1
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Yang ML, Hu CY, Lee YC, Chang CC, Chen YC, Lee PR, Su BH, Chen PC, Shiau AL, Shieh GS, Wu CL, Wu P. Syngeneic mesenchymal stem cells loaded with telomerase-dependent oncolytic adenoviruses enhance anti-metastatic efficacy. Stem Cells Transl Med 2024; 13:738-749. [PMID: 38864209 PMCID: PMC11328937 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szae039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses have emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for cancer therapy. However, systemic delivery of the viruses to metastatic tumors remains a major challenge. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess tumor tropism property and can be used as cellular vehicles for delivering oncolytic adenoviruses to tumor sites. Since telomerase activity is found in ~90% of human carcinomas, but undetected in normal adult cells, the human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT) promoter can be exploited for regulating the replication of oncolytic adenoviruses. Here, we evaluated the antitumor effects of syngeneic murine MSCs loaded with the luciferase-expressing, telomerase-dependent oncolytic adenovirus Ad.GS2 (MSC-Ad.GS2) and Ad.GS2 alone on metastatic MBT-2 bladder tumors. MSCs supported a low degree of Ad.GS2 replication, which could be augmented by coculture with MBT-2 cells or tumor-conditioned medium (TCM), suggesting that viral replication is increased when MSC-Ad.GS2 migrates to tumor sites. MBT-2 cells and TCM enhanced viral replication in Ad.GS2-infected MSCs. SDF-1 is a stem cell homing factor. Our results suggest that the SDF-1/STAT3/TERT signaling axis in MSCs in response to the tumor microenvironment may contribute to the enhanced replication of Ad.GS2 carried by MSCs. Notably, we demonstrate the potent therapeutic efficacy of systemically delivered MSC-Ad.GS2 in pleural disseminated tumor and experimental metastasis models using intrapleural and tail vein injection of MBT-2 cells, respectively. Treatment with MSC-Ad.GS2 significantly reduced tumor growth and prolonged the survival of mice bearing metastatic bladder tumors. Since telomerase is expressed in a broad spectrum of cancers, this therapeutic strategy may be broadly applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Lin Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Che-Yuan Hu
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Che Lee
- Department of Urology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ching Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ru Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Hua Su
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Che Chen
- Department of Urology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Li Shiau
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Gia-Shing Shieh
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Tainan Hospital, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Liang Wu
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pensee Wu
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of North Midlands, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
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2
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Słońska A, Miedzińska A, Chodkowski M, Bąska P, Mielnikow A, Bartak M, Bańbura MW, Cymerys J. Human Adenovirus Entry and Early Events during Infection of Primary Murine Neurons: Immunofluorescence Studies In Vitro. Pathogens 2024; 13:158. [PMID: 38392896 PMCID: PMC10892902 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus (HAdV) is a common pathogen, which can lead to various clinical symptoms and-in some cases-central nervous system (CNS) dysfunctions, such as encephalitis and meningitis. Although the initial events of virus entry have already been identified in various cell types, the mechanism of neuronal uptake of adenoviruses is relatively little understood. The aim of this study was to investigate early events during adenoviral infection, in particular to determine the connection between cellular coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), clathrin, caveolin, and early endosomal proteins (EEA1 and Rab5) with the entry of HAdVs into primary murine neurons in vitro. An immunofluorescence assay and confocal microscopy analysis were carried out to determine HAdV4, 5, and 7 correlation with CAR, clathrin, caveolin, and early endosomal proteins in neurons. The quantification of Pearson's coefficient between CAR and HAdVs indicated that the HAdV4 and HAdV5 types correlated with CAR and that the correlation was more substantial for HAdV5. Inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis using chlorpromazine limited the infection with HAdV, whereas inhibition of caveolin-mediated endocytosis did not affect virus entry. Thus, the entry of tested HAdV types into neurons was most likely associated with clathrin but not caveolin. It was also demonstrated that HAdVs correlate with the Rab proteins (EEA1, Rab5) present in early vesicles, and the observed differences in the manner of correlation depended on the serotype of the virus. With our research, we strove to expand knowledge regarding the mechanism of HAdV entry into neurons, which may be beneficial for developing potential therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Słońska
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.); (A.M.); (M.B.); (M.W.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Aleksandra Miedzińska
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.); (A.M.); (M.B.); (M.W.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Marcin Chodkowski
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Bąska
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Mielnikow
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.); (A.M.); (M.B.); (M.W.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Michalina Bartak
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.); (A.M.); (M.B.); (M.W.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Marcin W. Bańbura
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.); (A.M.); (M.B.); (M.W.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Joanna Cymerys
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.); (A.M.); (M.B.); (M.W.B.); (J.C.)
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3
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Snipstad S, Bremnes F, Dehli Haugum M, Sulheim E. Characterization of immune cell populations in syngeneic murine tumor models. Cancer Med 2023. [PMID: 36912188 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunocompetent murine models are important tools for preclinical evaluation of immunotherapies. Here, six different immunocompetent tumor models based on four different cell lines were characterized, including metastatic lung cancer (CMT 167), triple-negative breast cancer (4T1), pancreatic cancer (KPCY), and colon cancer (MC38). The tumors were implanted subcutaneously or orthotopically before the animals were treated with anti-PD1 checkpoint inhibitor. A range of innate and adaptive immune cells were then quantified by flow cytometry of single-cell suspensions from the tumors. Furthermore, confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to quantify the density and distribution of T-cells in frozen sections. A model-dependent cellular immune landscape was observed, with variable responsiveness toward anti-PD1, ranging from the most responsive MC38 colon cancer model to the least responsive 4T1 breast cancer model. The study provides an overview of the immune landscape of these tumor models, and a foundation for further elucidation of pro-tumor and anti-tumor mechanisms behind heterogeneous responses towards immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Snipstad
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Cancer Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Frida Bremnes
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mats Dehli Haugum
- Department of Pathology, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Einar Sulheim
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
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4
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Green-Tripp G, Nattress C, Halldén G. Targeting Triple Negative Breast Cancer With Oncolytic Adenoviruses. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:901392. [PMID: 35813830 PMCID: PMC9263221 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.901392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer globally, accounting for 685,000 deaths in 2020. Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) lack oestrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) hormone receptor expression and HER2 overexpression. TNBC represent 10–15% of all BC with high incidence in women under 50-years old that have BRCA mutations, and have a dismal prognosis. African American and Hispanic women are at higher risk partly due to the common occurrence of BRCA mutations. The standard treatment for TNBC includes surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy although, resistance to all standard-of-care therapies eventually develops. It is crucial to identify and develop more efficacious therapeutics with different mechanisms of action to improve on survival in these women. Recent findings with oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds) may generate a new strategy to improve on the outcomes for women afflicted by TNBC and other types of BC. OAds are genetically engineered to selectively lyse, eliminate and recruit the host antitumour immune responses, leaving normal cells unharmed. The most common modifications are deletions in the early gene products including the E1B55 KDa protein, specific regions of the E1A protein, or insertion of tumour-specific promoters. Clinical trials using OAds for various adenocarcinomas have not yet been sufficiently evaluated in BC patients. Preclinical studies demonstrated efficacy in BC cell lines, including TNBC cells, with promising novel adenoviral mutants. Here we review the results reported for the most promising OAds in preclinical studies and clinical trials administered alone and in combination with current standard of care or with novel therapeutics. Combinations of OAds with small molecule drugs targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), androgen receptor (AR), and DNA damage repair by the novel PARP inhibitors are currently under investigation with reported enhanced efficacy. The combination of the PARP-inhibitor Olaparib with OAds showed an impressive anti-tumour effect. The most promising findings to date are with OAds in combination with antibodies towards the immune checkpoints or expression of cytokines from the viral backbone. Although safety and efficacy have been demonstrated in numerous clinical trials and preclinical studies with cancer-selective OAds, further developments are needed to eliminate metastatic lesions, increase immune activation and intratumoural viral spread. We discuss shortcomings of the OAds and potential solutions for improving on patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Green-Tripp
- Centre for Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Callum Nattress
- Centre for Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Cell Communication Lab, Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gunnel Halldén
- Centre for Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Gunnel Halldén,
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5
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Hoare JI, Osmani B, O'Sullivan EA, Browne A, Campbell N, Metcalf S, Nicolini F, Saxena J, Martin SA, Lockley M. Carvedilol targets β-arrestins to rewire innate immunity and improve oncolytic adenoviral therapy. Commun Biol 2022; 5:106. [PMID: 35115660 PMCID: PMC8813932 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are being tested in clinical trials, including in women with ovarian cancer. We use a drug-repurposing approach to identify existing drugs that enhance the activity of oncolytic adenoviruses. This reveals that carvedilol, a β-arrestin-biased β-blocker, synergises with both wild-type adenovirus and the E1A-CR2-deleted oncolytic adenovirus, dl922-947. Synergy is not due to β-adrenergic blockade but is dependent on β-arrestins and is reversed by β-arrestin CRISPR gene editing. Co-treatment with dl922-947 and carvedilol causes increased viral DNA replication, greater viral protein expression and higher titres of infectious viral particles. Carvedilol also enhances viral efficacy in orthotopic, intraperitoneal murine models, achieving more rapid tumour clearance than virus alone. Increased anti-cancer activity is associated with an intratumoural inflammatory cell infiltrate and systemic cytokine release. In summary, carvedilol augments the activity of oncolytic adenoviruses via β-arrestins to re-wire cytokine networks and innate immunity and could therefore improve oncolytic viruses for cancer patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph I Hoare
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Bleona Osmani
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Emily A O'Sullivan
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ashley Browne
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nicola Campbell
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Metcalf
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Francesco Nicolini
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jayeta Saxena
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sarah A Martin
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michelle Lockley
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Cancer Services, University College London Hospital, London, UK.
