1
|
Burini FHP, Oliveira EPD, Burini RC. (Mal) adaptações metabólicas ao treinamento contínuo: concepções não consensuais de terminologia e diagnóstico. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922010000500014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Altos desempenhos esportivos demandam treinamentos pesados necessários ao estímulo adaptativo específico a cada esporte. A elevada carga de treino é geralmente acompanhada de discreta fadiga e reduções agudas no desempenho, mas caso acompanhada de períodos apropriados de recuperação, resulta em supercompensação metabólica ao treinamento, refletida como aumento na capacidade aeróbica e/ou força muscular. Visto como contínuo, os processos de intensificação do treinamento e o estresse relacionado à supercompensação, o aumento da sobrecarga ou do estresse poderá, em algum momento, acarretar a quebra da homeostase e a queda temporária da função (supra-alcance - OR ou supra-alcance funcional - FOR). Quando a sobrecarga excessiva de treinamento é combinada com recuperação inadequada há instalação do estado de supratreinamento (OT) ou supra-alcance não funcional (NFOR). O OT excede o OR, cujo pico é também o limiar do OT resultando em desadaptações fisiológicas e queda crônica do desempenho físico. A forma crônica de desadaptação fisiológica ao treinamento físico é chamada de síndrome do supertreinamento (OTS). A própria expressão da síndrome denota a etiologia multifatorial do estado e reconhece que o exercício não é necessariamente seu único fator causal. O diagnóstico de OTS é baseado na recuperação ou não do desempenho. Não há biomarcador objetivo para OTS. A distinção entre OTS e NFOR (supratreinamento extremo) é dependente de desfecho clínico e exclusão diagnóstica de doenças orgânicas, mais comuns na OTS. Também a diferença entre OR e OT é sutil e nenhum de seus marcadores bioquímicos pode ser universalizado. Não há evidências confirmatórias que OR evolui para OT ou que os sintomas de OT são piores dos que os de OR. Apenas pela fadiga aguda e queda de rendimento experimentada em sessões isoladas de treinamento, não é possível diferenciar presentemente os estados de OR e OT. Isto é devido, parcialmente, à variabilidade das respostas individuais ao treinamento e à falta de ambos instrumentos diagnósticos e estudos bem controlados.
Collapse
|
2
|
Chennaoui M, Desgorces F, Drogou C, Boudjemaa B, Tomaszewski A, Depiesse F, Burnat P, Chalabi H, Gomez-Merino D. Effects of Ramadan fasting on physical performance and metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory parameters in middle-distance runners. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2009; 34:587-94. [DOI: 10.1139/h09-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Ramadan fasting (RF) period is associated with changes in sleep habits and increased sleepiness, which may affect physical performance in athletes, and may induce metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory disturbances. In 8 middle-distance athletes (25.0 ± 1.3 years), a maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) test was performed 5 days before RF (day –5), and on days 7 and 21 of RF. The same days, saliva samples were collected to determine cortisol and testosterone concentrations before and after the MAV test. Blood samples were collected before RF (P1), at the end of RF (P2), and 1 week post RF (P3). Plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-6, a mediator of sleepiness and energy availability, were determined. We also evaluated changes in metabolic and hormonal parameters, mood state, and nutritional and sleep profiles. During RF, mean body mass and body fat did not statistically change. Compared with day –5, MAV values decreased at days 7 and 21 (p < 0.05, respectively), while testosterone/cortisol ratio values did not change significantly. Nocturnal sleep time and energy intake were lower at day 21 than before RF (day 0/P1) (p < 0.05). At the end of RF (day 31), the fatigue score on the Profile of Mood States questionnaire was increased (p < 0.001). For P2 vs. P1, IL-6 was increased (1.19 ± 0.25 vs. 0.51 ± 0.13 pg·mL–1; p < 0.05), melatonin levels were decreased (p < 0.05), and adrenalin and noradrenalin were increased (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). At 7 days post RF, all parameters recovered to pre-RF values. In conclusion, RF is accompanied by significant metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory changes. Sleep disturbances, energy deficiency, and fatigue during RF may decrease physical performance in Muslim athletes who maintain training. Reduction of work load and (or) daytime napping may represent adequate strategies to counteract RF effects for Muslim athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Chennaoui
- Department of Physiology, IMASSA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Department of the French Athletics Federation, avenue Pierre de Coubertin, Paris, France
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Toxicology and Pharmacology, HIA Bégin, St. Mandé, France
- Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Aspetar, PO Box 29222, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - François Desgorces
- Department of Physiology, IMASSA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Department of the French Athletics Federation, avenue Pierre de Coubertin, Paris, France
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Toxicology and Pharmacology, HIA Bégin, St. Mandé, France
- Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Aspetar, PO Box 29222, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Catherine Drogou
- Department of Physiology, IMASSA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Department of the French Athletics Federation, avenue Pierre de Coubertin, Paris, France
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Toxicology and Pharmacology, HIA Bégin, St. Mandé, France
- Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Aspetar, PO Box 29222, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Bechir Boudjemaa
- Department of Physiology, IMASSA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Department of the French Athletics Federation, avenue Pierre de Coubertin, Paris, France
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Toxicology and Pharmacology, HIA Bégin, St. Mandé, France
- Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Aspetar, PO Box 29222, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Armand Tomaszewski
- Department of Physiology, IMASSA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Department of the French Athletics Federation, avenue Pierre de Coubertin, Paris, France
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Toxicology and Pharmacology, HIA Bégin, St. Mandé, France
- Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Aspetar, PO Box 29222, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Frédéric Depiesse
- Department of Physiology, IMASSA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Department of the French Athletics Federation, avenue Pierre de Coubertin, Paris, France
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Toxicology and Pharmacology, HIA Bégin, St. Mandé, France
- Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Aspetar, PO Box 29222, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Pascal Burnat
- Department of Physiology, IMASSA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Department of the French Athletics Federation, avenue Pierre de Coubertin, Paris, France
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Toxicology and Pharmacology, HIA Bégin, St. Mandé, France
- Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Aspetar, PO Box 29222, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Hakim Chalabi
- Department of Physiology, IMASSA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Department of the French Athletics Federation, avenue Pierre de Coubertin, Paris, France
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Toxicology and Pharmacology, HIA Bégin, St. Mandé, France
- Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Aspetar, PO Box 29222, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Danielle Gomez-Merino
- Department of Physiology, IMASSA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Department of the French Athletics Federation, avenue Pierre de Coubertin, Paris, France
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Toxicology and Pharmacology, HIA Bégin, St. Mandé, France
- Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Aspetar, PO Box 29222, Doha, State of Qatar
| |
Collapse
|