutrient metabolism, immune responses, and the health of the host in various intestinal diseases, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. The objective of this review is to highlight the crosstalk between gut microbiota and host immune response and the contribution of this interaction to the pathogenesis of IBD. In addition, potential therapeutic strategies targeting the intestinal micro-ecosystem in IBD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiji Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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6
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Kang M, Martin A. Microbiome and colorectal cancer: Unraveling host-microbiota interactions in colitis-associated colorectal cancer development. Semin Immunol 2017; 32:3-13. [PMID: 28465070 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dysbiosis of gut microbiota occurs in many human chronic immune-mediated diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). Reciprocally, uncontrolled immune responses, that may or may not be induced by dysbiosis, are central to the development of IBD and CAC. There has been a surge of interest in investigating the relationship between microbiota, inflammation and CAC. In this review, we discuss recent findings related to gut microbiota and chronic immune-mediated diseases, such as IBD and CAC. Moreover, the molecular mechanisms underlying the roles of chronic inflammation in CAC are examined. Finally, we discuss the development of novel microbiota-based therapeutics for IBD and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsong Kang
- University of Toronto, Department of Immunology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alberto Martin
- University of Toronto, Department of Immunology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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7
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Esmaeili SA, Mahmoudi M, Momtazi AA, Sahebkar A, Doulabi H, Rastin M. Tolerogenic probiotics: potential immunoregulators in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:1994-2007. [PMID: 27996081 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are commensal or nonpathogenic microbes that colonize the gastrointestinal tract and confer beneficial effects on the host through several mechanisms such as competitive exclusion, anti-bacterial effects, and modulation of immune responses. There is growing evidence supporting the immunomodulatory ability of some probiotics. Several experimental and clinical studies have been shown beneficial effect of some probiotic bacteria, particularly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria strains, on inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that is mainly characterized by immune intolerance towards self-antigens. Some immunomodulatory probiotics have been found to regulate immune responses via tolerogenic mechanisms. Dendritic and T regulatory (Treg) cells, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-23 can be considered as the most determinant dysregulated mediators in tolerogenic status. As demonstrated by documented experimental and clinical trials on inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, a number of probiotic bacterial strains can restore tolerance in host through modification of such dysregulated mediators. Since there are limited reports regarding to impact of probiotic supplementation in SLE patients, the preset review was aimed to suggest a number of probiotics bacteria, mainly from Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus strains that are able to ameliorate immune responses. The aim was followed through literature survey on immunoregulatory probiotics that can restore tolerance and also modulate the important dysregulated pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines contributing to the pathogenesis of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed-Alireza Esmaeili
- Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Abbas Momtazi
- Student Research Committee, Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hassan Doulabi
- Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Rastin
- Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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8
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Panahi Y, Ghanei M, Vahedi E, Mousavi SH, Imani S, Sahebkar A. Efficacy of probiotic supplementation on quality of life and pulmonary symptoms due to sulfur mustard exposure: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Drug Chem Toxicol 2016; 40:24-29. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2016.1166250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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9
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Durber J, Otley A. Complementary and alternative medicine in inflammatory bowel disease: keeping an open mind. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 1:277-92. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.1.2.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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10
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Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG modulates the mucosal immune response in Giardia intestinalis-infected BALB/c mice. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:1218-25. [PMID: 23263901 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut homeostasis can be altered by the oral administration of health-promoting microorganisms, namely probiotics that are known to reinforce the host immune response. AIM The aim of this study was to elucidate the immunomodulatory effect of orally administered probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) in Giardia-infected mice. METHODS BALB/c mice were fed orally with probiotic LGG either 7 days prior to or simultaneously with the challenge dose of Giardia trophozoites. The administration of the probiotic was continued for 25 days, and immunomodulatory potentials in terms of secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels, CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes, and expression of pro-inflammatory [tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma (INF-γ)] and anti-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-10] were studied. RESULTS Oral feeding of LGG prior to or simultaneously with the test dose of Giardia seems to have modulated both arms (humoral and cellular) of the mucosal immune system since a significant increase in the levels of specific secretory IgA antibody, IgA+ cells, and CD4+ T lymphocytes were observed in contrast with the decreased percentage of cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes. The stimulated mucosal immune response in probiotic fed Giardia-infected mice was further correlated with the enhanced levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine INF-γ. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show that oral administration of the effective probiotic LGG to Giardia infected mice could be used as a bacterio-therapy that restores the normal gut microflora and modulates the mucosal immune response.