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6
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Bieri M, Hendrickx R, Bauer M, Yu B, Jetzer T, Dreier B, Mittl PRE, Sobek J, Plückthun A, Greber UF, Hemmi S. The RGD-binding integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8 are receptors for mouse adenovirus-1 and -3 infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010083. [PMID: 34910784 PMCID: PMC8673666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian adenoviruses (AdVs) comprise more than ~350 types including over 100 human (HAdVs) and just three mouse AdVs (MAdVs). While most HAdVs initiate infection by high affinity/avidity binding of their fiber knob (FK) protein to either coxsackievirus AdV receptor (CAR), CD46 or desmoglein (DSG)-2, MAdV-1 (M1) infection requires arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) binding integrins. To identify the receptors mediating MAdV infection we generated five novel reporter viruses for MAdV-1/-2/-3 (M1, M2, M3) transducing permissive murine (m) CMT-93 cells, but not B16 mouse melanoma cells expressing mCAR, human (h) CD46 or hDSG-2. Recombinant M1 or M3 FKs cross-blocked M1 and M3 but not M2 infections. Profiling of murine and human cells expressing RGD-binding integrins suggested that αvβ6 and αvβ8 heterodimers are associated with M1 and M3 infections. Ectopic expression of mβ6 in B16 cells strongly enhanced M1 and M3 binding, infection, and progeny production comparable with mαvβ6-positive CMT-93 cells, whereas mβ8 expressing cells were more permissive to M1 than M3. Anti-integrin antibodies potently blocked M1 and M3 binding and infection of CMT-93 cells and hαvβ8-positive M000216 cells. Soluble integrin αvβ6, and synthetic peptides containing the RGDLXXL sequence derived from FK-M1, FK-M3 and foot and mouth disease virus coat protein strongly interfered with M1/M3 infections, in agreement with high affinity interactions of FK-M1/FK-M3 with αvβ6/αvβ8, determined by surface plasmon resonance measurements. Molecular docking simulations of ternary complexes revealed a bent conformation of RGDLXXL-containing FK-M3 peptides on the subunit interface of αvβ6/β8, where the distal leucine residue dips into a hydrophobic pocket of β6/8, the arginine residue ionically engages αv aspartate215, and the aspartate residue coordinates a divalent cation in αvβ6/β8. Together, the RGDLXXL-bearing FKs are part of an essential mechanism for M1/M3 infection engaging murine and human αvβ6/8 integrins. These integrins are highly conserved in other mammals, and may favour cross-species virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Bieri
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Molecular Life Sciences Graduate School, ETH and University Of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rodinde Hendrickx
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Molecular Life Sciences Graduate School, ETH and University Of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bin Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tania Jetzer
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Dreier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peer R. E. Mittl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jens Sobek
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F. Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Hemmi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Chiaro J, Kasanen HH, Whalley T, Capasso C, Grönholm M, Feola S, Peltonen K, Hamdan F, Hernberg M, Mäkelä S, Karhapää H, Brown PE, Martins B, Fusciello M, Ylösmäki EO, Greco D, Kreutzman AS, Mustjoki S, Szomolay B, Cerullo V. Viral Molecular Mimicry Influences the Antitumor Immune Response in Murine and Human Melanoma. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:981-993. [PMID: 34103348 PMCID: PMC8974425 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular mimicry is one of the leading mechanisms by which infectious agents can induce autoimmunity. Whether a similar mechanism triggers an antitumor immune response is unexplored, and the role of antiviral T cells infiltrating the tumor has remained anecdotal. To address these questions, we first developed a bioinformatic tool to identify tumor peptides with high similarity to viral epitopes. Using peptides identified by this tool, we demonstrated that, in mice, preexisting immunity toward specific viral epitopes enhanced the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy via molecular mimicry in different settings. To understand whether this mechanism could partly explain immunotherapy responsiveness in humans, we analyzed a cohort of patients with melanoma undergoing anti-PD1 treatment who had a high IgG titer for cytomegalovirus (CMV). In this cohort of patients, we showed that high levels of CMV-specific antibodies were associated with prolonged progression-free survival and found that, in some cases, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) could cross-react with both melanoma and CMV homologous peptides. Finally, T-cell receptor sequencing revealed expansion of the same CD8+ T-cell clones when PBMCs were expanded with tumor or homologous viral peptides. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that preexisting immunity and molecular mimicry could influence the response to immunotherapies. In addition, we have developed a free online tool that can identify tumor antigens and neoantigens highly similar to pathogen antigens to exploit molecular mimicry and cross-reactive T cells in cancer vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Chiaro
- Laboratory of ImmunoViroTherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henna H.E. Kasanen
- TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Department of Hematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas Whalley
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Cristian Capasso
- Laboratory of ImmunoViroTherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikaela Grönholm
- Laboratory of ImmunoViroTherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara Feola
- Laboratory of ImmunoViroTherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karita Peltonen
- Laboratory of ImmunoViroTherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Firas Hamdan
- Laboratory of ImmunoViroTherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Micaela Hernberg
- TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Siru Mäkelä
- TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Karhapää
- TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul E. Brown
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Martins
- Laboratory of ImmunoViroTherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manlio Fusciello
- Laboratory of ImmunoViroTherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkko O. Ylösmäki
- Laboratory of ImmunoViroTherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dario Greco
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anna S. Kreutzman
- Laboratory of ImmunoViroTherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Department of Hematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Mustjoki
- TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Department of Hematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.,HiLIFE Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Barbara Szomolay
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Laboratory of ImmunoViroTherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HiLIFE Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology and CEINGE, Naples University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Corresponding Author: Vincenzo Cerullo, Laboratory of ImmunoViroTherapy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, Helsinki 00790, Finland. Phone: 358 29 4159328; E-mail:
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8
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Combination Therapy of Novel Oncolytic Adenovirus with Anti-PD1 Resulted in Enhanced Anti-Cancer Effect in Syngeneic Immunocompetent Melanoma Mouse Model. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040547. [PMID: 33919827 PMCID: PMC8070801 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma, an aggressive form of skin cancer, has a low five-year survival rate in patients with advanced disease. Immunotherapy represents a promising approach to improve survival rates among patients at advanced stage. Herein, the aim of the study was to design and produce, by using engineering tools, a novel oncolytic adenovirus AdV-D24- inducible co-stimulator ligand (ICOSL)-CD40L expressing potent co-stimulatory molecules enhancing clinical efficacy through the modulation of anti-cancer immune responses. Firstly, we demonstrated the vector's identity and genetic stability by restriction enzyme assay and sequencing, then, by performing in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical studies we explored the anti-cancer efficacy of the virus alone or in combination with anti PD-1 inhibitor in human melanoma cell lines, i.e., MUG Mel-1 and MUG Mel-2, and in immunocompetent C57BL/6 melanoma B16V mouse model. We showed that both monotherapy and combination approaches exhibit enhanced anti-cancer ability and immunogenic cell death in in vitro settings. Furthermore, AdV-D24-ICOSL-CD40L combined with anti PD-1 revealed a fall in tumor volume and 100% survival in in vivo context, thus suggesting enhanced efficacy and survival via complementary anti-cancer properties of those agents in melanoma therapy. Collectively, the novel oncolytic vector AdV-D24-ICOSL-CD40L alone or in combination with anticancer drugs, such as check point inhibitors, may open novel therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of melanoma.
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9
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Understanding and addressing barriers to successful adenovirus-based virotherapy for ovarian cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 28:375-389. [PMID: 32951021 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-00227-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among women with gynecological cancer, with an overall 5-year survival rate below 50% due to a lack of specific symptoms, late stage at time of diagnosis and a high rate of recurrence after standard therapy. A better understanding of heterogeneity, genetic mutations, biological behavior and immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment have allowed the development of more effective therapies based on anti-angiogenic treatments, PARP and immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapies and oncolytic vectors. Oncolytic adenoviruses are commonly used platforms in cancer gene therapy that selectively replicate in tumor cells and at the same time are able to stimulate the immune system. In addition, they can be genetically modified to enhance their potency and overcome physical and immunological barriers. In this review we highlight the challenges of adenovirus-based oncolytic therapies targeting ovarian cancer and outline recent advances to improve their potential in combination with immunotherapies.
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10
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Cellular Virotherapy Increases Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL) and Decreases their PD-1 + Subsets in Mouse Immunocompetent Models. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071920. [PMID: 32708639 PMCID: PMC7409201 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy uses viruses designed to selectively replicate in cancer cells. An alternative to intratumoral administration is to use mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to transport the oncolytic viruses to the tumor site. Following this strategy, our group has already applied this treatment to children and adults in a human clinical trial and a veterinary trial, with good clinical responses and excellent safety profiles. However, the development of immunocompetent cancer mouse models is still necessary for the study and improvement of oncolytic viroimmunotherapies. Here we have studied the antitumor efficacy, immune response, and mechanism of action of a complete murine version of our cellular virotherapy in mouse models of renal adenocarcinoma and melanoma. We used mouse MSCs infected with the mouse oncolytic adenovirus dlE102 (OAd-MSCs). In both models, treatment with OAd-MSCs significantly reduced tumor volumes by 50% and induced a pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, treated mice harboring renal adenocarcinoma and melanoma tumors presented increased infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), natural killer cells, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Treated mice also presented lower percentage of TILs expressing programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)-the major regulator of T cell exhaustion. In conclusion, treatment with OAd-MSCs significantly reduced tumor volume and induced changes in tumor-infiltrating populations of melanoma and renal cancer.
