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Ahmad J, Grunden A, Kuzma J. Biotechnology executive order opens door for regulatory reform and social acceptance of genetically engineered microbes in agriculture. GM CROPS & FOOD 2024; 15:248-261. [PMID: 39066641 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2024.2381294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
In the United States, regulatory review of genetically engineered microbes for agriculture falls under the Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology (CFRB). However, the lack of a centralized regulatory pathway and multiple oversight authorities can lead to uncertainty in regulatory review. Using three microbial-based technologies for agriculture as illustrative examples, this commentary identifies the weaknesses and challenges associated with the CFRB by assessing the current system and proposed changes to the system under a multi criteria decision analysis framework. In addition, it discusses opportunities for regulatory reform to improve clarity, efficiency, and public acceptance of genetically engineered microbes in agriculture under the CHIPS and Science Act and the 2022 Executive Order on the Bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabeen Ahmad
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Amy Grunden
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer Kuzma
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- School of Public and International Affairs, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Ebenhöh O, Ebeling J, Meyer R, Pohlkotte F, Nies T. Microbial Pathway Thermodynamics: Stoichiometric Models Unveil Anabolic and Catabolic Processes. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:247. [PMID: 38398756 PMCID: PMC10890395 DOI: 10.3390/life14020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The biotechnological exploitation of microorganisms enables the use of metabolism for the production of economically valuable substances, such as drugs or food. It is, thus, unsurprising that the investigation of microbial metabolism and its regulation has been an active research field for many decades. As a result, several theories and techniques were developed that allow for the prediction of metabolic fluxes and yields as biotechnologically relevant output parameters. One important approach is to derive macrochemical equations that describe the overall metabolic conversion of an organism and basically treat microbial metabolism as a black box. The opposite approach is to include all known metabolic reactions of an organism to assemble a genome-scale metabolic model. Interestingly, both approaches are rather successful at characterizing and predicting the expected product yield. Over the years, macrochemical equations especially have been extensively characterized in terms of their thermodynamic properties. However, a common challenge when characterizing microbial metabolism by a single equation is to split this equation into two, describing the two modes of metabolism, anabolism and catabolism. Here, we present strategies to systematically identify separate equations for anabolism and catabolism. Based on metabolic models, we systematically identify all theoretically possible catabolic routes and determine their thermodynamic efficiency. We then show how anabolic routes can be derived, and we use these to approximate biomass yield. Finally, we challenge the view of metabolism as a linear energy converter, in which the free energy gradient of catabolism drives the anabolic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Ebenhöh
- Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Josha Ebeling
- Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ronja Meyer
- Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian Pohlkotte
- Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tim Nies
- Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Kim JJ, Pritts JD, Ngo M, Estoll CR, Rao VA. Trends in Light and Temperature Sensitivity Recommendations among Licensed Biotechnology Drug Products. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1491-1505. [PMID: 37022633 PMCID: PMC10338390 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inherent structural and functional properties of biotechnology-derived therapeutic biologics make them susceptible to light- and temperature-induced degradation and consequently can influence their quality. Photosensitivity of therapeutic proteins continues to be examined, but the commonalities and trends of storage conditions and information about light and temperature sensitivity among currently licensed therapeutic proteins has not been previously surveyed. METHODS Using a comprehensive and relational database approach, we conducted a scientific survey of all licensed biotechnology-derived drug products with the goal of providing evidence-based information about recommended storage conditions of formulations sorted by light- and temperature-related attributes as described for each product at licensure. RESULTS We report the prevalence of indications for light and temperature sensitivity in formulations categorized by their presentation type, number of doses, container type, dosage form and active molecule type. We also report the storage temperature range across formulations and diluents for reconstitution and dilution. Formulations with excipients that potentially facilitate light-induced and thermal degradation were also noted. CONCLUSIONS The result of our analysis indicates that light and temperature sensitivity are prevalent across therapeutic protein formulations. However, when a formulation is reconstituted or diluted, both light and temperature sensitivity are less clear. In addition, light and temperature sensitivity are more well defined in liquid formulations than lyophilized powder formulations, and more well defined in products manufactured in autoinjectors, prefilled-syringes, and pens than products in vials. Overall, our report provides a data-driven summary of storage conditions among therapeutic protein formulations to support the development of future biologic drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Kim