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11
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Lee YK. Effects of diet on gut microbiota profile and the implications for health and disease. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2013; 32:1-12. [PMID: 24936357 PMCID: PMC4034294 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.32.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbes are present in large concentrations on the human intestinal mucosal surface
and play important roles in health and disease of the host. Numerous groups of gut
microbes are associated with immunological and metabolic diseases and in maintaining
health status of the host. Among these health- and disease-associated gut microbes,
Bacteroides, Clostridium and Bifidobacterium appear
regularly in the list. Scientific and clinical evidence available to date indicates that
diet is a major driving factor for the establishment of the gut microbiome. Slow
digestible carbohydrates (human milk glycan, inulin and fructooligosaccharide), insoluble
complex carbohydrates and protein diets favor the growth of Bacteroides,
Clostridium and Bifidobacterium. Fat on the other hand
suppresses the number of Bacteroides, Clostridium and
Bifidobacterium; whereas polyphenols in general suppress
Bacteroides and Clodtridium but enhance the
Bifodobacterium. The implication is that dietary habits could be a
major determinant of health and disease susceptibility. Dietary strategies could be an
effective means of potentially inducing changes in intestinal microbiota and are certainly
achievable, thus facilitating correction of intestinal microbiome aberrations or
imbalances to improve our health. Most of the physiological and functional interactions
between individual dietary components and the concoction of foods in a meal and gut
microbiota have not yet been well studied. A concerted effort is required to acquire
better understanding of their interaction in order to rationally maintain our intestinal
microbiome homeostasis and general health through dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Kun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, 117597 Singapore
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12
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Tadesse S. Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics as Functional Food Ingredients: Production, Health Benefits and Safety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/22311866.2012.10719119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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13
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Potential Application of Probiotics in the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1155/2011/841651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) represent a heterogeneous group of microorganisms that are naturally present in many foods and possess a wide range of therapeutic properties. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of the current expanding knowledge of the mechanisms by which LAB and other probiotic microorganisms participate in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. These include changes in the gut microbiota, stimulation of the host immune responses, and reduction of the oxidative stress due to their antioxidant properties. A brief overview of the uses of genetically engineered LAB that produce either antioxidant enzymes (such as catalase and superoxide dismutase) or anti-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-10) will also be discussed. This paper will show that probiotics should be considered in treatment protocols of IBD since they provide many beneficial effects and can enhance the effectiveness of traditional used medicines.
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Cary VA, Boullata J. What is the evidence for the use of probiotics in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease? J Clin Nurs 2010; 19:904-16. [PMID: 20492035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.03123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of this article is to investigate the use of probiotics in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. BACKGROUND Probiotics have been successfully used to treat various acute illnesses such as Clostridium difficile infection, rotovirus diarrhoea and traveller's diarrhoea. Recently, some studies have reported success with probiotics in the treatment of chronic intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease. DESIGN Literature review. METHODS A literature search was performed to include studies on Bifidobacteria-fermented milk, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces boulardii, VSL #3 and probiotic use. Results of the literature are analysed, and a discussion is made regarding evaluation of the literature and implications for care. RESULTS The majority of probiotics studied have proven to have beneficial effects in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, especially when taken as a dietary adjunctive to standard treatment. All probiotics studied, with the exception of Lactobacillus GG and LA1, demonstrated positive results. CONCLUSIONS The increasing use of probiotics combined with the insufficient knowledge regarding the use of probiotics in treating inflammatory bowel disease requires that future multilevel, multicentre large randomised control trials be conducted to understand better the specific measures and effectiveness of such treatment. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Given that few clinical trials exist to study the potential role of probiotics in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, it is imperative that healthcare providers become knowledgeable about the use of probiotics and their effects on inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia A Cary
- BA, BSN, MEd, Registered Nurse, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6096, USA.
