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Wang Y, Xiong D, He X, Yu L, Li G, Wang T, Liu C, Liu Z, Li Z, Gao C. Rapid and Comprehensive Analysis of 41 Harmful Substances in Multi-Matrix Products by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Using Matrix-Matching Calibration Strategy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2281. [PMID: 38793348 PMCID: PMC11122967 DOI: 10.3390/ma17102281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Harmful substances in consumer goods pose serious hazards to human health and the environment. However, due to the vast variety of consumer goods and the complexity of their substrates, it is difficult to simultaneously detect multiple harmful substances in different materials. This paper presents a method for the simultaneous determination of 41 harmful substances comprising 17 phthalates (PAEs), 8 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in five types of products using the matrix-matching calibration strategy. The method employs an efficient ultrasonic extraction procedure using a mixture of dichloromethane and methylbenzene, followed by dissolution-precipitation and analysis through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compared with previous experiments, we established a universal pretreatment method suitable for multi-matrix materials to simultaneously determine multiple harmful substances. To evaluate the effects of the matrix on the experimental results, we compared neat standard solutions and matrix-matching standard solutions. The results demonstrated that all compounds were successfully separated within 30 min with excellent separation efficiency. Additionally, the linear relationships of all analytes showed strong correlation coefficients (R2) of at least 0.995, ranging from 0.02 mg/L to 20 mg/L. The average recoveries of the target compounds (spiked at three concentration levels) were between 73.6 and 124.1%, with a relative standard deviation (n = 6) varying from 1.2% to 9.9%. Finally, we tested 40 different materials from consumer products and detected 16 harmful substances in 31 samples. Overall, this method is simple and accurate, and it can be used to simultaneously determine multiple types of hazardous substances in multi-matrix materials by minimizing matrix effects, making it an invaluable tool for ensuring product safety and protecting public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cuiling Gao
- Shandong Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan 250102, China; (Y.W.); (D.X.); (X.H.); (L.Y.); (G.L.); (T.W.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Z.L.)
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2
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Yan M, Zhang N, Li X, Xu J, Lei H, Ma Q. Integrating Post-Ionization Separation via Differential Mobility Spectrometry into Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry for Toy Safety Screening. Anal Chem 2024; 96:265-271. [PMID: 38153235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time (DART) enables direct desorption and ionization of analytes, bypassing the time-consuming chromatographic separation traditionally required for mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. However, DART-MS suffers from matrix interference of complex samples, resulting in compromised detection sensitivity and quantitation accuracy. In this study, DART-MS was combined with differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) to provide an additional dimension of post-ionization ion mobility separation within a millisecond time scale, compensating for the lack of separation in DART-MS analysis. As proof-of-concept, primary aromatic amines (PAAs), a class of potentially hazardous chemicals, were analyzed in various toy products, including bubble solutions, finger paints, and plush toys. In addition to commercial Dip-it glass rod and metal mesh sampling tools, a customized rapid extractive evaporation device was designed for the accelerated extraction and sensitive analysis of solid toy samples. The incorporation of DMS in DART-MS analysis enabled the rapid separation and differentiation of isomeric analytes, leading to improved accuracy and reliability. The developed protocols were optimized and validated, achieving good linearity with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99 and acceptable repeatability with relative standard deviations less than 10%. Moreover, satisfactory sensitivity was realized with limits of detection and quantitation ranges of 0.2-5 and 1-20 μg/kg (μg/L) for the 11 PAA analytes. The established methodology was applied for the analysis of real toy samples (n = 18), which confirmed its appealing potential for toy safety screening and consumer health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Haimin Lei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
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3