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jordan D Pritts
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave / Bldg. 52/72 Rm 2212, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Mai Ngo
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave / Bldg. 52/72 Rm 2212, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Corey R Estoll
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - V Ashutosh Rao
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave / Bldg. 52/72 Rm 2212, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
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A novel method for the chaperone aided and efficient production of human proinsulin in the prokaryotic system. J Biotechnol 2022; 346:35-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mayoral-Zavala A, Esquivel-Aguilar A, del Real-Calzada C, Gutiérrez-Grobe Y, Ramos-García J, Rocha-Ramírez J, Rojas-Illanes M, Rubio-Martínez B, Sánchez-Chávez X, Yamamoto-Furusho J. Update on biosimilars in inflammatory bowel disease: Position and recommendations in Mexico. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGÍA DE MÉXICO (ENGLISH EDITION) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Mayoral-Zavala A, Esquivel-Aguilar A, Del Real-Calzada CM, Gutiérrez-Grobe Y, Ramos-García J, Rocha-Ramírez JL, Rojas-Illanes MF, Rubio-Martínez B, Sánchez-Chávez X, Yamamoto-Furusho JK. Update on biosimilars in inflammatory bowel disease: Position and recommendations in Mexico. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA DE MEXICO (ENGLISH) 2018; 83:414-423. [PMID: 29685744 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmx.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The biotechnology-derived medicines known as biosimilars are defined as non-originator treatments that have demonstrated quality, efficacy, and safety comparable to the reference biologic drug. Clinical trials have shown that the infliximab biosimilar, CT-P13, and the candidates for the adalimumab biosimilars, ABP 501 and ZRC 3197, are not significantly different, with respect to efficacy and safety, from the originator drugs in patients with other autoimmune diseases. However, controversy has arisen over the use of biosimilars in inflammatory bowel disease, due to the incipient evidence not only in patients with no previous biotechnology treatment, but also in patients in remission, that could be switched to a biosimilar for non-medical reasons. The present review is the first critical analysis by different specialists in the area of gastroenterology on the use of biosimilars in inflammatory bowel disease, the evidence on interchangeability, the extrapolation of indications, efficacy, safety, immunogenicity, and the clinical impact of the Mexican health regulations. The aim of our review was to make the positioning and recommendations of these new therapeutic options known, given that they have a potential cost-benefit for both patients and healthcare institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mayoral-Zavala
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Clínica de Intestino, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - A Esquivel-Aguilar
- Subdirección de Farmacovigilancia, Asociación Farmacéutica Mexicana AC, Ciudad de México, México
| | - C M Del Real-Calzada
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Clínica del Colon, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, IMSS, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Y Gutiérrez-Grobe
- Clínica de Enfermedades Digestivas y Obesidad, Fundación Clínica Médica Sur, Ciudad de México, México
| | - J Ramos-García
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Clínica de Intestino, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - M F Rojas-Illanes
- Servicio de Cirugía de Colon y Recto, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ciudad de México, México
| | - B Rubio-Martínez
- Servicio de Cirugía de Colon y Recto, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ciudad de México, México
| | - X Sánchez-Chávez
- Servicio de Gastroenterología y Endoscopia, Hospital Ángeles del Pedregal, Ciudad de México, México
| | - J K Yamamoto-Furusho
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Clínica de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
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Magistrelli G, Poitevin Y, Schlosser F, Pontini G, Malinge P, Josserand S, Corbier M, Fischer N. Optimizing assembly and production of native bispecific antibodies by codon de-optimization. MAbs 2017; 9:231-239. [PMID: 28001485 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1267088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