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11
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Del Papa J, Clarkin RG, Parks RJ. Use of cell fusion proteins to enhance adenoviral vector efficacy as an anti-cancer therapeutic. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 28:745-756. [DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-0192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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12
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Del Papa J, Petryk J, Bell JC, Parks RJ. An Oncolytic Adenovirus Vector Expressing p14 FAST Protein Induces Widespread Syncytium Formation and Reduces Tumor Growth Rate In Vivo. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 14:107-120. [PMID: 31193718 PMCID: PMC6539411 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intratumoral injection of oncolytic viruses provides a direct means of tumor cell destruction for inoperable tumors. Unfortunately, oncolytic vectors based on human adenovirus (HAdV) typically do not spread efficiently throughout the tumor mass, reducing the efficacy of treatment. In this study, we explore the efficacy of a conditionally replicating HAdV vector expressing the p14 Fusion-Associated Small Transmembrane (FAST) protein (CRAdFAST) in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient mouse models of cancer. The p14 FAST protein mediates cell-cell fusion, which may enhance spread of the virus-mediated, tumor cell-killing effect. In the murine 4T1 model of cancer, treatment with CRAdFAST resulted in enhanced cell death compared to vector lacking the p14 FAST gene, but it did not reduce the tumor growth rate in vivo. In the human A549 lung adenocarcinoma model of cancer, CRAdFAST showed significantly improved oncolytic efficacy in vitro and in vivo. In an A549 xenograft tumor model in vivo, CRAdFAST induced tumor cell fusion, which led to the formation of large acellular regions within the tumor and significantly reduced the tumor growth rate compared to control vector. Our results indicate that expression of p14 FAST from an oncolytic HAdV can improve vector efficacy for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Del Papa
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Julia Petryk
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Robin J Parks
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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13
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De Carlo F, Thomas L, Brooke B, Varney ET, Nande R, Boskovic O, Marshall GD, Claudio PP, Howard CM. Microbubble-mediated delivery of human adenoviruses does not elicit innate and adaptive immunity response in an immunocompetent mouse model of prostate cancer. J Transl Med 2019; 17:19. [PMID: 30635014 PMCID: PMC6329087 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene transfer to malignant sites using human adenoviruses (hAds) has been limited because of their immunogenic nature and host specificity. Murine cells often lack some of the receptors needed for hAds attachment, thus murine cells are generally non-permissive for human adenoviral infection and replication, which limits translational studies. Methods We have developed a gene transfer method that uses a combination of lipid-encapsulated perfluorocarbon microbubbles and ultrasound to protect and deliver hAds to a target tissue, bypassing the requirement of specific receptors. Results In an in vitro model, we showed that murine TRAMP-C2 and human DU145 prostate cancer cells display a comparable expression pattern of receptors involved in hAds adhesion and internalization. We also demonstrated that murine and human cells showed a dose-dependent increase in the percentage of cells transduced by hAd-GFP (green fluorescent protein) after 24 h and that GFP transgene was efficiently expressed at 48 and 72 h post-transduction. To assess if our image-guided delivery system could effectively protect the hAds from the immune system in vivo, we injected healthy immunocompetent mice (C57BL/6) or mice bearing a syngeneic prostate tumor (TRAMP-C2) with hAd-GFP/MB complexes. Notably, we did not observe activation of innate (TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines), or adaptive immune response (neutralizing antibodies, INF-γ+ CD8+ T cells). Conclusions This study brings us a step closer to demonstrating the feasibility of murine cancer models to investigate the clinical translation of image guided site-specific adenoviral gene therapy mediated by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1771-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia De Carlo
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center Cancer Institute, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Litty Thomas
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center Cancer Institute, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Bell Brooke
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center Cancer Institute, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Elliot T Varney
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39126, USA
| | - Rounak Nande
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Olivia Boskovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Gailen D Marshall
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Claudio
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA. .,National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center Cancer Institute, Jackson, MS, USA. .,Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS, 39126, USA.
| | - Candace M Howard
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39126, USA.
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14
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Morales-Molina Á, Gambera S, Cejalvo T, Moreno R, Rodríguez-Milla MÁ, Perisé-Barrios AJ, García-Castro J. Antitumor virotherapy using syngeneic or allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell carriers induces systemic immune response and intratumoral leukocyte infiltration in mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1589-1602. [PMID: 30066102 PMCID: PMC11028294 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy uses oncolytic viruses that selectively replicate in cancer cells. The use of cellular vehicles with migration ability to tumors has been considered to increase their delivery to target sites. Following this approach, the antitumor efficacy of the treatment Celyvir (mesenchymal stem cells infected with the oncolytic adenovirus ICOVIR-5) has been demonstrated in patients with neuroblastoma. However, the better efficacy of syngeneic or allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells as cell carriers and the specific role of the immune system in this therapy are still unknown. In this study we use our virotherapy Celyvir with syngeneic and allogeneic mouse mesenchymal stem cells to determine their antitumor efficacy in a C57BL/6 murine adenocarcinoma model. Adoptive transfer of splenocytes from treated mice to new tumor-bearing mice followed by a secondary adoptive transfer to a third group was performed. Similar reduction of tumor growth and systemic activation of the innate and adaptive immune system was observed in groups treated with syngeneic or allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells loaded with ICOVIR-5. Moreover, a different pattern of infiltration was observed by immunofluorescence in Celyvir-treated groups. While non-treated tumors presented higher density of infiltrating immune cells in the periphery of the tumor, both syngeneic and allogeneic Celyvir-treated groups presented higher infiltration of CD45+ cells in the core of the tumor. Therefore, these results suggest that syngeneic and allogeneic Celyvir induce systemic activation of the immune system, similar antitumor effect and a higher intratumoral infiltration of leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Morales-Molina
- Cellular Biotechnology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, lab. 51-00-031, Ctra Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefano Gambera
- Cellular Biotechnology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, lab. 51-00-031, Ctra Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Cejalvo
- Cellular Biotechnology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, lab. 51-00-031, Ctra Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Moreno
- Virotherapy and Gene therapy Group, ProCure Program, Translational Research Laboratory, Instituto Catalan de Oncologia-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Milla
- Cellular Biotechnology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, lab. 51-00-031, Ctra Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Judith Perisé-Barrios
- Cellular Biotechnology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, lab. 51-00-031, Ctra Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier García-Castro
- Cellular Biotechnology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, lab. 51-00-031, Ctra Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Lei J, Jacobus EJ, Taverner WK, Fisher KD, Hemmi S, West K, Slater L, Lilley F, Brown A, Champion B, Duffy MR, Seymour LW. Expression of human CD46 and trans-complementation by murine adenovirus 1 fails to allow productive infection by a group B oncolytic adenovirus in murine cancer cells. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:55. [PMID: 29898782 PMCID: PMC6000980 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncolytic viruses are currently experiencing accelerated development in several laboratories worldwide, with some forty-seven clinical trials currently recruiting. Many oncolytic viruses combine targeted cytotoxicity to cancer cells with a proinflammatory cell lysis. Due to their additional potential to express immunomodulatory transgenes, they are also often known as oncolytic viral vaccines. However, several types of oncolytic viruses are human-specific and the lack of suitable immune-competent animal models complicates biologically relevant evaluation of their vaccine potential. This is a particular challenge for group B adenoviruses, which fail to infect even those immunocompetent animal model systems identified as semi-permissive for type 5 adenovirus. Here, we aim to develop a murine cell line capable of supporting replication of a group B oncolytic adenovirus, enadenotucirev (EnAd), for incorporation into a syngeneic immunocompetent animal model to explore the oncolytic vaccine potential of group B oncolytic viruses. METHODS Transgenic murine cell lines were infected with EnAd expressing GFP transgene under replication-independent or -dependent promoters. Virus mRNA expression, genome replication, and late protein expression were determined by qRT-PCR, qPCR, and immunoblotting, respectively. We also use Balb/c immune-competent mice to determine the tumourogenicity and infectivity of transgenic murine cell lines. RESULTS Our results show that a broad range of human carcinoma cells will support EnAd replication, but not murine carcinoma cells. Murine cells can be readily modified to express surface human CD46, one of the receptors for group B adenoviruses, allowing receptor-mediated uptake of EnAd particles into the murine cells and expression of CMV promoter-driven transgenes. Although the early E1A mRNA was expressed in murine cells at levels similar to human cells, adenovirus E2B and Fibre mRNA expression levels were hampered and few virus genomes were produced. Unlike previous reports on group C adenoviruses, trans-complementation of group B adenoviruses by co-infection with mouse adenovirus 1 did not rescue replication. A panel of group B adenoviruses expressing individual mouse adenovirus 1 genes were also unable to rescue EnAd replication. CONCLUSION Together, these results indicate that there may be major differences in the early stages of replication of group C and B adenoviruses in murine cells, and that the block to the life cycle of B adenoviruses in murine cells occurs in the early stage of virus replication, perhaps reflecting poor activity of Ad11p E1A in murine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Lei
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Department of OncologyUniversity of Oxford OX3 7DQ Oxford UK
| | - Egon J Jacobus
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Department of OncologyUniversity of Oxford OX3 7DQ Oxford UK
| | - William K Taverner
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Department of OncologyUniversity of Oxford OX3 7DQ Oxford UK
| | - Kerry D Fisher
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Department of OncologyUniversity of Oxford OX3 7DQ Oxford UK
| | - Silvio Hemmi
- 0000 0004 1937 0650grid.7400.3Institute of Molecular Life SciencesUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Katy West
- 0000 0004 0394 8673grid.476643.4PsiOxus Therapeutics Ltd PsiOxus House, 4-10 The Quadrant, Barton Lane OX14 3YS Abingdon Oxfordshire UK
| | - Lorna Slater
- 0000 0004 0394 8673grid.476643.4PsiOxus Therapeutics Ltd PsiOxus House, 4-10 The Quadrant, Barton Lane OX14 3YS Abingdon Oxfordshire UK
| | - Fred Lilley