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15
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Hol J, de Jongste JC, Nieuwenhuis EE. Quoting a landmark paper on the beneficial effects of probiotics. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 124:1354-6.e9. [PMID: 19818483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Hoffmann M, Kim SC, Sartor RB, Haller D. Enterococcus faecalis strains differentially regulate Alix/AIP1 protein expression and ERK 1/2 activation in intestinal epithelial cells in the context of chronic experimental colitis. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:1183-92. [PMID: 19166300 DOI: 10.1021/pr800785m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Monoassociation of germfree Interleukin 10 gene deficient (IL-10-/-) 129SvEv but not wild-type mice with Enterococcus faecalis induces severe chronic colitis. Bacterial strain-specific effects on the development of chronic intestinal inflammation are not understood. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of E. faecalis OG1RF (human clinical isolate, colitogenic) and E. faecalis ms2 (endogenous isolate from an IL-10-/- mouse) in initiating chronic experimental colitis using IL-10-/- mice. Monoassociation of IL-10-/- mice for 14 weeks revealed significant differences in colonic inflammation (3.6 +/- 0.2 and 2.4 +/- 0.6 for OG1RF and ms2, respectively) (n = 5 mice in each group) (histological scoring (0-4)). Consistent with the tissue pathology, gene expression of the pro-inflammatory chemokine interferon-gamma inducible protein-10 (IP-10) was significantly higher in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) derived from E. faecalis OG1RF monoassociated IL-10-/- mice. We further compared the differentially E. faecalis induced colitis on the epithelial level by 2D-SDS PAGE coupled with MALDI-TOF MS. Proteome analysis identified 13 proteins which were differentially regulated during disease progression in the epithelium of E. faecalis-monoassociated IL-10-/- mice. Regulation of Alix/AIP1 protein expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation was validated in primary IEC and epithelial cell lines, suggesting a protective role for Alix/AIP1 in the process of disease progression. Alix/AIP1 protein expression was further characterized in epithelial cell lines using siRNA-mediated knock-down. Our study demonstrates E. faecalis strain-specific induction of colitis in IL-10-/- mice after 14 weeks of monoassociation. Our study suggests that Alix/AIP1 protein expression and ERK1/2 activation are decreased in severe colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha Hoffmann
- Chair for Biofunctionality, ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science, Technische Universitat Munchen, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Abstract
While the overall incidence of pouchitis is low, extensive research continues at clinical and experimental levels in attempts to unravel its etiology. The ileal pouch and pouchitis together represent a unique in vivo opportunity to study mucosal adaptation and inflammation in depth. In the recent past, molecular data relating to pouchitis has significantly expanded. These data provide invaluable insight into intracellular and extracellular events that underpin mucosal adaptation and inflammation. Advances in classification, risk factor evaluation, and prevention have meant that a review of this data, as well as its relationship to our current understanding of pouchitis, is both timely and warranted. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize recent data in the context of the established literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Calvin Coffey
- Department of Academic Surgery, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland.
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Abstract
Probiotics and prebiotics share a unique role in human nutrition, largely centering on manipulation of populations or activities of the bacteria that colonize our bodies. Benefits of regular consumption of probiotics or prebiotics include enhanced immune function, improved colonic integrity, decreased incidence and duration of intestinal infections, down-regulated allergic response, and improved digestion and elimination. Research has shown that probiotics and prebiotics may be useful in achieving these and other positive effects, provided that proper strain, product selection, and dosing guidelines of commercial products are followed. There is a need to consolidate the basic and applied research on probiotics and prebiotics into useful tools for food and nutrition professionals. Information on probiotic species, applications for specific strains, dosages and forms, safety, and shelf life is not sufficiently summarized to allow practical and consistent recommendations to be made by most food and nutrition professionals. In addition, prebiotic fibers-although providing nutraceutical and nutritional value-are a group of diverse carbohydrate ingredients that are poorly understood in regard to their origin, fermentation profiles, and dosages required for health effects. The science and practice-based guidelines presented here will enhance clinician and client understanding of probiotics and prebiotics, with the aim of improving appropriate recommendation and informed use of these emerging dietary ingredients and the products containing them.
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Rescigno M, Mileti E. Interactions between Epithelial Cells and Dendritic Cells in Bacterial Handling. Biosci Microflora 2008. [DOI: 10.12938/bifidus.27.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Abstract
Chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) include Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and colonic IBD type unclassified (IBDU). This article focuses upon current medical therapies for adult CD and UC, and is organized according to therapy for the corresponding disease type, stage, and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus P Tamboli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, 4614 JCP, 200 Hawkins Drive, University Hospitals & Clinics, University of Iowa Roy J. & Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-1081, USA.