When production of bispecific antibodies requires the co-expression and assembly of three or four polypeptide chains, low expression of one chain can significantly limit assembly and yield. κλ bodies, fully human bispecific antibodies with native IgG structure, are composed of a common heavy chain and two different light chains, one kappa and one lambda. No engineering is applied to force pairing of the chains, thus both monospecific and bispecific antibodies are secreted in the supernatant. In this context, stoichiometric expression of the two light chains allows for maximal assembly of the bispecific antibody. In this study, we selected a κλ body with suboptimal characteristics due to low kappa chain expression. Codon optimization to increase expression of the kappa chain did not improve bispecific yield. Surprisingly, progressive introduction of non-optimal codons into the sequence of the lambda chain resulted in lowering its expression for an optimal tuning of the relative distribution of monospecific and bispecific antibodies. This codon de-optimization led to doubling of the κλ body yield. These results indicate that assembly of different proteins into a recombinant complex is an interconnected process and that reducing the expression of one polypeptide can actually increase the overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yves Poitevin
- a Novimmune SA , Plan-les-Ouates , Geneva , Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Marie Corbier
- a Novimmune SA , Plan-les-Ouates , Geneva , Switzerland
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Strand V, Girolomoni G, Schiestl M, Ernst Mayer R, Friccius-Quecke H, McCamish M. The totality-of-the-evidence approach to the development and assessment of GP2015, a proposed etanercept biosimilar. Curr Med Res Opin 2017; 33:993-1003. [PMID: 28133979 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2017.1288612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to describe the inherent variability that is natural to biologics and, using the proposed etanercept biosimilar (GP2015) as an example, provide details on the "totality-of-the-evidence" concept, whereby all physicochemical, biologic, preclinical, and clinical data for a biosimilar and reference medicine are evaluated in an iterative, stepwise manner and shown to be highly similar. METHODS This review was carried out by a search of published articles, reviews, abstracts and patents in PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar up to November 2016. RESULTS Analytical, functional, preclinical, and clinical data provide a comprehensive understanding of both GP2015 and reference etanercept, and demonstrate a high level of similarity between the two products in accordance with regulatory requirements. The totality of the evidence from all analyses and performed trials provides a robust scientific bridge between the biosimilar and clinical experience with the reference medicine, and is used to justify the use of the biosimilar in all indications for which the reference medicine is approved. CONCLUSION Biologic therapies have revolutionized the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. The availability of biosimilars has the potential to improve patient access to biologic medicines and stimulate innovation. Physicians may be unfamiliar with the totality-of-the-evidence concept; therefore education and information on this unique approach to developing biosimilars is required to facilitate the use of biosimilars in clinical practice and allow physicians to make informed treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Strand
- a Division of Immunology/Rheumatology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto , California , USA
| | - Giampiero Girolomoni
- b Dermatology and Venereology Section , University of Verona School of Medicine , Verona , Italy
| | - Martin Schiestl
- c Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Sandoz International GmbH , Kundl , Austria
| | - Robert Ernst Mayer
- c Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Sandoz International GmbH , Kundl , Austria
| | - Hilke Friccius-Quecke
- d Global Biopharmaceutical Development, Sandoz International GmbH , Holzkirchen , Germany
| | - Mark McCamish
- d Global Biopharmaceutical Development, Sandoz International GmbH , Holzkirchen , Germany
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Chen LH, Cai F, Zhang DJ, Zhang L, Zhu P, Gao S. Large-scale purification and characterization of recombinant human stem cell factor in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 64:509-518. [PMID: 27301759 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological importance of recombinant human stem cell factor (rhSCF) has increased the demand to establish effective and large-scale production and purification processes. A good source of bioactive recombinant protein with capability of being scaled-up without losing activity has always been a challenge. The objectives of the study were the rapid and efficient pilot-scale expression and purification of rhSCF. The gene encoding stem cell factor (SCF) was cloned into pBV220 and transformed into Escherichia coli. The recombinant SCF was expressed and isolated using a procedure consisting of isolation of inclusion bodies (IBs), denaturation, and refolding followed by chromatographic steps toward purification. The yield of rhSCF reached 835.6 g/20 L, and the expression levels of rhSCF were about 33.9% of the total E. coli protein content. rhSCF was purified by isolation of IBs, denaturation, and refolding, followed by SP-Sepharose chromatography, Source 30 reversed-phase chromatography, and Q-Sepharose chromatography. This procedure was developed to isolate 5.5 g of rhSCF (99.5% purity) with specific activity at 0.96 × 106 IU/mg, endotoxin levels of pyrogen at 1.0 EU/mg, and bacterial DNA at 10 ng/mg. Pilot-scale fermentations and purifications were set up for the production of rhSCF that can be upscaled for industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Hua Chen
