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Zhong J, Liu X, Chen L, Li K, Hu Q, Wu K, Zhou J, Shi Y, Fan H. Simultaneous separation and determination of several chiral antidepressants and their enantiomers in wastewater by online heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115302. [PMID: 37506440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel method for simultaneous separation and detection of the racemates and the enantiomers of common chiral antidepressants in wastewater matrix was developed by online heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) coupled to solid-phase extraction (SPE). Screening of chiral stationary phases (CSPs) and chromatographic conditions was investigated for complete enantioseparation to be compatible with RP-HPLC in 1st D-LC. Using methanol-0.1 % (v/v) ammonia solution as mobile phase, a 2D-LC system was configured by reversed mode with a combination of C18 column and the serially CPS columns as 2D-LC stationary phases respectively. The target analytes could achieve satisfactory transformation between 2D-LCs with transfer rate of 90.57-98.58 %. By means of freeze-drying and SPE, three antidepressants in wastewater were greatly preconcentrated under the optimized conditions, improving the method performance. The racemates and the enantiomers of mirtazapine, bupropion and fluoxetine exhibited good linearity in the range of 0.10-30.00 ng/mL (R2≥0.9986), and LODs and LOQs ranged in 0.0183-0.0549 ng/mL and 0.0661-0.1831 ng/mL, respectively. By this way, the method was successfully applied to simultaneous determination of the racemates and the enantiomers of mirtazapine, bupropion and fluoxetine in wastewater samples. Among them, three samples contained bupropion at level of 0.401-0.822 ng/mL, and mirtazapine at level of 0.328 and fluoxetine at level of 0.381 ng/mL were detected respectively in the other two samples. The enantiomers were at level of 0.140-0.189 ng/mL for mirtazapine, 0.182-0.419 ng/mL for bupropion and 0.179-0.204 ng/mL for fluoxetine, respectively. The proposed method providing an efficient approach to monitoring chiral drugs and their enantiomers in wastewater, facilitating to pollution assessment of chiral drugs in the environment and regional survey of illicit abuse in drug control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjian Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Nano Diagnosis for Health Biotech (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Anti-Drug Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and Safety, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Linzhou Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Nano Diagnosis for Health Biotech (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Kan Li
- Anti-Drug Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and Safety, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Qingkun Hu
- Anti-Drug Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and Safety, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Nano Diagnosis for Health Biotech (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Jidan Zhou
- Nano Diagnosis for Health Biotech (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Yuesen Shi
- Anti-Drug Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and Safety, Guangzhou 510230, China.
| | - Huajun Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Nano Diagnosis for Health Biotech (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510535, China.
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Hancu G, Cârcu-Dobrin M, Budău M, Rusu A. Analytical methodologies for the stereoselective determination of fluoxetine: An overview. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Hancu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Medicine and Pharmacy; Tîrgu Mureş Romania
| | - Melania Cârcu-Dobrin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Medicine and Pharmacy; Tîrgu Mureş Romania
| | | | - Aura Rusu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Medicine and Pharmacy; Tîrgu Mureş Romania
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Alvim J, Lopes BR, Cass QB. Simultaneous enantioselective quantification of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in human milk by direct sample injection using 2-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1451:120-126. [PMID: 27208983 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A two-dimensional liquid chromatography system coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (2D LC-MS/MS) was employed for the simultaneously quantification of fluoxetine (FLX) and norfluoxetine (NFLX) enantiomers in human milk by direct injection of samples. A restricted access media of bovine serum albumin octadecyl column (RAM-BSAC18) was used in the first dimension for the milk proteins depletion, while an antibiotic-based chiral column was used in the second dimension. The results herein described show good selectivity, extraction efficiency, accuracy, and precision with limits of quantification in the order of 7.5ngmL(-1)for the FLX enantiomers and 10.0ngmL(-1) for NFLX enantiomers. Furthermore, it represents a practical tool in terms of sustainability for the sample preparation of such a difficult matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Alvim
- SEPARARE-Núcleo de Pesquisa em Cromatografia, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, P.O. Box 676, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca Rebelo Lopes
- SEPARARE-Núcleo de Pesquisa em Cromatografia, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, P.O. Box 676, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Quezia Bezerra Cass
- SEPARARE-Núcleo de Pesquisa em Cromatografia, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, P.O. Box 676, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil.
