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Xu D, Liu A, Wang X, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Tan Z, Qiu M. Identifying suitable reference genes for developing and injured mouse CNS tissues. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 78:39-50. [PMID: 29134774 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of gene expression is fundamental for understanding the molecular, genetic and functional bases of tissue development and diseases. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is now the most widely used method of quantifying gene expression due to its simplicity, specificity, sensitivity, and wide quantification range. The use of appropriate reference genes to ensure accurate normalization is crucial for the correct quantification of gene expression from the early development, maturation, aging to injury processes in the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we have determined the expression profiles of 12 candidate housekeeping genes (ACTB, CYC1, HMBS, GAPDH, HPRT1, RPL13A, YWHAZ, PPIA, RPLP0, TFRC, GUS, and 18S rRNA) in developing mouse brain and spinal cord. Throughout development, there was a significant degree of fluctuations in their expression levels, indicating the importance and complexity of finding appropriate reference genes. Three software including BestKeeper, geNorm and NormFinder were used to evaluate the stability of potential reference genes. GUS was the most stable gene and GUS/YWHAZ were the most stable reference gene pair across different developmental stages in different CNS regions, whereas HPRT1 and GAPDH were the most variable genes and thus inappropriate to use as reference genes. Therefore, our results identified GUS and YWHAZ as the best combination of two reference genes for expression data normalization in CNS developmental studies. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 39-50, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchao Xu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Ajuan Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zunyi Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Zhou Tan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, 311121, China.,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40292
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Weber J, Peng H, Rader C. From rabbit antibody repertoires to rabbit monoclonal antibodies. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e305. [PMID: 28336958 PMCID: PMC5382564 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we explain why and how rabbit monoclonal antibodies have become outstanding reagents for laboratory research and increasingly for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Starting with the unique ontogeny of rabbit B cells that affords highly distinctive antibody repertoires rich in in vivo pruned binders of high diversity, affinity and specificity, we describe the generation of rabbit monoclonal antibodies by hybridoma technology, phage display and alternative methods, along with an account of successful humanization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus Weber
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Haiyong Peng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
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Choi HS, Kim WT, Ryu CJ. Antibody approaches to prepare clinically transplantable cells from human embryonic stem cells: identification of human embryonic stem cell surface markers by monoclonal antibodies. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:915-20. [PMID: 24616439 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are unique cell populations, possessing both unlimited self-renewal capacity and pluripotency, i.e. the potential to give rise to all kinds of specialized cells in the human body. Marker molecules expressed on the surface of hESCs are important for the identification, characterization, and clinical application of hESCs. Compared with conventional genomics- or proteomics-based approaches, generating monoclonal antibody (mAb) libraries against hESCs using alternative methodologies expands the repertoire of mAbs raised against non-protein markers, for example, glycolipid antigens. Additional information about the conformation and post-translational modification of surface molecules can also be obtained. In this article, we review how mAb libraries against hESC surface markers have been developed using whole-cell and decoy immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Seo Choi
- Institute of Bioscience, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
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