- 0000 0004 0394 8673grid.476643.4PsiOxus Therapeutics Ltd PsiOxus House, 4-10 The Quadrant, Barton Lane OX14 3YS Abingdon Oxfordshire UK
| | - Alice Brown
- 0000 0004 0394 8673grid.476643.4PsiOxus Therapeutics Ltd PsiOxus House, 4-10 The Quadrant, Barton Lane OX14 3YS Abingdon Oxfordshire UK
| | - Brian Champion
- 0000 0004 0394 8673grid.476643.4PsiOxus Therapeutics Ltd PsiOxus House, 4-10 The Quadrant, Barton Lane OX14 3YS Abingdon Oxfordshire UK
| | - Margaret R Duffy
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Department of OncologyUniversity of Oxford OX3 7DQ Oxford UK
| | - Len W Seymour
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Department of OncologyUniversity of Oxford OX3 7DQ Oxford UK
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16
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Rincón E, Cejalvo T, Kanojia D, Alfranca A, Rodríguez-Milla MÁ, Gil Hoyos RA, Han Y, Zhang L, Alemany R, Lesniak MS, García-Castro J. Mesenchymal stem cell carriers enhance antitumor efficacy of oncolytic adenoviruses in an immunocompetent mouse model. Oncotarget 2018; 8:45415-45431. [PMID: 28525366 PMCID: PMC5542197 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy represents a promising alternative for cancer treatment; however, viral delivery to the tumor represents a major challenge. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) chemotax to tumors, and can serve as a viral delivery tool. Previously, we demonstrated antitumor therapeutic efficacy for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) infected with the oncolytic human adenovirus ICOVIR5 (Celyvir) for treatment of neuroblastoma patients. Given the lack of suitable immunocompetent preclinical models, the mechanism underlying Celyvir antitumor activity remains unknown. In this study, we used the syngeneic murine CMT64 cell line as a human adenovirus-semi-permissive tumor model and demonstrate the homing capacity of mouse Celyvir (mCelyvir) to CMT64 tumors. We found that the combined treatment of mCelyvir and intratumoral injections (i.t.) of ICOVIR5 was more effective than treatment with i.t. ICOVIR5 alone. Interestingly, the superior therapeutic effect of the combined therapy was associated with a higher tumor infiltration of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Our findings suggest that the use of MSCs as carriers of oncolytic adenovirus can improve the clinical efficacy of anti-cancer virotherapy, not only by driving the adenovirus to tumors, but also through their potential to recruit T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Rincón
- Unidad de Biotecnología Celular, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Teresa Cejalvo
- Unidad de Biotecnología Celular, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Deepak Kanojia
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Arantzazu Alfranca
- Unidad de Biotecnología Celular, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Yu Han
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lingjiao Zhang
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ramón Alemany
- Institut Català d´Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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17
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Al-Zaher AA, Moreno R, Fajardo CA, Arias-Badia M, Farrera M, de Sostoa J, Rojas LA, Alemany R. Evidence of Anti-tumoral Efficacy in an Immune Competent Setting with an iRGD-Modified Hyaluronidase-Armed Oncolytic Adenovirus. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2018; 8:62-70. [PMID: 29888319 PMCID: PMC5991897 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To enhance adenovirus-mediated oncolysis, different approaches that tackle the selectivity, tumor penetration, and spreading potential of oncolytic adenoviruses have been reported. We have previously demonstrated that insertion of the internalizing Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic (iRGD) tumor-penetrating peptide at the C terminus of the fiber or transgenic expression of a secreted hyaluronidase can improve virus tumor targeting and spreading. Here we report a new oncolytic adenovirus ICOVIR17K-iRGD in which both modifications have been incorporated. In xenografted A549 tumors in nude mice, ICOVIR17K-iRGD shows higher efficacy than the non-iRGD counterpart. To gain insights into the role of the immune system in oncolysis, we have studied ICOVIR17K-iRGD in the tumor isograft mouse model CMT64.6, partially permissive to human adenovirus 5 replication, in immunodeficient or immunocompetent mice. Whereas no efficacy was observed in the immunodeficient setting due to insufficient viral replication, partial efficacy and a polymorphonuclear and CD8+ T cell infiltrate were observed in the immunocompetent mice. The results indicate that the elicitation of a virus-induced anti-tumoral immune response is responsible for the observed partial anti-tumoral effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdullah Al-Zaher
- ProCure Program, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Moreno
- ProCure Program, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Alberto Fajardo
- ProCure Program, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcel Arias-Badia
- ProCure Program, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Farrera
- ProCure Program, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jana de Sostoa
- ProCure Program, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Alfonso Rojas
- ProCure Program, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Alemany
- ProCure Program, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Martinez-Jaramillo E, Garza-Morales R, Wechman SL, Montes de Oca-Luna R, Saucedo-Cardenas O, Shirwan H, Yolcu E, McMasters KM, Gomez-Gutierrez JG. Adenovirus Lacking E1b Efficiently Induces Cytopathic Effect in HPV-16-Positive Murine Cancer Cells via Virus Replication and Apoptosis. Cancer Invest 2018; 36:19-27. [PMID: 29388837 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2018.1430812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Conditionally replicative adenoviruses (CRAds) replicate poorly in murine cancer cells; however, E1b-deleted CRAds may replicate effectively in HPV16-E6/E7-positive murine cancer cells (TC-1). The HPV16 E7 open reading frame encodes functions analogous to these deleted adenovirus E1 proteins. In this study, an E1b-deleted CRAd (Adhz60) was evaluated for its ability to replicate and induce oncolysis in TC-1 cells. Adhz60-mediated oncolysis was similar in TC-1 and HeLa cells. Productive viral replication was evident based on expression of E1A and hexon, production of infectious virus progeny, and Adhz60-induced apoptosis. The results suggest that TC-1 murine cancer cells allow Adhz60 replication and oncolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Martinez-Jaramillo
- a The Hiram C. Polk Jr., MD, Department of Surgery , University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville , USA.,b Department of Histology, School of Medicine , Autonomous University of Nuevo León , Monterrey , N.L. México
| | - Rodolfo Garza-Morales
- a The Hiram C. Polk Jr., MD, Department of Surgery , University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville , USA.,b Department of Histology, School of Medicine , Autonomous University of Nuevo León , Monterrey , N.L. México
| | - Stephen L Wechman
- a The Hiram C. Polk Jr., MD, Department of Surgery , University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville , USA
| | - Roberto Montes de Oca-Luna
- b Department of Histology, School of Medicine , Autonomous University of Nuevo León , Monterrey , N.L. México
| | - Odila Saucedo-Cardenas
- b Department of Histology, School of Medicine , Autonomous University of Nuevo León , Monterrey , N.L. México.,e Department of Molecular Genetics, Northeast Biomedical Research Center , Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) , Monterrey , N.L. México
| | - Haval Shirwan
- c Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Cellular Therapeutics , University of Louisville , Louisville , USA
| | - Esma Yolcu
- c Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Cellular Therapeutics , University of Louisville , Louisville , USA
| | - Kelly M McMasters
- a The Hiram C. Polk Jr., MD, Department of Surgery , University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville , USA.,d James Graham Brown Cancer Center , University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville , USA
| | - Jorge G Gomez-Gutierrez
- a The Hiram C. Polk Jr., MD, Department of Surgery , University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville , USA.,d James Graham Brown Cancer Center , University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville , USA
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19
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Jung BK, Oh E, Hong J, Lee Y, Park KD, Yun CO. A hydrogel matrix prolongs persistence and promotes specific localization of an oncolytic adenovirus in a tumor by restricting nonspecific shedding and an antiviral immune response. Biomaterials 2017; 147:26-38. [PMID: 28923683 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, intratumoral injection of an oncolytic adenovirus (Ad) is the conventional administration route in clinical trials. Nonetheless, the locally administered Ad disseminates to the surrounding nontarget tissues and has short biological activity due to immunogenicity of Ad, thus necessitating multiple injections to achieve a sufficient therapeutic index. In the present study, a tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-expressing oncolytic Ad (oAd-TRAIL) was encapsulated in a gelatin hydrogel (oAd-TRAIL/gel) to enhance and prolong antitumor efficacy of the virus after a single intratumoral injection. oAd-TRAIL/gel showed greater antitumor efficacy than naked oAd-TRAIL did due to enhanced and prolonged intratumoral accumulation of Ad up to a 20-day period, showing potent induction of apoptosis and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Furthermore, the gel system effectively prevented shedding of oncolytic Ad from the injection site to hepatic and other healthy tissues. oAd-TRAIL/gel treatment resulted in a markedly weaker antiviral immune response against Ad relative to naked oAd-TRAIL, further contributing to prolonged persistence of the oncolytic Ad in tumor tissue. Moreover, the hydrogel matrix preserved oAd-TRAIL's ability to induce an antitumor immune response, resulting in higher intratumoral infiltration by CD4+/CD8+ T cells. Taken together, these findings show that single intratumoral administration of the Ad/hydrogel modality may prolong and potentiate the therapeutic efficacy of Ad, modulate the immune reaction in favor of the virotherapy, and enhance intratumoral localization of the virus, ultimately overcoming limitations of oncolytic virotherapy revealed in recent clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Kyeong Jung
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eonju Oh
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - JinWoo Hong
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunki Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 5 Woncheon, Yeongtong, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Dong Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 5 Woncheon, Yeongtong, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Whole cell vaccination using immunogenic cell death by an oncolytic adenovirus is effective against a colorectal cancer model. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2016; 3:16031. [PMID: 28035331 PMCID: PMC5155634 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2016.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccine application is limited to specific cancer types because few cancer-associated antigens are known to induce tumor rejection. Accordingly, we assessed the utility of Ad881, an oncolytic adenovirus in which viral replication was strictly regulated by the cancer-specific midkine promoter, as a cancer vaccine in a murine colorectal cancer model lacking specific cancer-associated antigens. In CT26 and CMT93 cells, Ad881 (multiplicity of infection: 100 or 1,000) showed stronger cytotoxicity and oncolysis in vitro than its equivalent replication-defective adenovirus, Ad884. CT26 cells (1 × 104) infected with Ad881 (multiplicity of infection: 1,000) for 24 hours were suitable as vaccine antigens without tumor formation in our model. Repeated vaccinations, but not single vaccination, induced a greater prophylactic immune response. The percentage of mice that rejected the tumor challenge was 0, 4, and 38% after no vaccination, single vaccination, and repeated vaccinations, respectively. Immunogenic cell death marker high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) and adenosine triphosphate in culture medium were higher after Ad881 infection (24.3 ng/ml and 48.2 nmol/l, respectively) than after Ad884 infection (8.6 ng/ml and 15.4 nmol/l, respectively) or oxaliplatin treatment (3.7 ng/ml and 1.8 nmol/l, respectively). These results indicate that repeated whole cell vaccination using an oncolytic adenovirus may be a potent approach to evoke immunogenic cell death.