- Institute of Ecological Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Ju Zhang
- Institute of Ecological Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Ecological Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhu
- Institute of Ecological Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun Gao
- Institute of Ecological Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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An innovative method for preparation of hydrophobic ion-pairing colistin entrapped poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles: Loading and release mechanism study. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 102:63-70. [PMID: 28254391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobic ion-pairing (HIP) complexation has emerged as an efficient approach to enhance the entrapment of therapeutic peptides in the biodegradable polymer matrix. In the present study, we developed an innovative extraction method for preparation of HIP-colistin (CST, a polycationic peptide) using various water-insoluble anionic lipids. To determine the loading mechanism of HIP-CST entrapped poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanoparticles (HIP-CST-PLA-NPs), the effects of anionic lipids and PLA molecular weight (Mw) on the unentrapped fraction (uf) of CST in PLA-NPs were investigated. And CST release mechanism from HIP-CST-PLA-NPs was also investigated by evaluating their release behavior and NP swelling. It is showed that HIP-CST retention in the PLA-NPs was imposed by their physical localization in the networks of the PLA chains, rather than the electrostatic attraction between anionic lipid and CST in serum. And HIP-CST-PLA-NPs in serum exhibited the swelling-controlled release behavior with a substantially accelerated release and NP swelling observed in comparison with that in phosphate buffer. Our results can effectively guide the preparation of biodegradable polymer based modified drug release systems with desired properties for peptides delivery.
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Fusion protein comprised of the two schistosomal antigens, Sm14 and Sm29, provides significant protection against Schistosoma mansoni in murine infection model. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:147. [PMID: 25887456 PMCID: PMC4389862 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0906-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosoma mansoni infection represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in many areas of the developing world. Effective vaccines against schistosomiasis are not available and disease management relies mainly on treatment with the anthelmintic drug praziquantel. Several promising schistosomal antigens have been evaluated for vaccine efficacy such as Sm14, Sm29 and tetraspanins. However, most investigators examine these promising antigens in animal models individually rather than in properly adjuvanted antigen combinations. METHODS In the present study, we made a recombinant fusion protein comprised of the promising schistosomal antigens Sm14 and Sm29. The fusion protein, FSm14/29, was administered to Swiss albino mice either unadjuvanted or adjuvanted with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid adjuvant, poly(I:C). Mice were challenged with S. mansoni cercariae and different parasitological/immunological parameters were assessed seven weeks post-challenge. Data were analyzed using the ANOVA test with post-hoc Tukey-Kramer test. RESULTS Mice pre-immunized with unadjuvanted or poly(I:C)-adjuvanted fusion protein showed reduction of adult worm burden of 44.7 and 48.4%, respectively. In addition, significant reduction of tissue egg burdens was observed in mice immunized with the fusion protein when compared with the infected saline/adjuvant negative control groups and groups immunized with the individual Sm14 and Sm29 antigens. Light microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigation of adult worms recovered from FSm14/29-immunized mice revealed appreciable morphological damage and tegumental deformities. Histopathological examination of liver sections of immunized mice demonstrated reduced granulomatous and inflammatory reactions when compared with infected unvaccinated mice or mice immunized with the individual Sm14 and Sm29 antigens. CONCLUSION The findings presented in this study highlight the importance of the fusion protein FSm14/29 as a potential vaccine candidate that is worthy of further investigation.
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Faust G, Janzen NH, Bendig C, Römer L, Kaufmann K, Weuster-Botz D. Feeding strategies enhance high cell density cultivation and protein expression in milliliter scale bioreactors. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:1293-303. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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