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Kantaputra P, Daroontum T, Kitiyamas K, Piyakhunakorn P, Kawasaki K, Sathienkijkanchai A, Wasant P, Vatanavicharn N, Yasanga T, Kaewgahya M, Tongsima S, Cox TC, Arold ST, Ohazama A, Ngamphiw C. Homozygosity for a Rare Plec Variant Suggests a Contributory Role in Congenital Insensitivity to Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6358. [PMID: 38928066 PMCID: PMC11203604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital insensitivity to pain is a rare human condition in which affected individuals do not experience pain throughout their lives. This study aimed to identify the molecular etiology of congenital insensitivity to pain in two Thai patients. Clinical, radiographic, histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular studies were performed. Patients were found to have congenital insensitivity to pain, self-mutilation, acro-osteolysis, cornea scars, reduced temperature sensation, tooth agenesis, root maldevelopment, and underdeveloped maxilla and mandible. The skin biopsies revealed fewer axons, decreased vimentin expression, and absent neurofilament expression, indicating lack of dermal nerves. Whole exome and Sanger sequencing identified a rare homozygous variant c.4039C>T; p.Arg1347Cys in the plakin domain of Plec, a cytolinker protein. This p.Arg1347Cys variant is in the spectrin repeat 9 region of the plakin domain, a region not previously found to harbor pathogenic missense variants in other plectinopathies. The substitution with a cysteine is expected to decrease the stability of the spectrin repeat 9 unit of the plakin domain. Whole mount in situ hybridization and an immunohistochemical study suggested that Plec is important for the development of maxilla and mandible, cornea, and distal phalanges. Additionally, the presence of dental anomalies in these patients further supports the potential involvement of Plec in tooth development. This is the first report showing the association between the Plec variant and congenital insensitivity to pain in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piranit Kantaputra
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.K.); (M.K.)
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Teerada Daroontum
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Kantapong Kitiyamas
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.K.); (M.K.)
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Panat Piyakhunakorn
- Panare Hospital, Dental Public Health Division, Panare District, Surat Thani 94130, Thailand;
| | - Katsushige Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; (K.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Achara Sathienkijkanchai
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 73170, Thailand; (A.S.); (P.W.); (N.V.)
| | - Pornswan Wasant
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 73170, Thailand; (A.S.); (P.W.); (N.V.)
| | - Nithiwat Vatanavicharn
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 73170, Thailand; (A.S.); (P.W.); (N.V.)
| | - Thippawan Yasanga
- Medical Science Research Equipment Center, Research Administration Section, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Massupa Kaewgahya
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Sissades Tongsima
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.T.); (C.N.)
| | - Timothy C. Cox
- Departments of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA;
| | - Stefan T. Arold
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Atsushi Ohazama
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; (K.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Chumpol Ngamphiw
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.T.); (C.N.)
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Xiang Y, Jiang L, Wang B, Xu Y, Cai H, Fu Q. Mutational screening of GLI3, SHH, preZRS, and ZRS in 102 Chinese children with nonsyndromic polydactyly. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:392-402. [PMID: 28127823 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polydactyly is a group of congenital limb malformations that show high degree of phenotypic variability and genetic heterogeneity. RESULTS In the present study, four genomic regions (exons of GLI3, SHH, and noncoding sequences of preZRS and ZRS) involved in hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway were sequenced for 102 unrelated Chinese children with nonsyndromic polydactyly. Two GLI3 variants (c.2844 G > G/A; c.1486C > C/T) and four preZRS variants (chr7:156585336 A>G; chr7:156585421 C>A; chr7: 156585247 G>C; chr7:156585420 A > C) were observed in 2(2.0%) and 6(5.9%) patients, respectively. These variants are not over-represented in the Chinese healthy population. All the 8 cases showed preaxial polydactyly in hands. Additionally, no specific patterns of malformation predicted mutations in other candidate genes or sequences. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of the assessment of the frequency of GLI3/SHH/preZRS/ZRS in Chinese patients to show any higher possibility of mutations or variants for the 4 genes or sequences in China. Developmental Dynamics 246:392-402, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Limin Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yunlan Xu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Haiqing Cai
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qihua Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Wang B, Diao Y, Liu Q, An H, Ma R, Jiang G, Lai N, Li Z, Zhu X, Zhao L, Guo Q, Zhang Z, Sun R, Li X. An increased duplication of ZRS region that caused more than one supernumerary digits preaxial polydactyly in a large Chinese family. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38500. [PMID: 27922091 PMCID: PMC5138840 DOI: 10.1038/srep38500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Preaxial polydactyly (PPD) is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion and characterized by the presence of one or more supernumerary digits on the thumb side. It had been identified that point mutation or genomic duplications of the long-range limb-specific cis-regulator - zone of polarizing activity regulatory sequence (ZRS) cause PPD or other limb deformities such as syndactyly type IV (SD4) and Triphalangeal thumb-polysyndactyly syndrome (TPTPS). Most previously reported cases involved with no more than one extra finger; however, the role of the point mutation or genomic duplications of ZRS in the case of more than one redundant finger polydactyly remains unclear. In this article, we reported a family case of more than one redundant finger polydactyly on the thumb side for bilateral hands with a pedigree chart of the family. Results of quantitative PCR (qPCR) and sequence analysis suggested that the relative copy number (RCN) of ZRS but not point mutation (including insertion and deletion) was involved in all affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of peripheral vascular disease, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 42 Wenhua xi Road, Jinan 250011, Shandong, China