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Ye DM, Yang H, Xu TT, Lin ZZ, Zhang YJ, Liu LY, Guo Y. Underlying Degradation of Phthalates via Microbials in Dust from Different Microenvironments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37339114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate monoesters (me-PAEs) have been used as biomarkers for assessing human exposure to phthalate esters (PAEs) for a long time, and studies on the sources and distribution of me-PAEs in the environment are limited. In this study, dust samples from microenvironments were collected to measure the occurrence of PAEs and me-PAEs, as well as the bacterial diversity. The results indicated that me-PAEs coexisted with PAEs in different microenvironmental dust samples, with concentrations of nine PAEs and 16 me-PAEs ranging from 108 to 1450 μg/g (median range) and 6.00 to 21.6 μg/g, respectively. The concentrations of several low molecular weight me-PAEs (e.g., monomethyl phthalate and monoethyl phthalate) in dust were even significantly higher than those of their parents. The bacteria in the dust were mainly predominant with Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes (total abundance >90%). Bacteria from bus and air conditioning dust samples had the highest species richness and species diversity. Seven genes of suspected enzymes with the ability to degrade PAEs were selected, and the concentration of me-PAEs increased with increasing abundance of enzyme function. Our findings will provide useful information on the profiles of me-PAEs and their potential sources in indoor dusts, which will benefit the accurate estimation of human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Min Ye
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ting-Ting Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ze-Zhao Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ying-Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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4
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Razavi N, Taghi Hamed Mosavian M, Es'haghi Z. Curcumin-loaded magnetic chitosan-based solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography of migrated phthalate esters from pacifiers and plastic toys into baby saliva. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Deng M, Han X, Ge J, Liang X, Du B, Li J, Zeng L. Prevalence of phthalate alternatives and monoesters alongside traditional phthalates in indoor dust from a typical e-waste recycling area: Source elucidation and co-exposure risk. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 413:125322. [PMID: 33588336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study first discovered the prevalence of phthalate (PAE) alternatives and PAE monoesters alongside traditional PAEs with elevated concentrations in indoor dust from typical e-waste recycling industrial park and adjacent communities. Among nine PAEs, high-molecular-weight (HMW) PAEs dominated over low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAEs in e-waste dust, with total concentrations (∑9PAEs) ranging from 170 to 5300 μg g-1. The diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) was identified as the most abundant PAE in e-waste dust, with over 10 times higher median concentration than that measured in home dust. Total concentrations of three PAE alternatives ranged from 20 to 1600 μg g-1 in e-waste dust, which were 3-10 times higher than the measured levels in home dust. A total of 13 monoesters were all identified in all samples with total concentrations of 4.7-59 μg g-1, and biodegradation of diesters was recognized as the major source of monoesters present in indoor dust. Significant correlations between the concentrations of PAE alternatives and the HMW PAEs were observed (p < 0.05), indicating that they are being simultaneously used in electronic and electrical products. The occupationally high co-exposure of e-waste dismantling workers to multiple PAEs and PAE alternatives as well as their monoesters should be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xu Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jiali Ge
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xinxin Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bibai Du
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Juan Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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6
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Vu THV, Lim H, Shin H. Determination of 15 Biomarkers of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Human Saliva by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hoang Van Vu
- Department of Environmental ScienceKongju National University Kongju 314‐701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun‐Hee Lim
- Drug Abuse Research CenterKongju National University Kongju 314‐701 Republic of Korea
| | - Ho‐Sang Shin
- Department of Environmental EducationKongju National University Kongju 314‐701 Republic of Korea
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7