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Komanduri S, Gillevet PM, Sikaroodi M, Mutlu E, Keshavarzian A. Dysbiosis in pouchitis: evidence of unique microfloral patterns in pouch inflammation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5:352-60. [PMID: 17368235 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pouch inflammation after surgery for ulcerative colitis can significantly alter quality of life and thus ideally should be prevented. Dysbiosis or altered microflora is suspected to be the key pathogenic factor for pouchitis. However, dysbiosis in pouchitis has not been characterized carefully because of a lack of available sensitive microbiological technology suitable for in vivo studies in human beings. Thus, the aims of our study were as follows: (1) to show the use of the length heterogeneity polymerase chain reaction (LH-PCR) technique for studying microflora in human beings, and (2) to use the technique to characterize the microfloral patterns in the ileal pouch of patients with pouchitis. METHODS Microfloral patterns initially were assessed using a 16S ribosomal RNA technique (LH-PCR) to determine the qualitative changes in the luminal and mucosal intestinal flora. We subsequently cloned and sequenced the LH-PCR amplification products from the community 16S ribosomal RNA found in patients with pouchitis and in control pouch to identify the microbial species involved in pouchitis. RESULTS We have shown unique microfloral patterns in pouchitis. Through cloning and sequencing of the LH-PCR amplicons, we have shown the persistence of Fusobacter and Enteric species associated with the disease state and the absence of specific bacteria such as Streptococcus species in the inflamed pouch. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that the LH-PCR technique is suitable for studying microflora in human beings. By using this technique and the clone sequences, we have shown dysbiosis in the microbial biofilm adherent to the mucosa in pouchitis. Our data provide direct evidence of the role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of pouchitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinadh Komanduri
- Section of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Rush Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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Jones JL, Foxx-Orenstein AE. The role of probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:607-11. [PMID: 17235706 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 01/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Jones
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Abstract
The bacterium, Bifidobacterium lactis HN019, has been studied for a variety of traits important to its ability to function as a probiotic. Publications documenting identity, safety, antipathogenic effects, immune enhancement, and intestinal colonization are reviewed. Most studies documenting immune effects are short term in duration (< or =6 wk feeding periods), so longer term trials would be useful to determine to what extent effects are sustained. One year-long trial feeding both galacto-oligosaccharides and HN019 in children 1 to 3 years of age provided evidence for improved growth and reduction in infection incidence. HN019 is a well-characterized probiotic strain with documented probiotic effects of meaningful magnitude especially in the area of immune system modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ellen Sanders
- Dairy and Food Culture Technologies, 7119 S. Glencoe Ct, Centennial, CO 80122, USA.
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Abstract
Many studies have attempted to identify specific positive health effects of probiotics. One of the challenges in generalizing health effects of probiotics is that different strains exert disparate effects on human health. As a result, the efficacy of one strain or species cannot necessarily be inferred from another. The objective of this review is to examine the current scientific literature that could be used as the basis for potential health claims. More specifically, this paper will review existing evidence of different probiotic strains to prevent and treat diarrhea, treat irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), treat inflammatory bowel disease, and prevent colon cancer. The strongest evidence is related to the use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in the prevention and treatment of rotavirus-associated diarrhea. Further examination of the literature also shows promise in the treatment of some forms of IBS with probiotics. Future studies that use consistent supplementation regimes will allow more definitive conclusions to be drawn on the effects of probiotics on IBS, inflammatory bowel disease, and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Santosa
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
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Abstract
Despite the swift escalation in research regarding the use of live bacterial cells for therapeutic purposes, the prophylactic and curative use of probiotic microorganisms still remains a wide and controversial field. In addition, the acknowledgement that live bacterial cells can be genetically engineered to synthesise products that have therapeutic potential has generated substantial interest among clinicians and health professionals. Clinical trials have increasingly provided an insightful scientific derivation for the use of live bacterial cells in medicinal practice in diseases such as diarrhoea, cancer, Crohn's disease, enhancement of the host's immune response, and numerous other diseases. A key constraint in the use of live bacterial cells, however, is the complexity of delivering them to the correct target sites. Oral delivery of free live cells, lyophilised cells and immobilised cells has been attempted, but with restricted success, chiefly because bacterial cells are unable to survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract in sufficient dosage. On many occasions, when given orally, these cells have been found to provoke immunogenic responses that are undesirable. Recent studies show that these problems can be overcome by delivering live bacterial cells using artificial cell microcapsules. This review abridges recent developments in the therapeutic use of live bacterial cells, addresses the potential and restrictions for their application in therapy, and provides insights into the future course of this emerging therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Prakash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Artificial Cells, Organs Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada.
