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Lettl C, Schindele F, Testolin G, Bär A, Rehm T, Brönstrup M, Schobert R, Bilitewski U, Haas R, Fischer W. Inhibition of Type IV Secretion Activity and Growth of Helicobacter pylori by Cisplatin and Other Platinum Complexes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:602958. [PMID: 33392108 PMCID: PMC7775389 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.602958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type IV secretion systems are protein secretion machineries that are frequently used by pathogenic bacteria to inject their virulence factors into target cells of their respective hosts. In the case of the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori, the cytotoxin-associated gene (Cag) type IV secretion system is considered a major cause for severe disease, such as gastric cancer, and thus constitutes an attractive target for specific treatment options against H. pylori infections. Here, we have used a Cag type IV secretion reporter assay for screening a repurposing compound library for inhibitors targeting this system. We found that the antitumor agent cisplatin, a platinum coordination complex that kills target cells by formation of DNA crosslinks, is a potent inhibitor of the Cag type IV secretion system. Strikingly, we found that this inhibitory activity of cisplatin depends on a ligand exchange reaction which incorporates a solvent molecule (dimethylsulfoxide) into the complex, a modification which is known to be deleterious for DNA crosslinking, and for its anticancer activity. We extended our analysis to several analogous platinum complexes containing N-heterocyclic carbene, as well as DMSO or other ligands, and found varying inhibitory activities toward the Cag system which were not congruent with their DNA-binding properties, suggesting that protein interactions may cause the inhibitory effect. Inhibition experiments under varying conditions revealed effects on adherence and bacterial viability as well, and showed that the type IV secretion-inhibitory capacity of platinum complexes can be inactivated by sulfur-containing reagents and in complex bacterial growth media. Taken together, our results demonstrate DNA binding-independent inhibitory effects of cisplatin and other platinum complexes against different H. pylori processes including type IV secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lettl
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Schindele
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Giambattista Testolin
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexander Bär
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Tobias Rehm
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ursula Bilitewski
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rainer Haas
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Fischer
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Site, Munich, Germany
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Genotoxic, Metabolic, and Oxidative Stresses Regulate the RNA Repair Operon of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:JB.00476-18. [PMID: 30201777 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00476-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The σ54 regulon in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium includes a predicted RNA repair operon encoding homologs of the metazoan Ro60 protein (Rsr), Y RNAs (YrlBA), RNA ligase (RtcB), and RNA 3'-phosphate cyclase (RtcA). Transcription from σ54-dependent promoters requires that a cognate bacterial enhancer binding protein (bEBP) be activated by a specific environmental or cellular signal; the cognate bEBP for the σ54-dependent promoter of the rsr-yrlBA-rtcBA operon is RtcR. To identify conditions that generate the signal for RtcR activation in S Typhimurium, transcription of the RNA repair operon was assayed under multiple stress conditions that result in nucleic acid damage. RtcR-dependent transcription was highly induced by the nucleic acid cross-linking agents mitomycin C (MMC) and cisplatin, and this activation was dependent on RecA. Deletion of rtcR or rtcB resulted in decreased cell viability relative to that of the wild type following treatment with MMC. Oxidative stress from peroxide exposure also induced RtcR-dependent transcription of the operon. Nitrogen limitation resulted in RtcR-independent increased expression of the operon; the effect of nitrogen limitation required NtrC. The adjacent toxin-antitoxin module, dinJ-yafQ, was cotranscribed with the RNA repair operon but was not required for RtcR activation, although YafQ endoribonuclease activated RtcR-dependent transcription. Stress conditions shown to induce expression the RNA repair operon of Escherichia coli (rtcBA) did not stimulate expression of the S Typhimurium RNA repair operon. Similarly, MMC did not induce expression of the E. coli rtcBA operon, although when expressed in S Typhimurium, E. coli RtcR responds effectively to the unknown signal(s) generated there by MMC exposure.IMPORTANCE Homologs of the metazoan RNA repair enzymes RtcB and RtcA occur widely in eubacteria, suggesting a selective advantage. Although the enzymatic activities of the eubacterial RtcB and RtcA have been well characterized, the physiological roles remain largely unresolved. Here we report stress responses that activate expression of the σ54-dependent RNA repair operon (rsr-yrlBA-rtcBA) of S Typhimurium and demonstrate that expression of the operon impacts cell survival under MMC-induced stress. Characterization of the requirements for activation of this tightly regulated operon provides clues to the possible functions of operon components in vivo, enhancing our understanding of how this human pathogen copes with environmental stressors.