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Tankiewicz M, Olkowska E, Berg A, Wolska L. Advancement in Determination of Phthalate Metabolites by Gas Chromatography Eliminating Derivatization Step. Front Chem 2020; 7:928. [PMID: 32010672 PMCID: PMC6974799 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to determine polar and thermally unstable phthalate metabolites [monomethyl phthalate-MMP, monoethyl phthalate-MEP, mono-n-butyl phthalate-MnBP, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-MEHP] has been developed. This is the first report presenting the separation of monophthalates without derivatization step and any additional equipment or special injection port. Injection parameters (temperature, pressure, time, and volume of injection), chromatographic separation (retention gap, temperature program), and MS detection/identification (working parameters, ion selection) were investigated. Mechanisms and phenomena occurring under different conditions in the GC injector were evaluated and discussed. The limits of detection (LODs) of MMP, MEP, MnBP, MEHP in the protocol were 0.049, 0.036, 0.038, and 0.029 ng (per 2 μL of injection), respectively. The response of the monophthalates was found to be linear in the tested concentration range (for MMP: 0.15-100 ng, MEP and MnBP: 0.11-100 ng, MEHP: 0.087-100 ng per 2 μL) with the coefficient of determination higher than 0.9817 and inter-day precision in the range of 1.4-5.4%. The developed method is fast, easy and repeatable. Moreover, it allows for the elimination of derivatization agents, reduction of toxic waste production and simplification of analytical procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Tankiewicz
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences With Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Olkowska
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences With Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Berg
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences With Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lidia Wolska
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences With Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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8
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Meng X, Zhang N, Sun X, Niu Z, Deng Y, Xu J, Bai H, Ma Q. Suspect screening of 200 hazardous substances in plastic toys using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1617:460830. [PMID: 31902577 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for the development of efficient and comprehensive analytical methods for organic chemical compounds due to their increasing number and diversity in children's toy products. The presence of these chemicals in toys poses an extreme risk for the health and development of children. In this study, an analytical methodology has been developed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS). This hybrid instrumentation together with an in-house accurate-mass database and a mass spectral library, allows for wide-scope screening and identification of hazardous substances in plastic toys. A total number of 200 compounds belonging to eight chemical families were investigated, such as coloring agents, plasticizers, fragrance allergens, nitrosamines, primary aromatic amines, flame retardants, perfluorinated compounds, and endocrine disruptors. Following a straightforward and efficient dissolution/precipitation method for sample preparation, chemical screening and confirmation were conducted by comparing the experimentally measured exact mass, retention time, and isotopic pattern with the accurate-mass database and by matching the acquired MS/MS spectra against the mass spectral library. The matrix effect, linearity, sensitivity, precision, and recovery of the proposed method were properly evaluated. The obtained limits of detection (LODs) and quantitation (LOQs) were in the range of 0.01-0.98 mg kg-1 and 0.03-2.99 mg kg-1, respectively. The applicability of the developed protocol was verified through the analysis of 55 real plastic toy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianshuang Meng
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China; School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- SCIEX (China) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100102, China
| | - Zengyuan Niu
- Technical Center of Qingdao Customs District, Qingdao 266002, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.
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9