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Haskey N, Dahl WJ. Synbiotic therapy: a promising new adjunctive therapy for ulcerative colitis. Nutr Rev 2006; 64:132-8. [PMID: 16572600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prebiotic and probiotic therapies are new strategies being used to treat gastrointestinal diseases. Recent evidence suggests that the administration of select prebiotics and probiotics, alone or in combination (the latter called "synbiotic" therapy) may improve the clinical outcome of patients with ulcerative colitis. We report a case of a pediatric ulcerative colitis patient who showed increased length of remission, resolution of symptoms, and improved quality of life following the administration of synbiotic therapy. The literature supporting the use of prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic therapies in adult ulcerative colitis is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Haskey
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Piquet MA, Gloro R, Justum AM, Reimund JM. Traitements nutritionnels au cours des MICI :où en est-on ? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 30:262-71. [PMID: 16565660 DOI: 10.1016/s0399-8320(06)73163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein-energy malnutrition and specific nutrient deficiencies are common in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), more particularly in Crohn's disease. In adults, the use of artificial nutrition is indicated in the event of malnutrition, short bowel syndrome, or IBD refractory to all other treatments. In children, enteral nutrition has a place as first-line treatment to avoid side effects of corticosteroids on growth. The use, as a therapeutic tool, of specific nutrients (n-3 fatty acids, glutamine, antioxydant vitamins and minerals, TGF-beta, probiotics...) seems interesting at the pathophysiological level. Nevertheless, these nutrients are still under evaluation and there are not enough available studies to recommend them in clinical routine. A very promising solution is the use of probiotics for the treatment of refractory pouchitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Astrid Piquet
- Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie et Nutrition, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, Avenue de la Côte de Nacre, 14033 Caen Cedex
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Sengül N, Aslím B, Uçar G, Yücel N, Işik S, Bozkurt H, Sakaoğullari Z, Atalay F. Effects of exopolysaccharide-producing probiotic strains on experimental colitis in rats. Dis Colon Rectum 2006; 49:250-8. [PMID: 16362802 DOI: 10.1007/s10350-005-0267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inflammatory bowel disease is suggested to result from a dysregulated immune response toward intestinal microflora, which may be restored by probiotic therapy based on the concept of healthy microflora. Ideal probiotic bacteria may be beneficial in inflammatory bowel disease; however, the mechanism of action and the clinical efficacy of probiotic usage are still unclear. In the present study, the effect of exopolysaccharide producing probiotics was evaluated on an experimental colitis model in rats. METHODS Colitis was induced by intracolonic administration of acetic acid. Then, rats were treated daily with two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus B3 strain (exopolysaccharide of 211 mg/l: high-EPS group) or Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus A13 strain (EPS of 27 mg/l: low-EPS group), which were given into the stomach. The non-colitis-fed control group was only treated with high-exopolysaccharide strain. The model-control and control groups were treated only with tap water. Rats were killed after a seven-day treatment period. Disease activity was quantified by use of histologic scores and colonic myeloperoxidase activity, which is a marker of neutrophil infiltration during inflammation. RESULTS The enhanced inflammatory response was accompanied by a higher level of myeloperoxidase activity in the colitis group. Histologic scores of colonic damage and myeloperoxidase activity were lower in both probiotic-treated groups compared with those of the colitis control group (P<0.001), although the mentioned scores improved significantly more in the high-EPS group than in the low-EPS group (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Exopolysaccharide-producing probiotics significantly attenuate experimental colitis, which may be mediated by exopolysaccharide in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, exopolysaccharide-producing probiotics may be a promising therapeutic role in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neriman Sengül
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Turkey Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
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Sauter SN, Allenspach K, Gaschen F, Gröne A, Ontsouka E, Blum JW. Cytokine expression in an ex vivo culture system of duodenal samples from dogs with chronic enteropathies: modulation by probiotic bacteria. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2005; 29:605-22. [PMID: 15941645 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2005.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Revised: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that probiotics have immune-modulating effects on intestinal inflammation during chronic enteropathies (CE). In an ex vivo culture system we investigated the influence of probiotics on mRNA and protein expression levels of cytokines in intestinal samples from dogs suffering from CE. Duodenal samples of client-owned dogs with CE (group CE; n = 12) were collected during diagnostic endoscopy. Additional duodenal samples of gastrointestinally healthy dogs (group C; n = 4) from an unrelated study were available. Based on histopathological analyses, no pathological changes or only mild to moderate eosinophilic and/or lymphoplasmacytic duodenitis were diagnosed. Tissue samples were cultured: (1) with cell culture medium alone (negative control), (2) with a probiotic cocktail (PC), constituted of three Lactobacilli spp. from healthy canine fecal isolates, (3) with the individual strains of PC, and (4) with a placebo powder. Viability of intestinal tissue and probiotic bacteria before and after culture was evaluated. The mRNA abundance of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12p40, interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Protein concentrations of IFN-gamma and IL-10 were measured in culture supernatant by ELISA. Results of RT-PCR were expressed as 2(-2DeltaCrossing Point) x 100 after normalization with beta-actin. There was a loss of about 1 log CFU/mL of probiotic bacteria during the incubation period. Viability of tissue was maintained as confirmed by non-significant release of lactate dehydrogenase. In C, addition of PC increased IL-10 mRNA levels (P < 0.1). In CE, PC increased mRNA and protein levels of IL-10 (P < 0.05). On the mRNA level, the ratio of TNFalpha-/IL-10, IFN-gamma/IL-10, and IL-12p40/IL-10 decreased after addition of PC (P < 0.05). The results demonstrate favorable effects of PC on regulatory cytokines relative to inflammatory cytokines that might contribute to reduction of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Sauter
- Division of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Institute of Animal Genetics, Nutrition and Housing, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, 300 Bern, Switzerland.