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death and morbidity in men in the Western world. Tumor progression is dependent on functioning androgen receptor signaling, and initial administration of antiandrogens and hormone therapy (androgen-deprivation therapy) prevent growth and spread. Tumors frequently develop escape mechanisms to androgen-deprivation therapy and progress to castration-resistant late-stage metastatic disease that, in turn, inevitably leads to resistance to all current therapeutics, including chemotherapy. In spite of the recent development of more effective inhibitors of androgen–androgen receptor signaling such as enzalutamide and abiraterone, patient survival benefits are still limited. Oncolytic adenoviruses have proven efficacy in prostate cancer cells and cause regression of tumors in preclinical models of numerous drug-resistant cancers. Data from clinical trials demonstrate that adenoviral mutants have limited toxicity to normal tissues and are safe when administered to patients with various solid cancers, including prostate cancer. While efficacy in response to adenovirus administration alone is marginal, findings from early-phase trials targeting local-ized and metastatic prostate cancer suggest improved efficacy in combination with cytotoxic drugs and radiation therapy. Here, we review recent progress in the development of multimodal oncolytic adenoviruses as biological therapeutics to improve on tumor elimination in prostate cancer patients. These optimized mutants target cancer cells by several mechanisms including viral lysis and by expression of cytotoxic transgenes and immune-stimulatory factors that activate the host immune system to destroy both infected and noninfected prostate cancer cells. Additional modifications of the viral capsid proteins may support future systemic delivery of oncolytic adenoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Sweeney
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Gunnel Halldén
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
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Delivery of oncolytic adenovirus into the nucleus of tumorigenic cells by tumor microparticles for virotherapy. Biomaterials 2016; 89:56-66. [PMID: 26950165 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have been utilized for the treatment of various cancers. However, delivery of the viral particles to tumor cells remains a major challenge. Microparticles (MP) are vesicle forms of plasma membrane fragments of 0.1-1 μm in size that are shed by cells. We have previously shown the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs using tumor cell-derived MPs (T-MP). Here we report that T-MPs can be utilized as a unique carrier system to deliver oncolytic adenoviruses to human tumors, leading to highly efficient cytolysis of tumor cells needed for in vivo treatment efficacy. This T-MP-mediated oncolytic virotherapy approach holds multiple advantages, including: 1) delivery of oncolytic adenovirus by T-MPs is able to avoid the antiviral effect of host antibodies; 2) delivery of oncolytic adenovirus by T-MPs is not limited by virus-specific receptor that mediates the entry of virus into tumor cells; 3) T-MPs are apt at delivering oncolytic adenoviruses to the nucleus of tumor cells as well as to stem-like tumor-repopulating cells for the desired purpose of killing them. These findings highlight a novel oncolytic adenovirus delivery system with highly promising clinical applications.
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Wu C, Cao X, Yu D, Huijbers EJM, Essand M, Akusjärvi G, Johansson S, Svensson C. HAdV-2-suppressed growth of SV40 T antigen-transformed mouse mammary epithelial cell-induced tumours in SCID mice. Virology 2015; 489:44-50. [PMID: 26707269 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human adenovirus (HAdV) vectors are promising tools for cancer therapy, but the shortage of efficient animal models for productive HAdV infections has restricted the evaluation of systemic effects to mainly immunodeficient mice. Previously, we reported a highly efficient replication of HAdV-2 in a non-tumorigenic mouse mammary epithelial cell line, NMuMG. Here we show that HAdV-2 gene expression and progeny formation in NMuMG cells transformed with the SV40 T antigen (NMuMG-T cells) were as efficient as in the parental NMuMG cells. Injection of HAdV-2 into tumours established by NMuMG-T in SCID mice caused reduced tumour growth and signs of intratumoural lesions. HAdV-2 replicated within the NMuMG-T-established tumours, but not in interspersed host-derived tissues within the tumours. The specific infection of NMuMG-T-derived tumours was verified by the lack of viral DNA in kidney, lung or spleen although low levels of viral DNA was occasionally found in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Wu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Xiaofang Cao
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Di Yu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | | | - Magnus Essand
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Göran Akusjärvi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Staffan Johansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Catharina Svensson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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Cheng PH, Wechman SL, McMasters KM, Zhou HS. Oncolytic Replication of E1b-Deleted Adenoviruses. Viruses 2015; 7:5767-79. [PMID: 26561828 PMCID: PMC4664978 DOI: 10.3390/v7112905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Various viruses have been studied and developed for oncolytic virotherapies. In virotherapy, a relatively small amount of viruses used in an intratumoral injection preferentially replicate in and lyse cancer cells, leading to the release of amplified viral particles that spread the infection to the surrounding tumor cells and reduce the tumor mass. Adenoviruses (Ads) are most commonly used for oncolytic virotherapy due to their infection efficacy, high titer production, safety, easy genetic modification, and well-studied replication characteristics. Ads with deletion of E1b55K preferentially replicate in and destroy cancer cells and have been used in multiple clinical trials. H101, one of the E1b55K-deleted Ads, has been used for the treatment of late-stage cancers as the first approved virotherapy agent. However, the mechanism of selective replication of E1b-deleted Ads in cancer cells is still not well characterized. This review will focus on three potential molecular mechanisms of oncolytic replication of E1b55K-deleted Ads. These mechanisms are based upon the functions of the viral E1B55K protein that are associated with p53 inhibition, late viral mRNA export, and cell cycle disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hsin Cheng
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Stephen L Wechman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
| | - Kelly M McMasters
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
| | - Heshan Sam Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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Cheng PH, Rao XM, Wechman SL, Li XF, McMasters KM, Zhou HS. Oncolytic adenovirus targeting cyclin E overexpression repressed tumor growth in syngeneic immunocompetent mice. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:716. [PMID: 26475304 PMCID: PMC4609153 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical trials have indicated that preclinical results obtained with human tumor xenografts in mouse models may overstate the potential of adenovirus (Ad)-mediated oncolytic therapies. We have previously demonstrated that the replication of human Ads depends on cyclin E dysregulation or overexpression in cancer cells. ED-1 cell derived from mouse lung adenocarcinomas triggered by transgenic overexpression of human cyclin E may be applied to investigate the antitumor efficacy of oncolytic Ads. Methods Ad-cycE was used to target cyclin E overexpression in ED-1 cells and repress tumor growth in a syngeneic mouse model for investigation of oncolytic virotherapies. Results Murine ED-1 cells were permissive for human Ad replication and Ad-cycE repressed ED-1 tumor growth in immunocompetent FVB mice. ED-1 cells destroyed by oncolytic Ads in tumors were encircled in capsule-like structures, while cells outside the capsules were not infected and survived the treatment. Conclusion Ad-cycE can target cyclin E overexpression in cancer cells and repress tumor growth in syngeneic mouse models. The capsule structures formed after Ad intratumoral injection may prevent viral particles from spreading to the entire tumor. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1731-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hsin Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
| | - Xiao-Mei Rao
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville Medical School, 505 South Hancock Street, CTR Building, Room 306, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Stephen L Wechman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA. .,Hiram C. Polk Jr MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
| | - Kelly M McMasters
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA. .,Hiram C. Polk Jr MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
| | - Heshan Sam Zhou
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville Medical School, 505 South Hancock Street, CTR Building, Room 306, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. .,Hiram C. Polk Jr MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
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Browne A, Tookman LA, Ingemarsdotter CK, Bouwman RD, Pirlo K, Wang Y, McNeish IA, Lockley M. Pharmacological Inhibition of β3 Integrin Reduces the Inflammatory Toxicities Caused by Oncolytic Adenovirus without Compromising Anticancer Activity. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2811-21. [PMID: 25977332 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviruses have been clinically tested as anticancer therapies but their utility has been severely limited by rapid, systemic cytokine release and consequent inflammatory toxicity. Here, we describe a new approach to tackling these dangerous side effects. Using human ovarian cancer cell lines as well as malignant epithelial cells harvested from the ascites of women with ovarian cancer, we show that tumor cells do not produce cytokines in the first 24 hours following in vitro infection with the oncolytic adenovirus dl922-947. In contrast, dl922-947 does induce inflammatory cytokines at early time points following intraperitoneal delivery in mice with human ovarian cancer intraperitoneal xenografts. In these animals, cytokines originate predominantly in murine tissues, especially in macrophage-rich organs such as the spleen. We use a nonreplicating adenovirus to confirm that early cytokine production is independent of adenoviral replication. Using β3 integrin knockout mice injected intraperitoneally with dl922-947 and β3 null murine peritoneal macrophages, we confirm a role for macrophage cell surface β3 integrin in this dl922-947-induced inflammation. We present new evidence that co-administration of a cyclic RGD-mimetic-specific inhibitor of β3 integrin significantly attenuates the cytokine release and inflammatory hepatic toxicity induced by dl922-947 in an intraperitoneal murine model of ovarian cancer. Importantly, we find no evidence that β3 inhibition compromises viral infectivity and oncolysis in vitro or anticancer efficacy in vivo. By enabling safe, systemic delivery of replicating adenoviruses, this novel approach could have a major impact on the future development of these effective anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Browne
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura A Tookman
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carin K Ingemarsdotter
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Russell D Bouwman
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina Pirlo
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yaohe Wang
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iain A McNeish
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom. Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Lockley
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom.