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Liu X, Peng C, Shi Y, Tan H, Tang S, Chen D. Beyond Phthalate Diesters: Existence of Phthalate Monoesters in South China House Dust and Implications for Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11675-11683. [PMID: 31503463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite phthalate monoesters (mono-PAEs) being commonly recognized as metabolic products of phthalate diesters (di-PAEs), investigations on their environmental occurrences, particularly in indoor environments, remain limited. The present study demonstrated the presence mono-PAEs, along with a variety of di-PAEs, in house dust collected from 83 South China families. Among 15 target mono-PAEs, monobutyl phthalate (median concentration, 21.54 μg/g) dominated over other mono-PAEs in indoor dust, followed by monoethylhexyl phthalate (9.44 μg/g), monoisobutyl phthalate (5.14 μg/g), monomethyl phthalate (MMP; 2.05 μg/g), and several others. The total concentrations of detectable mono-PAEs (median, 45.40 μg/g) constituted an average of 6.7 ± 3.7% of the total concentrations of their parent diesters in the same dust. Molar concentration ratios of mono-PAEs to their respective di-PAEs varied greatly among chemicals (median, 0.001-3.1), with the highest ratios determined for the MMP/dimethyl phthalate and mono-/diisopropyl phthalate pairs (i.e., 3.1 and 1.5, respectively). In addition, no significant associations were observed between dust-associated mono- or di-PAEs and urinary mono-PAEs detected in both children (n = 48) and adult participants (n = 41). We hypothesized that mono-PAEs in dust could originate from different sources (e.g., impurities in di-PAE formulas, degradation from di-PAEs, and direct application as commercial additives), while the relative importance of various origins could differ between chemicals. Our findings demonstrate broad occurrences of mono-PAEs in indoor environments, but future studies are needed to better elucidate their sources, fate in indoor and outdoor environments, and potential human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Changfeng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology , Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen 518020 , China
| | - Yumeng Shi
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Hongli Tan
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Shuqin Tang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
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10
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Xu R, Gao H, Zhu F, Cao W, Yan Y, Zhou X, Xu Q, Ji W. SPE–UPLC–MS/MS for the determination of phthalate monoesters in rats urine and its application to study the effects of food emulsifier on the bioavailability of priority controlling PAEs. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1012-1013:97-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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11
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Khosravi K, Price GW. Determination of phthalates in soils and biosolids using accelerated solvent extraction coupled with SPE cleanup and GC–MS quantification. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Lv X, Hao Y, Jia Q. Preconcentration Procedures for Phthalate Esters Combined with Chromatographic Analysis. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:632-44. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Qi P, Wang J, Li Y, Su F, Jin J, Chen J. Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction coupled with HPLC for the selective determination of monobutyl phthalate in bottled water. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:2712-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Özer ET, Güçer Ş. Determination of some phthalate acid esters in artificial saliva by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry after activated carbon enrichment. Talanta 2011; 84:362-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Guo ZY, Gai PP, Duan J, Zhai JX, Zhao SS, Wang S, Wei DY. Simultaneous determination of phthalates and adipates in human serum using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with solid-phase extraction. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 24:1094-9. [PMID: 20352652 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of phthalates and adipates in human serum. The phthalates and adipates studied were dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, benzylbutyl phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, di-n-octyl phthalate, diethyl adipate, dibutyl adipate, diisobutyl adipate, bis(2-butoxyethyl) adipate and di-2-ethylhexyl adipate, with diisooctyl phthalate as internal standard. The extraction and cleaning up procedure was carried out with solid-phase extraction cartridges containing dimethyl butylamine groups, which showed extraction efficiencies over 88% for each analyte and the internal standard. The calibration curves obtained were linear with correlation coefficients greater than 0.98. For all analytes, the assay gave CV% values for intra-day precision from 4.9 to 13.3% and mean accuracy values from 91.4 to 108.4%, while inter-day precision was 5.2-13.4% and mean accuracy 91.0-110.2%. The limits of detection for the assay of phthalates and adipates were in the range 0.7-4.5 ng/mL. The method is simple, sensitive and accurate, and allows for simultaneous determination of nanogram levels of phthalates and adipates in human serum. It was successfully applied to an investigation on the level of phthalates and adipates in a non-occupationally exposed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Guo
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, The State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China.
