A Model of Developmental Synapse Elimination in the Central Nervous System: Possible Mechanisms and Functional Consequences

Elimination of all redundant climbing fiber synapses requires granule cells in the postnatal cerebellum

Different afferent synapse populations interact to control the specificity of connections during neuronal circuit maturation. The elimination of all but one climbing-fiber onto each Purkinje cell during the development of the cerebellar cortex is a particularly well studied example of synaptic refinement. The suppression of granule cell precursors by X irradiation during postnatal days 4 to 7 prevents this synaptic refinement, indicating a critical role for granule cells. Several studies of cerebellar development have suggested that synapse elimination has a first phase which is granule cell-independent and a second phase which is granule cell-dependent. In this study, we show that sufficiently-strong irradiation restricted to postnatal days 5 or 6 completely abolishes climbing fiber synaptic refinement, leaving the olivo-cerebellar circuit in its immature configuration in the adult, with up to 5 climbing fibers innervating the Purkinje cell in some cases. This implies that the putative early phase of climbing fiber synapse elimination can be blocked by irradiation-induced granule cell loss if this loss is sufficiently large, and thus indicates that the entire process of climbing fiber synapse elimination requires the presence of an adequate number of granule cells. The specific critical period for this effect appears to be directly related to the timing of Purkinje cell and granule cell development in different cerebellar lobules, indicating a close, spatiotemporal synchrony between granule-cell development and olivo-cerebellar synaptic maturation.

[Development of the central nervous system in mammals]

In humans, the nervous system is induced during the third gestational week by molecular signals coming from the mesoderm, which modulate the temporal and spatial expression of specific genes in the cells of the dorsal ectoderm. The induced neural plate closes to form the neural tube where the cells actively proliferate in the germinal zone. The neuroblasts which have completed their last division migrate along the fibers of the radial glia to which they adhere, and this movement is essential to establish the normal cerebral organization. The regional identity of the developing brain is governed by the expression of homeobox genes, and the main central structures are clearly delineated by the end of the fifth week. The cerebral cortex begins to form on the seventh week, and the early specification of the cortical areas, which is under genetic control, would be modulated later on by environmental influences. When the neurons have reached their final position, they extend an axon, using surface molecules or diffusible molecules present along its pathway as cues to reach the appropriate target and form a synapse, and this process is a critical step for the establishment of neuronal relationships. The maturation and stabilization of neural networks is characterized by the apoptotic death of roughly 50% of the neurons, due to insufficient neurotrophic support, and by the remodeling of the initial synaptic connections in the surviving neurons. These regressive events occur late in development and depend on both the interactions with the environment and the resulting neuronal activity.

Immature chemodifferentiation of Purkinje cell synapses revealed by 5'-nucleotidase ecto-enzyme activity in the cerebellum of the reeler mouse

During postnatal development of the rodent cerebellum, a transient enzyme activity of ecto-5'-nucleotidase has been shown in the asymmetrical synapses of Purkinje cells. The alterations of the afferent circuitry and microenvironment of the ectopic Purkinje cells present in the cerebellum of the reeler mutant mouse could enlighten parameters that influence the synaptic 5'-nucleotidase activity of these cells. Ecto-enzyme cytochemistry reveals intense 5'-nucleotidase activity in 43% of synapses of the Purkinje cells throughout the cortex and the core of the reeler cerebellar vermis, although the molecular layer displays large areas with less than 1% of labelled synapses. However, enzymatic labelling is found in considerably more Purkinje cells synapses (73%) throughout the granular layer and the subcortical mass. Climbing fiber synapses of monoinnervated Purkinje cells are labelled by 5'-nucleotidase activity in the molecular layer, as well as asymmetrical synapses made on the subjacent ectopic Purkinje cells by the multiple climbing fibers and by the heterologous afferences. The non-innervated dendritic spines of these cells are also labelled, suggesting that 5'-nucleotidase activity at postsynaptic sites of reeler Purkinje cells does not depend on the presynaptic innervation. Rather, 5'-nucleotidase enzyme activity is enhanced at theses sites when the Purkinje cells have not achieved chemodifferentiation but have conserved immature wiring, i.e., low parallel fiber and multiple climbing fiber inputs.