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Abstract
Homologous recombination is an ubiquitous process that shapes genomes and repairs DNA damage. The reaction is classically divided into three phases: presynaptic, synaptic, and postsynaptic. In Escherichia coli, the presynaptic phase involves either RecBCD or RecFOR proteins, which act on DNA double-stranded ends and DNA single-stranded gaps, respectively; the central synaptic steps are catalyzed by the ubiquitous DNA-binding protein RecA; and the postsynaptic phase involves either RuvABC or RecG proteins, which catalyze branch-migration and, in the case of RuvABC, the cleavage of Holliday junctions. Here, we review the biochemical properties of these molecular machines and analyze how, in light of these properties, the phenotypes of null mutants allow us to define their biological function(s). The consequences of point mutations on the biochemical properties of recombination enzymes and on cell phenotypes help refine the molecular mechanisms of action and the biological roles of recombination proteins. Given the high level of conservation of key proteins like RecA and the conservation of the principles of action of all recombination proteins, the deep knowledge acquired during decades of studies of homologous recombination in bacteria is the foundation of our present understanding of the processes that govern genome stability and evolution in all living organisms.
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Function and biochemical characterization of RecJ in Deinococcus radiodurans. DNA Repair (Amst) 2012; 11:349-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Foss MH, Eun YJ, Weibel DB. Chemical-biological studies of subcellular organization in bacteria. Biochemistry 2011; 50:7719-34. [PMID: 21823588 DOI: 10.1021/bi200940d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The subcellular organization of biological molecules is a critical determinant of many bacterial processes, including growth, replication of the genome, and division, yet the details of many mechanisms that control intracellular organization remain unknown. Decoding this information will impact the field of bacterial physiology and can provide insight into eukaryotic biology, including related processes in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Small molecule probes provide unique advantages in studying these mechanisms and manipulating the organization of biomolecules in live bacterial cells. In this review, we describe small molecules that are available for investigating subcellular organization in bacteria, specifically targeting FtsZ, MreB, peptidoglycan, and lipid bilayers. We discuss how these probes have been used to study microbiological questions and conclude by providing suggestions about important areas in which chemical-biological approaches will have a revolutionary impact on the study of bacterial physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie H Foss
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Al Mamun AAM. Elevated expression of DNA polymerase II increases spontaneous mutagenesis in Escherichia coli. Mutat Res 2007; 625:29-39. [PMID: 17586534 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli DNA polymerase II (Pol-II), encoded by the SOS-regulated polB gene, belongs to the highly conserved group B (alpha-like) family of "high-fidelity" DNA polymerases. Elevated expression of polB gene was recently shown to result in a significant elevation of translesion DNA synthesis at 3, N(4)-ethenocytosine lesion with concomitant increase in mutagenesis. Here, I show that elevated expression of Pol-II leads to an approximately 100-fold increase in spontaneous mutagenesis in a manner that is independent of SOS, umuDC, dinB, recA, uvrA and mutS functions. Cells grow slowly and filament with elevated expression of Pol-II. Introduction of carboxy terminus ("beta interaction domain") mutations in polB eliminates elevated spontaneous mutagenesis, as well as defects in cell growth and morphology, suggesting that these abilities require the interaction of Pol-II with the beta processivity subunit of DNA polymerase III. Introduction of a mutation in the proofreading exo motif of polB elevates mutagenesis by a further 180-fold, suggesting that Pol-II can effectively compete with DNA polymerase III for DNA synthesis. Thus, Pol-II can contribute to spontaneous mutagenesis when its expression is elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Amar M Al Mamun
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07101-1709, United States.