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16
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Kawakami T, Isama K, Matsuoka A. Analysis of phthalic acid diesters, monoester, and other plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride household products in Japan. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2011; 46:855-864. [PMID: 21714626 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2011.579870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of six phthalic acid diesters (PAEs) [di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP)], two non-phthalic plasticizers [di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutylate (TMPDIB)], and mono 2-ethylhexyl phthalate(MEHP) in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) household products that children often places in their mouths and/or contact with their skin (41 products, 47 samples) in Japan. The detection frequencies of the studied compounds were as follows: DEHP (79 %), DINP-2 (13 %), DINP-1 (11 %), DBP (8.5 %), DEHA (8.5 %), DIDP (4.3 %), and DNOP (2.1 %). Concentrations of these compounds ranged from 0.021 % to 48 %. BBP and TMPDIB were not detected in the all samples. Most samples contained DEHP and DINP at high concentrations over 0.1 %. High concentrations of PAEs were detected in PVC household products that appear appealing to children and can possibly be licked and chewed by them. Di(2-ethylhexyl) terephtalete, diisononyl 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, acetyl tributyl citrate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) 4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylate used as substitute plasticizers were also detected in several samples. MEHP was present in 70 % of the samples, with concentrations ranging from trace amounts to 140 μg/g. The ratios of MEHP against DEHP were 6.2 × 10(-4) to 1.6 × 10(-1) %. MEHP in the household products investigated in this study was most probably an impurity in DEHP. The high concentrations of PAEs detected in products that children often place in their mouth reveal the importance of replacing plasticizers in common household products, and not just children's toys, with safer alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Kawakami
- Division of Environmental Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
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Yuzawa T, Watanabe C, Freeman RR, Tsuge S. Rapid and simple determination of phthalates in plastic toys by a thermal desorption-GC/MS method. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:1057-8. [PMID: 19745530 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A thermal desorption (TD)-GC/MS method was applied for the determination of phthalates in plastic children's toys. The method, which does not need any cumbersome sample pretreatment such as solvent extraction, filtration and derivatization, has been proved to be useful not only as a sensitive analytical method to evaluate phthalate concentration in the toys, but also as a rapid and practical screening method to check whether the concentration exceeds the regulatory limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Yuzawa
- Frontier Laboratories Ltd., 1-8-14 Saikon, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8862, Japan.
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Blair JD, Ikonomou MG, Kelly BC, Surridge B, Gobas FAPC. Ultra-trace determination of phthalate ester metabolites in seawater, sediments, and biota from an urbanized marine inlet by LC/ESI-MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:6262-6268. [PMID: 19746723 DOI: 10.1021/es9013135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study presents results of an analytical method developed for the quantification of monoalkyl phthalate esters (MPEs) in seawater, sediments, and biota. The method uses accelerated solvent extraction, solid-phase extraction, and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ ESI-MS/MS). Results show the method is robust and can provide trace measurement of several MPE analytes at low parts per trillion levels in water and low parts per billion levels in sediments and biological tissues. Analyte recoveries varied between 70% and 110%. Method detection limits (MDLs) varied between 0.19 and 3.98 ng/L in seawater and between 0.024 and 0.99 ng/g in sediment and biota, which is approximately 10-50 times lower than previously reported MDLs using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. We applied the method to field collected samples of seawater, sediments, and tissues of mussels, crabs, and fish from False Creek an urbanized marine inlet near Vancouver, Canada. The results indicate residues of several MPEs can be found in surface waters, sediments, and organism tissues of this marine system. Monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), and mono-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (MEHP) were frequently detected in all matrices. MnBP generally exhibited the highest concentrations among MPEs analyzed. Detectable concentrations of MPEs varied from 1 to 600 ng/L in seawater, 0.1 to 20 ng/g dry wt in sediments, and 0.1 to 600 ng/g wet wt in biota. Observed concentrations of low molecular weight MPEs in mussels were found to be significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of corresponding parent DPEs (e.g., MnBP > DBP). Mono-iso-nonyl-phthalate (MoC9) and mono-iso-decyl phthalate (MoC10), which were routinely detected in water and sediments, were not detected in False Creek biota, indicating negligible uptake and/or in vivo bioformation of these high molecular weight MPEs. The ability to measure MPEs in complex environmental samples provided by this LC/ESI-MS/MS method expands the capability for future biomonitoring and risk assessment of phthalate plasticizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Blair