| | - Yutao Diao
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Qiji Liu
- Department of medical genetics, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Hongqiang An
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, People's Hospital of Xintai, Xintai 271200, Shandong, China
| | - Ruiping Ma
- Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Guosheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Nannan Lai
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Rong Sun
- Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Yanzi Shanxi Road, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
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Seki R, Kitajima K, Matsubara H, Suzuki T, Saito D, Yokoyama H, Tamura K. AP-2β is a transcriptional regulator for determination of digit length in tetrapods. Dev Biol 2015; 407:75-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Simkin J, Sammarco MC, Dawson LA, Tucker C, Taylor LJ, Van Meter K, Muneoka K. Epidermal closure regulates histolysis during mammalian (Mus) digit regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:106-19. [PMID: 27499872 PMCID: PMC4895321 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian digit regeneration progresses through consistent stages: histolysis, inflammation, epidermal closure, blastema formation, and finally redifferentiation. What we do not yet know is how each stage can affect others. Questions of stage timing, tissue interactions, and microenvironmental states are becoming increasingly important as we look toward solutions for whole limb regeneration. This study focuses on the timing of epidermal closure which, in mammals, is delayed compared to more regenerative animals like the axolotl. We use a standard wound closure device, Dermabond (2-octyl cyanoacrylate), to induce earlier epidermal closure, and we evaluate the effect of fast epidermal closure on histolysis, blastema formation, and redifferentiation. We find that fast epidermal closure is reliant upon a hypoxic microenvironment. Additionally, early epidermal closure eliminates the histolysis stage and results in a regenerate that more closely replicates the amputated structure. We show that tools like Dermabond and oxygen are able to independently influence the various stages of regeneration enabling us to uncouple histolysis, wound closure, and other regenerative events. With this study, we start to understand how each stage of mammalian digit regeneration is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Simkin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA; Department of Biology University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506 USA
| | - Mimi C Sammarco
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Catherine Tucker
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Louis J Taylor
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Keith Van Meter
- Department of Medicine Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans Louisiana 70112 USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
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Wang Z, Wang J, Li Y, Geng J, Fu Q, Xu Y, Shen Y. Novel frame-shift mutations of GLI3 gene in non-syndromic postaxial polydactyly patients. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 433:195-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Králík M, Katina S, Urbanová P. Distal Part of the Human Hand: Study of Form Variability and Sexual Dimorphism Using Geometric Morphometrics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5817/ai2014-2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tradičně se lidská ruka studuje prostřednictvím měření a srovnávání jednotlivých segmentů (prstů, článků prstů, záprstních kostí) bez zohlednění jejich vzájemných prostorových souvislostí. Cílem této studie je výzkum vnitro-populační variability formy lidské ruky jako celku v oblasti tříčlánkových prstů se zvláštním zaměřením na sexuální dimorfismus a vztah mezi velikostí a tvarem ruky. Pravé ruce 99 žen a 70 mužů, převážně vysokoškolských studentů, byly ve standardizované poloze z palmární strany zaznamenány běžným stolním skenerem. Na každém dvourozměrném snímku bylo umístěno 16 význačných bodů a byla studována variabilita mezi těmito konfiguracemi prostřednictvím metod geometrické morfometrie. Pro lepší pochopení vnitřních vzorců variability tvaru byl tvarový prostor rozložen na afinní a neafinní podprostor, které byly dále analyzovány samostatně. Převážná část celkové variability byla spojena s afinními tvarovými rozdíly, které jsou identické v celé studované oblasti ruky. Jejich větší část představovala střižnou změnu v proximodistálním směru, menší část pak napínání odpovídající změnám v šířce ruky. Toto napínání také silně korelovalo s velikostí ruky. Mezipohlavní rozdíly představovala afinní změna, ve které byla proximodistální střižná změna neoddělitelně spojena se změnami v relativní šířce ruky. Lokální neafinní pohlavní rozdíly byly zaznamenány v určitých článcích prstů a mohou souviset s rozdíly v poměrech délek prstů. Domníváme se, že oddělení globálních a lokálních sexuálně dimorfních znaků ruky může pomoci blíže ozřejmit původ/počátek jejich dimorfismu v rané ontogenezi – čím lokálnější znak, tím později se v ontogenezi zakládá. Dimorfní znaky lokální a globální by proto mohly být ovlivněny odlišnými ontogenetickými faktory.
