[A survey on the relationship between tobacco use and physical exercise among university students]

The Effect of Swimming Activity on Lung Function Parameters Among Smoking and Non-Smoking Youth – Research Extended

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of regular swimming activity on the respiratory system of smokers and non-smokers. Methods. The study included 196 students, aged 19 to 24 years, attending weekly swimming classes. All students underwent pulmonary function testing before and after participating in a swimming program for 10 months. Measurements included forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow (PEF). Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure at the mouth (PImax, PEmax) and the percentage carboxyhemoglobin level in blood (%CoHb) were also measured. Results. After 10 months of regular swimming activity the values of FVC, PEF, MIP and MEP increased in the non-smoking as well as in the smoking group, while the FEV1 increased only among smokers. The percentage of CoHB level in the blood decreased in both groups. Conclusions. The study confirmed the positive effect of swimming on respiratory system function and the importance of promoting physical activity such as swimming among cigarette smokers as well as non-smokers.

Leg fat might be more protective than arm fat in relation to lipid profile

PURPOSE

The objective of this study was to determine the independent relationships of trunk fat, leg fat and arm fat to cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors, after controlling for relevant confounders such as fat mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness and objectively measured physical activity.

METHODS

This is a cross-sectional study involving 683 university students, aged 18-30 years. Total and regional body fat distribution was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The associations of trunk, leg and arm fat with CVD risk factors (triglycerides-TG-, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-HDL-c-, TG/HDL-c ratio, HOMA(IR), mean arterial pressure, C-reactive protein) were examined using regression linear models, controlling for age, sex, fat mass index [total body fat(kg)/height(m(2))], maximal oxygen consumption and physical activity by accelerometer.

RESULTS

After controlling for fat mass index, and other confounders, higher levels of trunk fat were found to be associated with a poorer lipid profile, while higher levels of leg fat were found to be associated with a better lipid profile. We did not find any association between arm fat and lipid profile after controlling for total fatness and other confounders. Neither trunk, leg or arm fat was found to be related to insulin resistance, blood pressure or inflammation markers.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that the region where fat is accumulated might have a differential effect on lipid profile: trunk fat has an adverse effect, leg fat has a protective effect, and arm fat has no effect. The differences observed between upper- and lower-body peripheral fat depots should be further explored.

[Prescribing exercise in tobacco smoking cessation therapy]

Tobacco is one of the main causes of mortality in industrialized countries, yet there is no treatment that is wholly efficacious for helping smokers to quit the habit. Physical exercise is one of the low-cost nonpharmacologic strategies in rehabilitation therapies in several diseases and its practice offers a way of combating the harmful effects of smoking on health. Studies have shown that physical exercise helps reduce the intensity of some of the main symptoms that may arise when a smoker attempts to quit, yet doctors and sport therapists are generally unaware of this benefit and do not know how to prescribe exercise appropriately. This study aims to present the reasons why physical exercise should be considered as a useful nonpharmacologic aid in combatting the symptoms of smoking and smoking cessation, to review the relevant literature, and to outline basic guidelines that might serve to orient the prescription of physical exercise for smokers attempting to quit.

Nível de atividade física e tabagismo em universitários

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o nível de atividade física em estudantes universitários e sua associação com hábito de fumar. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com amostragem estratificada proporcional por conglomerados realizado em Gurupi, TO, em 2005. A amostra estudada incluiu 871 universitários. Para avaliar o nível de atividade física foi aplicado o questionário International Physical Activity Questionnaire-8. O consumo tabagístico foi avaliado por questionário modificado da Organização Mundial de Saúde e o grau de dependência nicotínica dos fumantes pela escala de Fagerström. As freqüências, prevalências e razões de prevalência de tabagismo e sedentarismo foram determinadas aplicando-se o teste qui-quadrado pelo método de Yates ou o teste exato de Fisher, segundo grupo geral e estratificadas por área, curso, turno e sexo, ao nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi 25 (dp±8) anos e a média da idade da primeira experiência tabagística foi 17 (dp±4) anos. A prevalência de sedentarismo foi de 29,9% e de tabagismo 7,2%. A prevalência geral de sedentários fumantes foi de 8,5% e a de não-fumantes 91,5%; mas sem diferença na proporção de sedentários entre fumantes e não-fumantes. Tabagismo e sedentarismo foram mais prevalentes em indivíduos acima de 25 anos (48,6%, p<0,05). O grau de dependência nicotínica muito baixo foi o mais prevalente (68,2%, p<0,05). O consumo tabagístico foi mais prevalente no sexo masculino (10,8%, p<0,05) e a prevalência de sedentarismo não foi diferente entre os sexos (p>0,05). CONCLUSÕES: Sedentarismo ocorreu em fumantes e não-fumantes na mesma proporção, não indicando associação entre esses dois fatores. As baixas prevalências de sedentarismo e tabagismo encontradas podem estar associadas à atuação de programas nacionais, pela aplicação de medidas preventivas e educativas contínuas, sendo necessário que sejam mantidos em longo prazo.

The social factors implicated in cigarette smoking in a Jordanian community

Cigarette smoking is highly prevalent among scholars and university students in Jordan. The aim of this study is to discover the environmental factors and social influences that motivate Jordanian students to smoke and to recommend adequate programs in order to stop adolescents from smoking. A questionnaire of (28) items was designed to assess students and professor's attitudes towards smoking, the sample of the study consisted of(851) participants from different levels in a community nearby Al-Isra Private University. The study also attempted to examine the effects of the following factors: social status, age, gender, parental education and mode of spending free time, having parents, siblings, friends and teachers who smoke. The results show that the proportion of smokers to nonsmokers was of (33:67). The first cigarette smoked by 65% of the sample, was before the age of 18 years and 88.5% was before the age of 21 years. The environmental factors and social influences that motivate students to smoke were related to teachers and friends behavior. The major reasons to start smoking were to try something new and Spending free time with friends more than with family. Also Health disturbances suffered by smokers (fatigue, stress, frustration and depression) were as two times greater compared to nonsmokers. Desire to quit smoking among participants were very high and there was a positive correlation between nonsmokers and high level of education. Desire were greatly negative to have smoker mate = 93%, smoker children = 96% or smoker friends = 87%. In conclusion the increased rate of smoking before age of 18 years indicates that smoking prevention programs need to be started at an earlier age. The risk factors of smoking onset are subject to modification and families must be aware of the potential risks of certain ways of spending time and modifying attitudes.