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Benyacoub J, Pérez PF, Rochat F, Saudan KY, Reuteler G, Antille N, Humen M, De Antoni GL, Cavadini C, Blum S, Schiffrin EJ. Enterococcus faecium SF68 enhances the immune response to Giardia intestinalis in mice. J Nutr 2005; 135:1171-6. [PMID: 15867299 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.5.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the ability of the probiotic organism Enterococcus faecium SF68 to antagonize Giardia intestinalis infection in mice. Oral feeding of E. faecium strain SF68 starting 7 d before inoculation with Giardia trophozoites significantly increased the production of specific anti-Giardia intestinal IgA and blood IgG. This humoral response was mirrored at the cellular level by an increased percentage of CD4(+) T cells in the Peyer's patches and in the spleens of SF68-fed mice. The improvement of specific immune responses in probiotic-fed mice was associated with a diminution in the number of active trophozoites in the small intestine as well as decreased shedding of fecal Giardia antigens (GSA65 protein). The ability of SF68 to stimulate the immune system at both mucosal and systemic levels highlights mechanisms by which this probiotic might antagonize pathogens in vivo. Taken together, the data demonstrate the strong potential of strain SF68 to prevent protozoa from causing intestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Benyacoub
- Nestlé Research Center, CH-1000, Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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32
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Luyer MD, Buurman WA, Hadfoune M, Speelmans G, Knol J, Jacobs JA, Dejong CHC, Vriesema AJM, Greve JWM. Strain-specific effects of probiotics on gut barrier integrity following hemorrhagic shock. Infect Immun 2005; 73:3686-92. [PMID: 15908398 PMCID: PMC1111872 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.6.3686-3692.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotic therapy modulates the composition of the intestinal flora and inhibits the inflammatory response. These properties may be of benefit in the preservation of gut barrier integrity after injury or stress. In this study, we examined the effect of two Lactobacillus strains selected for their pathogen exclusion properties on intestinal barrier integrity following hemorrhagic shock. Additionally, the responsiveness of the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 to combined exposure to Lactobacillus DNA or oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG-ODN) and endotoxin was assessed by measuring tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) release. Rats were administered lactobacilli (5 x 10(9) CFU) or vehicle for 7 days and were subjected subsequently to hemorrhagic shock by withdrawal of 2.1 ml blood/100 g tissue. Levels of plasma endotoxin, bacterial translocation to distant organs, and filamentous actin (F-actin) in the ileum were determined 24 h later. Rats treated with Lactobacillus rhamnosus showed reduced levels of plasma endotoxin (8 +/- 2 pg/ml versus 24 +/- 4 pg/ml; P = 0.01), bacterial translocation (2 CFU/gram versus 369 CFU/gram; P < 0.01), and disruption of F-actin distribution following hemorrhagic shock compared with nontreated control rats. In contrast, pretreatment with Lactobacillus fermentum had no substantial effect on gut barrier integrity. Interestingly, DNA preparations from both lactobacilli reduced endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha release dose dependently, whereas CpG-ODN increased TNF-alpha release. In conclusion, the pathogen exclusion properties of both Lactobacillus strains and the reduction of endotoxin-induced inflammation by their DNA in vitro are not prerequisites for a beneficial effect of probiotic therapy on gut barrier function following hemorrhagic shock. Although pretreatment with Lactobacillus spp. may be useful to preserve gut barrier integrity following severe hypotension, a thorough assessment of specific strains seems to be essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha D Luyer
- Department of Surgery, University of Maastricht, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
This review describes current knowledge on probiotic bacteriotherapy from the oral health perspective. Recent experimental studies and results from randomized controlled trials have shown that certain gut bacteria, in particular species of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, may exert beneficial effects in the oral cavity by inhibiting cariogenic streptococci and Candida sp. Probiotics have been successfully used to control gastro-intestinal diseases. They also appear to alleviate symptoms of allergy and diseases with immunological pathology. The mechanisms of probiotic action appear to link with colonization resistance and immune modulation. Lactic acid bacteria can produce different antimicrobial components such as organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, carbon peroxide, diacetyl, low molecular weight antimicrobial substances, bacteriocins, and adhesion inhibitors, which also affect oral microflora. However, data is still sparse on the probiotic action in the oral cavity. More information is needed on the colonization of probiotics in the mouth and their possible effect on and within oral biofilms. There is every reason to believe that the putative probiotic mechanisms of action are the same in the mouth as they are in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Because of the increasing global problem with antimicrobial drug resistance, the concept of probiotic therapy is interesting and pertinent, and merits further research in the fields of oral medicine and dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka H Meurman