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de Gruijl TD, Janssen AB, van Beusechem VW. Arming oncolytic viruses to leverage antitumor immunity. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:959-71. [PMID: 25959450 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1044433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past decade, the cytolytic capabilities of oncolytic viruses (OVs), exploited to selectively eliminate neoplastic cells, have become secondary to their use to elicit a tumor-directed immune response. AREAS COVERED Here, based on an NCBI-PubMed literature survey, we review the efforts undertaken to arm OVs in order to improve therapeutic antitumor responses upon administration of these agents. Specifically, we explore the different options to modulate immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and to facilitate the generation of effective antitumor responses that have been investigated in conjunction with OVs in recent years. EXPERT OPINION Their induction of immunogenic tumor cell death and association with pro-inflammatory signals make OVs attractive immunotherapeutic modalities. The first promising clinical results with immunologically armed OVs warrant their further optimization and development. OVs should be modified to avoid detrimental effects of pre-existent anti-OV immunity as well as for increased tumor targeting and selectivity, so as to ultimately allow for systemic administration while achieving local immune potentiation and tumor elimination in the TME. In particular, a combination of trans-genes encoding bispecific T-cell engagers, immune checkpoint blockers and antigen-presenting cell enhancers will remove suppressive hurdles in the TME and allow for optimal antitumor efficacy of armed OVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja D de Gruijl
- VU University Medical Center - Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology , Room VUmc-CCA 2.44, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands +31 20 4444063 ;
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Kloos A, Woller N, Gürlevik E, Ureche CI, Niemann J, Armbrecht N, Martin NT, Geffers R, Manns MP, Gerardy-Schahn R, Kühnel F. PolySia-Specific Retargeting of Oncolytic Viruses Triggers Tumor-Specific Immune Responses and Facilitates Therapy of Disseminated Lung Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:751-63. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0124-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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A novel immunocompetent murine model for replicating oncolytic adenoviral therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2014; 22:17-22. [PMID: 25525035 PMCID: PMC4298785 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2014.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses are under investigation as a promising novel strategy for cancer immunotherapeutics. Unfortunately, there is no immunocompetent mouse cancer model to test oncolytic adenovirus because murine cancer cells are generally unable to produce infectious viral progeny from human adenoviruses. We find that the murine K-ras-induced lung adenocarcinoma cell line ADS-12 supports adenoviral infection and generates infectious viral progeny. ADS-12 cells express the coxsackie and adenovirus receptor and infected ADS-12 cells express the viral protein E1A. We find that our previously described oncolytic virus, adenovirus TAV-255 (AdTAV-255), kills ADS-12 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. We investigated ADS-12 cells as an in-vivo model system for replicating oncolytic adenoviruses. Subcutaneous injection of ADS-12 cells into immunocompetent 129 mice led to tumor formation in all injected mice. Intratumoral injection of AdTAV-255 in established tumors causes a significant reduction in tumor growth. This model system represents the first fully immunocompetent mouse model for cancer treatment with replicating oncolytic adenoviruses, and therefore will be useful to study the therapeutic effect of oncolytic adenoviruses in general and particularly immunostimulatory viruses designed to evoke an antitumor immune response.
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Novel permissive murine immunocompetent orthotopic colon carcinoma model for comparison of the antitumoral and safety profiles of three Adv-TKs. Gene Ther 2014; 21:975-83. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Bressy C, Benihoud K. Association of oncolytic adenoviruses with chemotherapies: an overview and future directions. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 90:97-106. [PMID: 24832861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses have been used in different preclinical and clinical studies, showing their capacity to kill tumor cells without major adverse events. However, these studies also underline the limitations of this approach. The efficacy of oncolytic adenoviruses is hampered by their limited ability to transduce some tumor types, their lack of selectivity, and their poor dissemination within tumors. In addition, the host immune response may limit oncolytic adenovirus efficacy. Combining oncolytic adenoviruses with chemotherapeutics constitutes an appealing strategy to increase their potency. The first part of this review describes the molecular basis of oncolytic adenoviruses, their use in preclinical studies and clinical trials, their limitations, and strategies to circumvent these limitations. The second part will focus on studies combining oncolytic adenoviruses with chemotherapeutic drugs, including standard chemotherapeutic drugs, molecularly targeted drugs, and other drugs that have been combined with oncolytic adenoviruses. Finally, based on these studies, we describe future directions and general rules that could be followed to identify chemotherapeutic drugs displaying additive/synergistic effects when combined with oncolytic adenoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bressy
- CNRS UMR 8203, Vectorologie et thérapeutiques anti-cancéreuses, Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France; Univ Paris-Sud, 15 rue Georges Clémenceau, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Karim Benihoud
- CNRS UMR 8203, Vectorologie et thérapeutiques anti-cancéreuses, Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France; Univ Paris-Sud, 15 rue Georges Clémenceau, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
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Jiang H, Clise-Dwyer K, Ruisaard KE, Fan X, Tian W, Gumin J, Lamfers ML, Kleijn A, Lang FF, Yung WKA, Vence LM, Gomez-Manzano C, Fueyo J. Delta-24-RGD oncolytic adenovirus elicits anti-glioma immunity in an immunocompetent mouse model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97407. [PMID: 24827739 PMCID: PMC4020829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging evidence suggests anti-cancer immunity is involved in the therapeutic effect induced by oncolytic viruses. Here we investigate the effect of Delta-24-RGD oncolytic adenovirus on innate and adaptive anti-glioma immunity. Design Mouse GL261-glioma model was set up in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mouse for Delta-24-RGD treatment. The changes of the immune cell populations were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. The anti-glioma immunity was evaluated with functional study of the splenocytes isolated from the mice. The efficacy of the virotherapy was assessed with animal survival analysis. The direct effect of the virus on the tumor-associated antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells was analyzed with an in vitro ovalbumin (OVA) modeling system. Results Delta-24-RGD induced cytotoxic effect in mouse glioma cells. Viral treatment in GL261-glioma bearing mice caused infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells, instigating a Th1 immunity at the tumor site which resulted in specific anti-glioma immunity, shrunken tumor and prolonged animal survival. Importantly, viral infection and IFNγ increased the presentation of OVA antigen in OVA-expressing cells to CD8+ T-cell hybridoma B3Z cells, which is blocked by brefeldin A and proteasome inhibitors, indicating the activity is through the biosynthesis and proteasome pathway. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that Delta-24-RGD induces anti-glioma immunity and offers the first evidence that viral infection directly enhances presentation of tumor-associated antigens to immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Karen Clise-Dwyer
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kathryn E. Ruisaard
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xuejun Fan
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Weihua Tian
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joy Gumin
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Anne Kleijn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederick F. Lang
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wai-Kwan Alfred Yung
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Luis M. Vence
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Candelaria Gomez-Manzano
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Juan Fueyo
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Farzad LM, Suzuki M. Feasibility of Applying Helper-Dependent Adenoviral Vectors for Cancer Immunotherapy. Biomedicines 2014; 2:110-131. [PMID: 28548063 PMCID: PMC5423480 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ads) infect a broad range of tissue types, and derived vectors have been extensively used for gene therapy. Helper-dependent Ad vectors (HDAds), devoid of viral coding sequences, allow for insertion of large or multiple transgenes in a single vector and have been preclinically used for the study of genetic disorders. However, the clinical application of Ad vectors including HDAds for genetic disorders has been hampered by an acute toxic response. This characteristic, while disadvantageous for gene replacement therapy, could be strategically advantageous for the activation of an immune response if HDAds were used as an adjunct treatment in cancer. Cancer treatments including immunotherapy are frequently limited by the inhibitory environment produced by both tumors and their stroma, each of which express numerous inhibitory molecules. Hence, multiple inhibitory mechanisms must be overcome for development of anti-tumor immunity. The large coding capacity of HDAds can accommodate multiple immune modulating transgenes that could produce a combined effect to overcome tumor-derived inhibition and ensure intratumoral effector T-cell proliferation and function. In this review, we discuss the potential advantages of HDAds to cancer immunotherapy based on potent host immune responses to Ads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Farzad
- Department of Medicine, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Masataka Suzuki
- Department of Medicine, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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A pRb-responsive, RGD-modified, and hyaluronidase-armed canine oncolytic adenovirus for application in veterinary oncology. Mol Ther 2014; 22:986-98. [PMID: 24448161 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human and canine cancer share similarities such as genetic and molecular aspects, biological complexity, tumor epidemiology, and targeted therapeutic treatment. Lack of good animal models for human adenovirotherapy has spurred the use of canine adenovirus 2-based oncolytic viruses. We have constructed a canine oncolytic virus that mimics the characteristics of our previously published human adenovirus ICOVIR17: expression of E1a controlled by E2F sites, deletion of the pRb-binding site of E1a, insertion of an RGD integrin-binding motif at the fiber Knob, and expression of hyaluronidase under the major late promoter/IIIa protein splicing acceptor control. Preclinical studies showed selectivity, increased cytotoxicity, and strong hyaluronidase activity. Intratumoral treatment of canine osteosarcoma and melanoma xenografts in mice resulted in inhibition of tumor growth and prolonged survival. Moreover, we treated six dogs with different tumor types, including one adenoma, two osteosarcomas, one mastocitoma, one fibrosarcoma, and one neuroendocrine hepatic carcinoma. No virus-associated adverse effects were observed, but toxicity associated to tumor lysis, including disseminated intravascular coagulation and systemic failure, was found in one case. Two partial responses and two stable diseases warrant additional clinical testing.