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Mayhew TM. Cross-sectional data on soft tissue morphometry of the growing hand and fingers of dextral individuals 5-65 years old. J Anat 2012; 221:373-81. [PMID: 22881364 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines both hands of right-handed (dextral) subjects 5-65 years old in order to define the separate growth trajectories of digit lengths (2D-5D) and hand widths; to assess how 2D : 4D and other digit ratios also vary with age; and to test whether lengths are influenced by gender dimorphism and lateral (right/left) asymmetry. Calliper measurements were made from hand photocopies. Growth patterns were analysed by linear regression and correlation, main and interaction effects of age and gender were resolved by analysis of variance, and lateral asymmetries were identified by paired tests. All digits, and hand width, grew in a biphasic pattern in both hands, and inflection points between phases showed gender dimorphism. In the early fast-growing phase, male digits grew over a longer period than those in females, before switching to a slower growth phase during which gender dimorphism became more exaggerated. In right hands, age differences in digit ratios were confined to 2D : 4D and, except for 4D : 5D, females tended to show larger ratios than males. In left hands, all ratios (except 3D : 5D) varied with age and gender influenced only 2D : 4D, 2D : 5D and 3D : 5D. Again, ratios were greater in females. In females, 2D was longer in the right hand of older subjects, whilst 3D, 4D and 5D tended to be shorter in the right hand of younger subjects. No asymmetries were seen in 2D, 3D or 4D in males, but 5D tended to be shorter on the right in the group 9-12 years old. Finally, hand width tended to be greater in females on the right at 9-65 years old, and in males on the right at 18-23 years old. A further novel finding was that certain relationships (inflection points, correlation coefficients and gender differences in digit lengths) seemed to follow gradients running from 2D to 5D. It is tempting to speculate that these are manifestations of the antero-posterior gradients established by signalling events that control digit development and patterning in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Mayhew
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Elkasabi Y, Lahann J, Krebsbach PH. Cellular transduction gradients via vapor-deposited polymer coatings. Biomaterials 2011; 32:1809-15. [PMID: 21176953 PMCID: PMC3021648 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal control of gene delivery, particularly signaling gradients, via biomaterials poses significant challenges because of the lack of efficient delivery systems for therapeutic proteins and genes. This challenge was addressed by using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization in a counterflow set-up to deposit copolymers bearing two reactive chemical gradients. FTIR spectroscopy verified the formation of compositional gradients. Adenovirus expressing a reporter gene was biotinylated and immobilized using the VBABM method (virus-biotin-avidin-biotin-materials). Sandwich ELISA confirmed selective attachment of biotinylated adenovirus onto copolymer gradients. When cultured on the adenovirus gradients, human gingival fibroblasts exhibited asymmetric transduction with full confluency. Importantly, gradient transduction occurred in both lateral directions, thus enabling more advanced delivery studies that involve gradients of multiple therapeutic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaseen Elkasabi
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, 48109
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109
| | - Paul H. Krebsbach
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, 48109
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109
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Abstract
Zebrafish fins have a proximal skeleton of endochondral bones and a distal skeleton of dermal bones. Recent experimental and genetic studies are discovering mechanisms to control fin skeleton morphogenesis. Whereas the endochondral skeleton has been extensively studied, the formation of the dermal skeleton requires further revision. The shape of the dermal skeleton of the fin is generated in its distal growing margin and along a proximal growing domain. In these positions, dermoskeletal fin morphogenesis can be explained by intertissue interactions and the function of several genetic pathways. These pathways regulate patterning, size, and cell differentiation along three axes. Finally, a common genetic control of late development, regeneration, and tissue homeostasis of the fin dermoskeleton is currently being analyzed. These pathways may be responsible for the similar shape obtained after each morphogenetic process. This provides an interesting conceptual framework for future studies on this topic. Developmental Dynamics 239:2779–2794, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Marí-Beffa
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, and Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Málaga, Spain.
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