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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de Souza PP, Cardeal ZDL, Augusti R, Morrison P, Marriott PJ. Determination of volatile compounds in Brazilian distilled cachaça by using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and effects of production pathways. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2881-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wu T, Wang C, Wang X, Xiao H, Ma Q, Zhang Q. Comparison of UPLC and HPLC for Analysis of 12 Phthalates. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Otton SV, Sura S, Blair J, Ikonomou MG, Gobas FAPC. Biodegradation of mono-alkyl phthalate esters in natural sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 71:2011-2016. [PMID: 18331756 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mono-alkyl phthalate esters (MPEs) are primary metabolites of di-alkyl phthalate esters (DPEs), a family of industrial chemicals widely used in the production of soft polyvinyl chloride and a large range of other products. To better understand the long term fate of DPEs in the environment, we measured the biodegradation kinetics of eight MPEs (-ethyl, -n-butyl, -benzyl, -i-hexyl, -2-ethyl-hexyl, -n-octyl, -i-nonyl, and -i-decyl monoesters) in marine and freshwater sediments collected from three locations in the Greater Vancouver area. After a lag period in which no apparent biodegradation occurred, all MPEs tested showed degradation rates in both marine and freshwater sediments at 22 degrees C with half-lives ranging between 16 and 39 h. Half-lives increased approximately 8-fold in incubations performed at 5 degrees C. Biodegradation rates did not differ between marine and freshwater sediments. Half-lives did not show a relationship with increasing alkyl chain length. We conclude that MPEs can be quickly degraded in natural sediments and that the similarity in MPE degradation kinetics among sediment types suggests a wide occurrence of nonspecific esterases in microorganisms from various locations, as has been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Victoria Otton
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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Feng YL, Zhu J. Constant pressure-assisted electrokinetic injection for on-line enhanced detection of monophthalates in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry with application to human urine. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1965-73. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Simultaneous Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Total and Individual Phthalic Esters Utilizing Alkaline Hydrolysis and Silyl Derivatization Technique. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2007. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2007.28.3.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Latini G. Monitoring phthalate exposure in humans. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 361:20-9. [PMID: 16004980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Revised: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The dialkyl- or alkyl/aryl esters of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, commonly known as phthalates, are high-production-volume synthetic chemicals and ubiquitous environmental contaminants because of their use in plastics and other common consumer products. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most abundant phthalate in the environment. Humans are exposed to these compounds through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure for their whole lifetime, since the intrauterine life. Public and scientific concern has increased in recent years about the potential health risks associated with exposure to phthalates. The main focus has moved away from the hepatotoxic effects to the endocrine disrupting potency of these chemicals. To date, although the consistent toxicologic data on phthalates is suggestive, information on sources and pathways of human exposure to phthalates is limited. Recently, exposure to phthalates has been assessed by analyzing urine for their metabolites. This approach is contrary to the determination of the parent phthalates in air, water and foodstuff and not subject to contamination. Furthermore, these metabolites and the parent phthalates are considered the toxic species. However, accurate methods and models for measuring the amount of phthalates absorbed by the various pathways of exposure have to be developed. In fact, a frequent biological monitoring of phthalates in body fluids and tissues would be highly advisable, both in helping physicians to perform health risk assessments for exposure in the general population and in guiding governments to provide regulations concerning the maximum allowed concentrations in the environment, plasticized products, medications and medical equipment.
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Pietrogrande M, Rossi D, Paganetto G. Gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric analysis of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its metabolites in hepatic microsomal incubations. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)01652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fushiwaki Y, Niino T, Ishibashi T, Takeda K, Onodera S. Tumor-Promoting Activity of Phthalate Esters Estimated by in Vitro Transformation Using Bhas Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.49.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatsuhiro Niino
- Tokyo Kenbikyo-in Foundation, Center of Food & Environmental Science
| | - Tohru Ishibashi
- Tokyo Kenbikyo-in Foundation, Center of Food & Environmental Science
| | - Ken Takeda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Sukeo Onodera
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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Niino T, Ishibashi T, Ishiwata H, Takeda K, Onodera S. Characterization of Human Salivary Esterase in Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Phthalate Esters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.49.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Niino
- Tokyo Kenbikyo-in Foundation, Center of Food & Environmental Sciences
| | - Tohru Ishibashi
- Tokyo Kenbikyo-in Foundation, Center of Food & Environmental Sciences
| | | | - Ken Takeda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Sukeo Onodera
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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