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The role of cyclophosphamide in enhancing antitumor efficacy of an adenovirus oncolytic vector in subcutaneous Syrian hamster tumors. Cancer Gene Ther 2013; 20:521-30. [PMID: 23928731 PMCID: PMC3778155 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2013.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that intratumoral injection of VRX-007—an Ad5-based vector overexpressing ADP (Adenovirus Death Protein)—can suppress the growth of subcutaneous HaK (hamster renal cancer) tumors. VRX-007 replication and tumor growth inhibition are enhanced when the hamsters are immunosuppressed by a high dose of cyclophosphamide (CP), an immunosuppressive and chemotherapeutic agent. Here we report that continuous immunosuppression with CP was not required for increased oncolytic activity of VRX-007 because short-term dosing or continuous dosing with the drug yielded similar antitumor results. Prolonged viral replication was found only in animals on continuous CP treatment. We used 007-Luc, a replication-competent, luciferase-expressing vector similar to VRX-007 to investigate the replication of the vector over time. Tumor growth inhibition was similar in hamsters given CP treatment either one week before or one week after 007-Luc injection, which suggests that CP exerts its antitumor efficacy independently of vector therapy. 007-Luc did not spread far from the inoculation site, even in immunosuppressed, CP-treated animals. Our results indicate that the enhanced effectiveness that is produced by the combination of VRX-007 and CP therapies is due to their two independent mechanisms and that they do not have to be given simultaneously for the improved outcome shown.
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Wold WSM, Toth K. Chapter three--Syrian hamster as an animal model to study oncolytic adenoviruses and to evaluate the efficacy of antiviral compounds. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 115:69-92. [PMID: 23021242 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398342-8.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Syrian (golden) hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) has served as a useful model for different aspects of biology for at least 50 years, and its use has been expanding recently. In earlier years, among other things, it was a model for cancer development. More recently, it has become a model for many different infectious diseases. It has also become an alternative model for the study of oncolytic adenovirus vectors for cancer gene therapy. Among several other human pathogens, the hamster is permissive for the replication of human species C adenoviruses, which are the parental virus for the majority of adenovirus vectors in use today. These vectors replicate in some of the established hamster tumor cell lines that can be used to generate tumors in vivo, that is, one can study oncolytic (replication competent) adenoviruses in a permissive, immunocompetent model. This has afforded the opportunity to study the effect of the host immune system on the vector-infected tumor and has allowed the use of a more relevant animal model to determine the safety and biodistribution of replication-competent adenoviruses. The hamster has also been used to evaluate antiviral compounds and vaccines against many viruses, including adenoviruses, flaviviruses, alphaviruses, arenaviruses, bunyaviruses, and paramyxoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S M Wold
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Cerullo V, Koski A, Vähä-Koskela M, Hemminki A. Chapter eight--Oncolytic adenoviruses for cancer immunotherapy: data from mice, hamsters, and humans. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 115:265-318. [PMID: 23021247 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398342-8.00008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus is one of the most commonly used vectors for gene therapy and two products have already been approved for treatment of cancer in China (Gendicine(R) and Oncorine(R)). An intriguing aspect of oncolytic adenoviruses is that by their very nature they potently stimulate multiple arms of the immune system. Thus, combined tumor killing via oncolysis and inherent immunostimulatory properties in fact make these viruses in situ tumor vaccines. When further engineered to express cytokines, chemokines, tumor-associated antigens, or other immunomodulatory elements, they have been shown in various preclinical models to induce antigen-specific effector and memory responses, resulting both in full therapeutic cures and even induction of life-long tumor immunity. Here, we review the state of the art of oncolytic adenovirus, in the context of their capability to stimulate innate and adaptive arms of the immune system and finally how we can modify these viruses to direct the immune response toward cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cerullo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Wu C, Öberg D, Rashid A, Gupta R, Mignardi M, Johansson S, Akusjärvi G, Svensson C. A mouse mammary epithelial cell line permissive for highly efficient human adenovirus growth. Virology 2012; 435:363-71. [PMID: 23168297 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although a few immunocompetent animal models to study the immune response against human adenoviruses (HAdV) are available, such as Syrian hamsters and cotton rats, HAdV replication is several logs lower compared to human control cells. We have identified a non-transformed mouse epithelial cell line (NMuMG) where HAdV-2 gene expression and progeny formation was as efficient as in the highly permissive human A549 cells. HAdV from species, D and E (HAdV-37 and HAdV-4, respectively) also caused a rapid cytopathic effect in NMuMG cells, while HAdV from species A, B1, B2 and F (HAdV-12, HAdV-3, HAdV-11 and HAdV-41, respectively) failed to do so. NMuMG cells might therefore be useful in virotherapy research and the analysis of antiviral defense mechanisms and the determination of toxicity, biodistribution and specific antitumour activity of oncolytic HAdV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Wu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Tysome JR, Li X, Wang S, Wang P, Gao D, Du P, Chen D, Gangeswaran R, Chard LS, Yuan M, Alusi G, Lemoine NR, Wang Y. A novel therapeutic regimen to eradicate established solid tumors with an effective induction of tumor-specific immunity. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:6679-89. [PMID: 23091113 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The efficacy of oncolytic viruses depends on multiple actions including direct tumor lysis, modulation of tumor perfusion, and stimulation of tumor-directed immune responses. In this study, we investigated whether a sequential combination of immunologically distinct viruses might enhance antitumor efficacy through the induction of tumor-specific immunity and circumvention or mitigation of antiviral immune responses. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The Syrian hamster as an immune-competent model that supports replication of both adenovirus and vaccinia virus was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The antitumor efficacy of either virus alone or sequential combination of the two viruses was examined in pancreatic and kidney cancer models. The functional mechanism of the regimen developed here was investigated by histopathology, immunohistochemistry staining, CTL assay, and T-cell depletion. RESULTS The Syrian hamster is a suitable model for assessment of oncolytic adenovirus and vaccinia virus. Three low doses of adenovirus followed by three low doses of vaccinia virus resulted in a superior antitumor efficacy to the reverse combination, or six doses of either virus alone, against pancreatic and kidney tumors in Syrian hamsters. A total of 62.5% of animals bearing either tumor type treated with the sequential combination became tumor-free, accompanied by the induction of effective tumor-specific immunity. This enhanced efficacy was ablated by CD3+ T-cell depletion but was not associated with humoral immunity against the viruses. CONCLUSION These findings show that sequential treatment of tumors with oncolytic adenovirus and vaccinia virus is a promising approach for cancer therapy and that T-cell responses play a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Tysome
- Sino-British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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40
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A novel immunocompetent murine tumor model for the evaluation of RCAd-enhanced RDAd transduction efficacy. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:1245-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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41
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Tedcastle A, Cawood R, Di Y, Fisher KD, Seymour LW. Virotherapy – cancer targeted pharmacology. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:215-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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42
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Patil SS, Gentschev I, Nolte I, Ogilvie G, Szalay AA. Oncolytic virotherapy in veterinary medicine: current status and future prospects for canine patients. J Transl Med 2012; 10:3. [PMID: 22216938 PMCID: PMC3398296 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses refer to those that are able to eliminate malignancies by direct targeting and lysis of cancer cells, leaving non-cancerous tissues unharmed. Several oncolytic viruses including adenovirus strains, canine distemper virus and vaccinia virus strains have been used for canine cancer therapy in preclinical studies. However, in contrast to human studies, clinical trials with oncolytic viruses for canine cancer patients have not been reported. An 'ideal' virus has yet to be identified. This review is focused on the prospective use of oncolytic viruses in the treatment of canine tumors - a knowledge that will undoubtedly contribute to the development of oncolytic viral agents for canine cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep S Patil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
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43
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CD8+ T cell response mediates the therapeutic effects of oncolytic adenovirus in an immunocompetent mouse model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-011-4875-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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44
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Abstract
Progress in vector design and an increased knowledge of mechanisms underlying tumor-induced immune suppression have led to a new and promising generation of Adenovirus (Ad)-based immunotherapies, which are discussed in this review. As vaccine vehicles Ad vectors (AdVs) have been clinically evaluated and proven safe, but a major limitation of the commonly used Ad5 serotype is neutralization by preexistent or rapidly induced immune responses. Genetic modifications in the Ad capsid can reduce intrinsic immunogenicity and facilitate escape from antibody-mediated neutralization. Further modification of the Ad hexon and fiber allows for liver and scavenger detargeting and selective targeting of, for example, dendritic cells. These next-generation Ad vaccines with enhanced efficacy are now becoming available for testing as tumor vaccines. In addition, AdVs encoding immune-modulating products may be used to convert the tumor microenvironment from immune-suppressive and proinvasive to proinflammatory, thus facilitating cell-mediated effector functions that can keep tumor growth and invasion in check. Oncolytic AdVs, that selectively replicate in tumor cells and induce an immunogenic form of cell death, can also be armed with immune-activating transgenes to amplify primed antitumor immune responses. These novel immunotherapy strategies, employing highly efficacious AdVs in optimized configurations, show great promise and warrant clinical exploration.