- Institute of Dentistry, PB 41, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence indicating health benefits by consumption of foods containing microorganisms, i.e. probiotics. A number of clinical trials have been performed to evaluate the effects in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms or by disturbances in the normal microflora. Gastrointestinal infections caused by Helicobacter pylori, traveller's diarrhoea, rotavirus diarrhoea, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) and Clostridium difficile-induced diarrhoea are conditions that have been studied. There are also studies performed on the preventive effect of probiotics on radiation-induced diarrhoea and diarrhoea in tube-fed patients. Inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, two idiopathic conditions where alterations in the normal microflora have been implicated as responsible for initiation, are two further areas where the use of probiotics has been regarded as promising. The results from clinical studies have not been conclusive in that the effects of probiotics have been strain-dependent and different study designs have been used. Treatment of acute diarrhoea in children and prevention of AAD are the two most justified areas for the application of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sullivan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
There is unequivocal evidence that administration of probiotics could be effective in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhoea in children and the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea and nosocomial/community acquired diarrhoea. Encouraging evidence is also emerging for the effectiveness of probiotics in the prevention and management of pouchitis and paediatric atopic diseases, and the prevention of postoperative infections. There is also strong evidence that certain probiotic strains are able to enhance immune function, especially in subjects with less than adequate immune function such as the elderly. Efficacy of probiotics in the prevention of traveller's diarrhoea, sepsis associated with severe acute pancreatitis, and cancers, the management of ulcerative colitis, and lowering of blood cholesterol remains unproven. In addition to firm evidence of efficacy (for a range of conditions), major gaps exist in our knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which probiotics modulate various physiological functions and the optimum dose, frequency, and duration of treatment for different probiotic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Gill
- Primary Industries Research Victoria, Department of Primary Industries, 600 Sneydes Road, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
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Servin AL. Antagonistic activities of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against microbial pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2004; 28:405-40. [PMID: 15374659 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 729] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2003] [Revised: 11/19/2003] [Accepted: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a complex ecosystem that associates a resident microbiota and cells of various phenotypes lining the epithelial wall expressing complex metabolic activities. The resident microbiota in the digestive tract is a heterogeneous microbial ecosystem containing up to 1 x 10(14) colony-forming units (CFUs) of bacteria. The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in normal gut function and maintaining host health. The host is protected from attack by potentially harmful microbial microorganisms by the physical and chemical barriers created by the gastrointestinal epithelium. The cells lining the gastrointestinal epithelium and the resident microbiota are two partners that properly and/or synergistically function to promote an efficient host system of defence. The gastrointestinal cells that make up the epithelium, provide a physical barrier that protects the host against the unwanted intrusion of microorganisms into the gastrointestinal microbiota, and against the penetration of harmful microorganisms which usurp the cellular molecules and signalling pathways of the host to become pathogenic. One of the basic physiological functions of the resident microbiota is that it functions as a microbial barrier against microbial pathogens. The mechanisms by which the species of the microbiota exert this barrier effect remain largely to be determined. There is increasing evidence that lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, which inhabit the gastrointestinal microbiota, develop antimicrobial activities that participate in the host's gastrointestinal system of defence. The objective of this review is to analyze the in vitro and in vivo experimental and clinical studies in which the antimicrobial activities of selected lactobacilli and bifidobacteria strains have been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain L Servin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 510, Pathogénes et Fonctions des Cellules Epithéliales Polarisées, Faculté de Pharmacie Paris XI, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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Feillet H, Bach JF. Increased incidence of inflammatory bowel disease: the price of the decline of infectious burden? Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2004; 20:560-4. [PMID: 15703683 DOI: 10.1097/00001574-200411000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW It is now apparent that the increase in the incidence of autoimmune and allergic diseases in Western countries is explained by the decrease in infections. The question is posed to determine whether a similar explanation can be proposed for the increased incidence of inflammatory bowel disease. RECENT FINDINGS Studies performed in murine experimental models of inflammatory bowel disease have shown that colitis onset can be prevented by bacteria, bacterial extracts, or helminths. Particular interest was given to probiotics (either live or killed), which protect from disease in a toll-like receptor 9 dependent fashion. This protective effect involves regulatory cytokines as indicated by in vitro studies on human inflamed colonic cells. At the clinical level, there is strong suggestion but still limited proof that probiotics improve inflammatory bowel disease through immunoregulatory mechanisms. SUMMARY Converging clinical and experimental data strongly suggest the protective nonspecific role of infections on inflammatory bowel disease independently from the triggering role of some specific bacteria. The extension to inflammatory bowel disease of the hygiene hypothesis opens new therapeutic perspectives including the revisiting of probiotics and other forms of exposure to bacteria or parasite components.