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Genetics of recombination in the model bacterium Escherichia coli. MOLECULAR GENETICS OF RECOMBINATION 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-71021-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Al Mamun AAM, Humayun MZ. Escherichia coli DNA polymerase II can efficiently bypass 3,N(4)-ethenocytosine lesions in vitro and in vivo. Mutat Res 2005; 593:164-76. [PMID: 16171831 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli DNA polymerase II (pol-II) is a highly conserved protein that appears to have a role in replication restart, as well as in translesion synthesis across specific DNA adducts under some conditions. Here, we have investigated the effects of elevated expression of pol-II (without concomitant SOS induction) on translesion DNA synthesis and mutagenesis at 3,N(4)-ethenocytosine (varepsilonC), a highly mutagenic DNA lesion induced by oxidative stress as well as by exposure to industrial chemicals such as vinyl chloride. In normal cells, survival of transfected M13 single-stranded DNA bearing a single varepsilonC residue (varepsilonC-ssDNA) is about 20% of that of control DNA, with about 5% of the progeny phage bearing a mutation at the lesion site. Most mutations are C-->A and C-->T, with a slight predominance of transversions over transitions. In contrast, in cells expressing elevated levels of pol-II, survival of varepsilonC-ssDNA is close to 100%, with a concomitant mutation frequency of almost 99% suggesting highly efficient translesion DNA synthesis. Furthermore, an overwhelming majority of mutations at varepsilonC are C-->T transitions. Purified pol-II efficiently catalyzes translesion synthesis at varepsilonC in vitro, accompanied by high levels of mutagenesis with the same specificity. These results suggest that the observed in vivo effects in pol-II over-expressing cells are due to pol-II-mediated DNA synthesis. Introduction of mutations in the carboxy terminus region (beta interaction domain) of polB eliminates in vivo translesion synthesis at varepsilonC, suggesting that the ability of pol-II to compete with pol-III requires interaction with the beta processivity subunit of pol-III. Thus, pol-II can compete with pol-III for translesion synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Amar M Al Mamun
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07101-1709, USA
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Nowosielska A, Calmann MA, Zdraveski Z, Essigmann JM, Marinus MG. Spontaneous and cisplatin-induced recombination in Escherichia coli. DNA Repair (Amst) 2004; 3:719-28. [PMID: 15177181 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2004.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To measure cisplatin (cis-diaminodichloroplatinum(II))-induced recombination, we have used a qualitative intrachromosomal assay utilizing duplicate inactive lac operons containing non-overlapping deletions and selection for Lac+ recombinants. The two operons are separated by one Mb and conversion of one of them yields the Lac+ phenotype. Lac+ formation for both spontaneous and cisplatin-induced recombination requires the products of the recA, recBC, ruvA, ruvB, ruvC, priA and polA genes. Inactivation of the recF, recO, recR and recJ genes decreased cisplatin-induced, but not spontaneous, recombination. The dependence on PriA and RecBC suggests that recombination is induced following stalling or collapse of replication forks at DNA lesions to form double strand breaks. The lack of recombination induction by trans-DDP suggests that the recombinogenic lesions for cisplatin are purine-purine intrastrand crosslinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anetta Nowosielska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, LRB823 Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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Cadet JL, Jayanthi S, Deng X. Speed kills: cellular and molecular bases of methamphetamine‐induced nerve terminal degeneration and neuronal apoptosis. FASEB J 2003; 17:1775-88. [PMID: 14519657 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0073rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a drug of abuse that has long been known to damage monoaminergic systems in the mammalian brain. Recent reports have provided conclusive evidence that METH can cause neuropathological changes in the rodent brain via apoptotic mechanisms akin to those reported in various models of neuronal death. The purpose of this review is to provide an interim account for a role of oxygen-based radicals and the participation of transcription factors and the involvement of cell death genes in METH-induced neurodegeneration. We discuss data suggesting the participation of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria-mediated activation of caspase-dependent and -independent cascades in the manifestation of METH-induced apoptosis. Studies that use more comprehensive approaches to gene expression profiling should allow us to draw more instructive molecular portraits of the complex plastic and degenerative effects of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Branch, NIH, NIDA, Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, 5500 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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