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45
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Bhattacharyya M, Francis J, Eddouadi A, Lemoine NR, Halldén G. An oncolytic adenovirus defective in pRb-binding (dl922-947) can efficiently eliminate pancreatic cancer cells and tumors in vivo in combination with 5-FU or gemcitabine. Cancer Gene Ther 2011; 18:734-43. [PMID: 21836633 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma has a poor prognosis and frequently develops resistance to standard chemotherapeutics. Oncolytic adenoviruses represent a promising approach to overcome treatment resistance. The replication-selective dl922-947 adenovirus, defective in pRb binding, targets cancers with deregulated cell cycle control, such as the majority of pancreatic tumors. Cell killing efficacy was higher for dl922-947 than for adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) and the clinically approved dl1520 in pancreatic cancer cells with K-ras, p16 and p53 mutations. Combinations of dl922-947 and 5-fluorouracil or gemcitabine (2'2'-difluoro-2-deoxytidine) resulted in strong synergistic cell killing in Suit-2 and the highly drug- and virus-resistant Hs766T cells. Viral uptake increased in response to drugs, but was independent of the expression levels of the viral attachment receptor coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR), whereas expression levels of the internalization receptors α(v)β(3)- and α(v)β(5)-integrins were increased. Early viral E1A expression was potently induced with drugs contributing to the synergistic effects. The dl922-947 mutant was more efficacious than Ad5 in vivo in Hs766T and Suit-2 xenograft models. In combination with gemcitabine, median survival was further prolonged. We demonstrate that dl922-947 is highly efficacious in pancreatic cancers and conclude that oncolytic adenoviruses harboring the E1ACR2 deletion have great potential for development into future clinical candidates for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bhattacharyya
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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46
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Schierer S, Hesse A, Knippertz I, Kaempgen E, Baur AS, Schuler G, Steinkasserer A, Nettelbeck DM. Human dendritic cells efficiently phagocytose adenoviral oncolysate but require additional stimulation to mature. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:1682-94. [PMID: 21557217 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses are emerging agents for treatment of cancer by tumor-restricted virus infection and cell lysis. Clinical trials have shown that oncolytic adenoviruses are well tolerated in patients but also that their antitumor activity needs improvement. A promising strategy toward this end is to trigger systemic and prolonged antitumor immunity by adenoviral oncolysis. Antitumor immune activation depends in large part on antigen presentation and T cell activation by dendritic cells (DCs). Thus, it is likely that the interaction of lysed tumor cells with DCs is a key determinant of such "oncolytic vaccination." Our study reveals that human DCs effectively phagocytose melanoma cells at late stages of oncolytic adenovirus infection, when the cells die showing preferentially features of necrotic cell death. Maturation, migration toward CCL19 and T cell stimulatory capacity of DCs, crucial steps for immune induction, were, however, not induced by phagocytosis of oncolysate, but could be triggered by a cytokine maturation cocktail. Therefore, oncolytic adenoviruses and adenoviral oncolysate did not block DC maturation, which is in contrast to reports for other oncolytic viruses. These results represent a rationale for inserting immunostimulatory genes into oncolytic adenovirus genomes to assure critical DC maturation. Indeed, we report here that adenoviral transduction of melanoma cells with CD40L during oncolysis triggers the maturation of human DCs with T cell stimulatory capacity similar to DCs matured by cytokines. We conclude that triggering and shaping DC-induced antitumor immunity by oncolytic adenoviruses "armed" with immunostimulatory genes holds promise for improving the therapeutic outcome of viral oncolysis in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schierer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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47
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Woller N, Knocke S, Mundt B, Gürlevik E, Strüver N, Kloos A, Boozari B, Schache P, Manns MP, Malek NP, Sparwasser T, Zender L, Wirth TC, Kubicka S, Kühnel F. Virus-induced tumor inflammation facilitates effective DC cancer immunotherapy in a Treg-dependent manner in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:2570-82. [PMID: 21646722 DOI: 10.1172/jci45585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination using DCs pulsed with tumor lysates or specific tumor-associated peptides has so far yielded limited clinical success for cancer treatment, due mainly to the low immunogenicity of tumor-associated antigens. In this study, we have identified intratumoral virus-induced inflammation as a precondition for effective antitumor DC vaccination in mice. Administration of a tumor-targeted DC vaccine during ongoing virus-induced tumor inflammation, a regimen referred to as oncolysis-assisted DC vaccination (ODC), elicited potent antitumoral CD8+ T cell responses. This potent effect was not replicated by TLR activation outside the context of viral infection. ODC-elicited immune responses mediated marked tumor regression and successful eradication of preestablished lung colonies, an essential prerequisite for potentially treating metastatic cancers. Unexpectedly, depletion of Tregs during ODC did not enhance therapeutic efficacy; rather, it abrogated antitumor cytotoxicity. This phenomenon could be attributed to a compensatory induction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in Treg-depleted and thus vigorously inflamed tumors, which prevented ODC-mediated immune responses. Consequently, Tregs are not only general suppressors of immune responses, but are essential for the therapeutic success of multimodal and temporally fine-adjusted vaccination strategies. Our results highlight tumor-targeting, replication-competent viruses as attractive tools for eliciting effective antitumor responses upon DC vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Woller
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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48
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Gürlevik E, Woller N, Strüver N, Schache P, Kloos A, Manns MP, Zender L, Kühnel F, Kubicka S. Selectivity of oncolytic viral replication prevents antiviral immune response and toxicity, but does not improve antitumoral immunity. Mol Ther 2010; 18:1972-82. [PMID: 20700112 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic infection elicits antitumoral immunity, but the impact of tumor-selective replication on the balance between antiviral and antitumoral immune responses has not yet been investigated. To address this question, we constructed the highly tumor-selective adenovirus Ad-p53T whose replication in target tumor cells is governed by aberrant telomerase activity and transcriptional p53 dysfunction. Telomerase-dependent or nonselective adenoviruses were constructed as isogenic controls. Following infection of mice with the nonselective adenovirus, viral DNA and mRNA levels correlated with strong stimulation of innate immune response genes and severe liver toxicity, whereas telomerase-/p53-specific replication did not trigger innate immunity and prevented liver damage. Compared to telomerase-dependent or unselective viral replication, telomerase-/p53-specific virotherapy significantly decreased antiviral CD8-specific immune responses and antiviral cytotoxicity in vivo. Consistent with our hypothesis, telomerase-selective replication led to intermediate results in these experiments. Remarkably, all viruses efficiently lysed tumors and induced a therapeutically effective tumor-directed CD8 cytotoxicity. In immunocompetent mice with extended lung metastases burden, treatment of subcutaneous primary tumors with Ad-p53T significantly prolonged survival by inhibition of lung metastases, whereas unselective viral replication resulted in death by liver failure. In summary, the degree of tumor selectivity of viral replication marginally influences antitumoral immune responses, but is a major determinant of antivector immunity and systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engin Gürlevik
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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49
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Cherry T, Longo SL, Tovar-Spinoza Z, Post DE. Second-generation HIF-activated oncolytic adenoviruses with improved replication, oncolytic, and antitumor efficacy. Gene Ther 2010; 17:1430-41. [PMID: 20664541 PMCID: PMC2978277 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to develop more potent oncolytic adenoviruses that exhibit increased anti-tumor activity in patients. The HYPR-Ads are targeted oncolytic adenoviruses that specifically kill tumor cells which express active hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). While therapeutically efficacious, the HYPR-Ads exhibited attenuated replication and oncolytic activity. To overcome these deficiencies and improve anti-tumor efficacy, we created new HIF-activated oncolytic Ads, HIF-Ad and HIF-Ad-IL4, which have two key changes: (i) a modified HIF-responsive promoter to regulate the E1A replication gene and (ii) insertion of the E3 gene region. The HIF-Ads demonstrated conditional activation of E1A expression under hypoxia. Importantly, the HIF-Ads exhibit hypoxia-dependent replication, oncolytic, and cellular release activities and potent anti-tumor efficacy, all of which are significantly greater than the HYPR-Ads. Notably, HIF-Ad-IL4 treatment led to regressions in tumor size by 70% and extensive tumor infiltration by leukocytes resulting in an anti-tumor efficacy that is up to 6-fold greater than the HYPR-Ads, HIF-Ad, and wild-type adenovirus treatment. These studies demonstrate that treatment with a HIF-activated oncolytic adenovirus leads to a measurable therapeutic response. The novel design of the HIF-Ads represents a significant improvement compared to first-generation oncolytic Ads and has great potential to increase the efficacy of this cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cherry
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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50
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Li XL, Zhang D, Knight D, Odaka Y, Glass J, Mathis JM, Zhang QJ. Priming of immune responses against transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-deficient tumours: tumour direct priming. Immunology 2010; 128:420-8. [PMID: 20067541 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that introduction of transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) 1 into TAP-negative CMT.64, a major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) down-regulated mouse lung carcinoma cell line, enhanced T-cell immunity against TAP-deficient tumour cells. Here, we have addressed two questions: (1) whether such immunity can be further augmented by co-expression of TAP1 with B7.1 or H-2K(b) genes, and (2) which T-cell priming mechanism (tumour direct priming or dendritic cell cross-priming) plays the major role in inducing an immune response against TAP-deficient tumours. We introduced the B7.1 or H-2K(b) gene into TAP1-expressing CMT.64 cells and determined which gene co-expressed with TAP1 was able to provide greater protective immunity against TAP-deficient tumour cells. Our results show that immunization of mice with B7.1 and TAP1 co-expressing but not H-2K(b) and TAP1 co-expressing CMT.64 cells dramatically augments T-cell-mediated immunity, as shown by an increase in survival of mice inoculated with live CMT.64 cells. In addition, our results suggest that induction of T-cell-mediated immunity against TAP-deficient tumour cells could be mainly through tumour direct priming rather than dendritic cell cross-priming as they show that T cells generated by tumour cell-lysate-loaded dendritic cells recognized TAP-deficient tumour cells much less than TAP-proficient tumour cells. These data suggest that direct priming by TAP1 and B7.1 co-expressing tumour cells is potentially a major mechanism to facilitate immune responses against TAP-deficient tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Li
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Gene Therapy Program, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Kings Hwy, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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