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Marteau P, Lepage P, Mangin I, Suau A, Doré J, Pochart P, Seksik P. Review article: gut flora and inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 20 Suppl 4:18-23. [PMID: 15352889 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease involves interactions between the host susceptibility, mucosal immunity and intestinal microflora. There is therefore great interest in the changes in the endogenous flora in inflammatory bowel disease patients and in the establishment of potential genetic variations in host responses to endogenous bacteria. In this review, we summarize the modifications in the various regional ecosystems in the gastrointestinal tract during inflammatory bowel disease (luminal bacteria in faeces or inside the gastrointestinal tract, bacteria in mucus and bacteria directly attached to the mucosa). Results were obtained following a 'candidate microorganism strategy' and, as is occurring increasingly frequently, following a 'full description strategy', which has progressed largely due to the development of culture-independent techniques. The possibility of modifying the ecosystem using prebiotics or probiotics offers hope for new treatment developments, particularly in the prevention of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marteau
- Département d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.
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Cortot A. [New therapeutic targets for chronic inflammatory bowel disease]. Therapie 2004; 59:77-81. [PMID: 15199673 DOI: 10.2515/therapie:2004016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Cortot
- Service des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CHRU Lille, Lille, France.
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40
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Abstract
Nutritional intervention is an important adjunctive therapy for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The correction and maintenance of nutritional status, achieved by careful nutritional monitoring and intervention, should be an integral part of the multidisciplinary management of IBD throughout all stages of the disease. In acute Crohn's disease, enteral nutrition (polymeric and elemental) is an effective and safe primary therapy for many patients. Enteral diets should be considered as primary therapy in pediatric Crohn's disease patients, especially in children with poor nutritional status or growth impairment and in patients with severe drug-induced side effects. Total parenteral nutrition does not have a primary therapeutic role in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria O'Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College, Adelaide & Meath Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland.
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41
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Abstract
The demonstration that immune and epithelial cells can discriminate between different microbial species has extended our understanding of the actions of probiotics beyond simple barrier and antimicrobial concepts. Several probiotic mechanisms of action, relative to inflammatory bowel disease, have been elucidated: (1) competitive exclusion, whereby probiotics compete with microbial pathogens for a limited number of receptors present on the surface epithelium; (2) immunomodulation and/or stimulation of an immune response of gut-associated lymphoid and epithelial cells; (3) antimicrobial activity and suppression of pathogen growth; (4) enhancement of barrier function; and (5) induction of T cell apoptosis in the mucosal immune compartment. The unraveling of these mechanisms of action has led to new support for the use of probiotics in the management of clinical inflammatory bowel disease. Though level 1 evidence now supports the therapeutic use of probiotics in the treatment of postoperative pouchitis, only levels 2 and 3 evidence is currently available in support of the use of probiotics in the treatment of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Nevertheless, one significant and consistent finding has emerged during the course of research in the past year: not all probiotic bacteria have similar therapeutic effects. Rigorously designed, controlled clinical trials are vital to investigate the unresolved issues related to efficacy, dose, duration of use, single or multi-strain formulation, and the concomitant use of probiotics, synbiotics, or antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Fedorak
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the clinical efficacy of probiotics and prebiotics in gastrointestinal disorders and examines the mechanisms of action related to their therapeutic effect. RECENT FINDINGS The demonstration that immune and epithelial cells can discriminate between different microbial species has extended the known mechanism(s) of action of probiotics beyond simple barrier and antimicrobial effects. It has also confirmed that probiotic bacteria modulate mucosal and systemic immune activity and epithelial function. The progressive unraveling of these mechanisms of action has led to new credence for the use of probiotics and prebiotics in clinical medicine. Level I evidence now exists for the therapeutic use of probiotics in infectious diarrhea in children, recurrent Clostridium difficile-induced infections and postoperative pouchitis. Level II evidence is emerging for the use of probiotics in other gastrointestinal infections, prevention of postoperative bacterial translocation, irritable bowel syndrome, and in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. Nevertheless, one consistent feature has emerged over the past year: Not all probiotic bacteria have similar therapeutic effects. Future clinical trials will need to incorporate this fact into trial planning and design. SUMMARY The use of probiotics and prebiotics as therapeutic agents for gastrointestinal disorders is rapidly moving into the "mainstream." Mechanisms of action explain the therapeutic effects and randomized; controlled trials provide the necessary evidence for their incorporation into the therapeutic armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Fedorak
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Sanders ME, Heimbach JT. Functional foods in the USA: emphasis on probiotic foods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1616/1476-2137.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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