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4
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Oliveira AFF, de Figueiredo EC, dos Santos-Neto ÁJ. Analysis of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in human plasma by liquid-phase microextraction and injection port derivatization GC–MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 73:53-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mifsud J, Sghendo LJ. A novel chiral GC/MS method for the analysis of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine enantiomers in biological fluids. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2012; 4:236-45. [PMID: 22923967 PMCID: PMC3425174 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.99065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: A novel robust chiral gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) method for the separation and measurement of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine enantiomers in urine and plasma was developed. Materials and Methods: The drug was extracted from the samples by a liquid–liquid technique, using chloroform, and the enantiomers were separated and measured on a chiral gas chromatographic column (HYDRODEX β-6TBDM®, 0.25 μm × 0.25 mm × 50 m). GC/MS instrumentation was used for the acquisition of data in the electron impact selective-ion monitoring mode. Results: The ions chosen were of a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) exactly equal to 44 units, in order to measure fluoxetine enantiomers, 134 units in order to measure norfluoxetine enantiomers, and 58 units in order to measure diphenhydramine, the internal standard. The method was found to be linear and reproducible in the 50–500 ng/mL concentration range for both urine samples and plasma samples and for both fluoxetine and norfluoxetine, with correlation coefficients ranging between 0.994 and 0.997. Conclusions: This methodology has an enormous potential for application in pharmacokinetic studies of the enantiomers of fluoxetine
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Mifsud
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2040, Malta
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Gao R, Higashi Y, Fujii Y. SIMPLE DETERMINATION OF FLUOXETINE AND NORFLUOXETINE IN HUMAN SERUM AND URINE BY DABSYLATION FOLLOWED BY HPLC WITH VISIBLE LIGHT DETECTION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2010.489435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranzhi Gao
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Hokuriku University , Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Higashi
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Hokuriku University , Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Youichi Fujii
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Hokuriku University , Kanazawa, Japan
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de Freitas DF, Porto CED, Vieira EP, de Siqueira MEPB. Three-phase, liquid-phase microextraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection for the simultaneous determination of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:170-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Determination of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine enantiomers in human plasma by polypyrrole-coated capillary in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8590-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Borges KB, Okano LT, Pupo MT, Bonato PS. Enantioselective Analysis of Fluoxetine and Norfluoxetine by LC in Culture Medium for Application in Biotransformation Studies Employing Fungi. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Atta‐Politou J, Fraskou P, Koupparis M. Determination of Fluoxetine and Norfluoxetine in Plasma by a Modified High Performance Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatographic Method with Fluorescence Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200030902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Atta‐Politou
- a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Athens , 15771 , Greece
| | - P. Fraskou
- a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Athens , 15771 , Greece
| | - M. Koupparis
- a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Athens , 15771 , Greece
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11
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Modern bioanalytical methods for the rapid detection of antidepressants: SNRIs and SSRIs in human biological samples. Bioanalysis 2009; 1:451-88. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin–norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) belong to a new generation of antidepressants used in the treatment of depression and other mood disorders. SSRIs act as reuptake inhibitors primarily via the inhibition of the neuronal reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) in the CNS. SNRIs have additional inhibitory activity at noradrenaline-reuptake sites. Different analytical methods for the routine monitoring and toxicological screening of SNRIs and SSRIs have been developed. Rapid quantification is a necessity for clinical use, allowing the possibility of diagnostics. This review focuses on recent advances of the methods that concern the determination of SSRIs and SNRIs in human biological samples. Sample preparation methodologies are discussed, because sample pretreatment is the most limiting and crucial step in analysis of biological matrices. Furthermore, information concerning the mechanism of action, side effects and toxicity are also given.
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12
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Chiral determination of antidepressant drugs and their metabolites in biological samples. Bioanalysis 2009; 1:221-37. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The determination of chiral drugs and their metabolites in biological samples is key to gaining a full understanding of enantioselective drug action and disposition, as well as establishing the advantages of using racemate or isolated enantiomers. In this review, methods published in the last 8 years regarding the analysis of chiral antidepressant drugs and their metabolites in biological fluids (e.g., plasma, urine and cerebrospinal fluid) are reviewed. The importance and interest in analyzing the enantiomers of the active compound and its metabolites in biological samples are also discussed.
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Wille SMR, Cooreman SG, Neels HM, Lambert WEE. Relevant Issues in the Monitoring and the Toxicology of Antidepressants. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2008; 45:25-89. [DOI: 10.1080/10408360701713112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Shamsipur M, Dastjerdi LS, Haghgoo S, Armspach D, Matt D, Aboul-Enein HY. Chiral selectors for enantioresolution and quantitation of the antidepressant drug fluoxetine in pharmaceutical formulations by 19F NMR spectroscopic method. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 601:130-8. [PMID: 17904479 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(19)F NMR spectroscopy was applied to the quantitative determination of fluoxetine enantiomers using different chiral recognition agents in pharmaceutical formulations. Several parameters affecting the enantioresolution including the type and concentration of chiral selector, concentration of fluoxetine and temperature were studied. The chiral selectors investigated are the cyclic oligosaccharides alpha-, beta- and gamma-cyclodextrin and a diamino derivative of methylated alpha-cyclodextrin (DAM-alpha-CD), linear polysaccharides (maltodextrin with dextrose equivalents of 4.0-7.0, 13.0-17.0 and 16.5-19.5) and the macrocyclic antibiotic vancomycin. Among the chiral selectors used, DAM-alpha-CD turned out to give the best resolution of the (19)F NMR signals of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. The calibration curve was linear for (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine over the range 0.10-1.35 mgmL(-1), the detection limits (S/N=3) being 5.9 and 7.5 microgmL(-1) for the pure solutions of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine, respectively. The recovery studies performed on pharmaceutical samples ranged from about 90 to 110% with relative standard deviations of <8%. The results showed that the proposed method is rapid, precise and accurate. Applying statistical Student's t-test revealed insignificant difference between the real and measured contents at the 95% confidence level.
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Zhou J, Ren Q, Wu P. Chromatographic Separation of Fluoxetine Hydrochloride Enantiomers by Cellulose Chiral Stationary Phase. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070500330919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- a Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Qilong Ren
- a Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Pingdong Wu
- a Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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Guo B, Li C, Wang G, Chen L. Rapid and direct measurement of free concentrations of highly protein-bound fluoxetine and its metabolite norfluoxetine in plasma. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:39-47. [PMID: 16308873 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxetine (F) and its active N-demethylated metabolite, norfluoxetine (NF), are selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors that bind extensively to plasma proteins. Development and validation of a novel method for measuring free concentrations of F and NF in plasma are reported here. The plasma filtrate was prepared by a high-speed short-duration ultrafiltration (UF) and then submitted directly to a short-column liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) assay. There was no significant matrix effect on the analysis, and non-specific binding of the analytes to the UF devices was negligible. For validation of the method, the recovery of the free analytes was compared to that from an optimized equilibrium dialysis method, and analyte stability was examined under conditions mimicking the sample storage, handling, and analysis procedures. The linearity range was 0.37-12 ng/mL for F and NF; the within-run and between-run relative standard deviations were less than 11.9%, and accuracies across the assay range were 100 +/- 10.3%. This new method was then further validated in a pharmacokinetic (PK) study in beagle dogs receiving a single oral dose of fluoxetine hydrochloride. The integrity of the resulting PK data of free F and NF was absolute. The PK data indicate that the novel method is accurate and reliable. To our knowledge this is the first report describing a rapid and reliable method for direct measurement of free concentrations of F and NF in plasma, which will be useful for clinical pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies of F. Furthermore, the strategies described herein may be applied to the development and validation of methods for measuring the free concentrations of other drugs in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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Srinivas NR. Simultaneous chiral analyses of multiple analytes: case studies, implications and method development considerations. Biomed Chromatogr 2004; 18:759-84. [PMID: 15584016 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The field of chiral separations had a modest beginning some two decades ago. However, due to rapid technological advancement coupled with simultaneous availability of innovative chiral stationary phases and novel chiral derivatization agents, the field of chiral separations has now totally outpaced many other separation fields. Keeping pace with rapid changes in the field of chiral separations, investigators continue to add stereoselective pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, pharmacologic and toxicological data of new and/or marketed racemic compounds to the literature. Examination of the evolution of chiral separations suggests that in the beginning many investigators attempted to separate and quantify a single pair of enantiomers, adopting either direct (separation made on a chiral stationary phase) or indirect (separation made following precolumn conversion of enantiomers to corresponding diastereomers) approaches. However, more recent trends in chiral separations suggest that investigators are attempting to separate and quantify multiple pairs of enantiomers with available technologies. Added to this, some interesting trends have been observed in many of the recently reported chiral applications, including preferences regarding internal standard selection, mobile phase contents and composition, sorting out issues with mass spectrometric detection, determination of elution order, analytical manipulations of metabolite(s) without reference standards and addressing some specificity-related issues. This review mainly focuses on chiral separations involving multiple chiral analytes and attempts to justify the need for such chiral separations involving multiple analytes. In this context, several cases studies are described on the utility and applicability of such chiral separations under discrete headings to provide an account to the readership on the implications of such tasks. The topics of case studies covered in this review include: (a) therapy markers--differentiation from drug abuse and/or applicability in forensics; (b) role in pharmacogenetic/polymorphic evaluation; (c) monitoring and understanding the role of parent and active metabolite(s) in clinical and preclinical investigations; (d) exploration on the pharmacokinetic utility of an active chiral metabolite vis-a-vis the racemic parent moiety; (e) understanding the chirality play in delineating peculiar toxic effects; (f) exploration of chiral inversion phenomenon, and understanding the role of stereoselective metabolism. For the further benefit of readership, some select examples (n = 19) of the separation of multiple chiral analytes with appropriate information on chromatography, detection system, validation parameters and applicable conclusion are also provided. Finally, the review covers some useful considerations for method development involving multiple chiral analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuggehally R Srinivas
- Drug Development, Discovery Research, Dr Reddy's Laboratories, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500 049, India.
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