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Tobin KV, Brogden NK. Thermosensitive biomaterial gels with chemical permeation enhancers for enhanced microneedle delivery of naltrexone for managing opioid and alcohol dependency. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:5846-5858. [PMID: 37455601 PMCID: PMC10443048 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00972f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Naltrexone (NTX) can be transdermally delivered using microneedles (MN) to treat opioid and alcohol misuse disorders, but delivery is blunted by rapid in vivo micropore closure. Poloxamer (P407), a thermosensitive biocompatible hydrogel, sustains NTX delivery through MN-treated skin by generating a drug depot within the micropores. Optimizing P407 formulations could maintain sustained delivery after micropore closure while reducing required patch sizes, which would be more discreet and preferred by most patients. Here we developed NTX-loaded P407 gels with chemical permeation enhancers (CPEs) and used these novel formulations alongside MN treatment to enhance NTX permeation, utilizing parallel micropore and intact skin transport pathways. We analyzed physicochemical and rheological properties of CPE-loaded P407 formulations and selected formulations with DMSO and benzyl alcohol for further study. In vitro permeation tests demonstrated more consistent and sustained NTX delivery through MN-treated porcine skin from 16% P407 formulations vs. aqueous solutions. P407 with 1% benzyl alcohol and 10% DMSO significantly, P < 0.05, increased flux through MN-treated skin vs. formulations with benzyl alcohol alone. This formulation would require a smaller size patch than previously used to deliver NTX in humans, with half the NTX concentration. This is the first time poloxamer biomaterials have been used in combination with CPEs to improve MN-assisted transdermal delivery of an opioid antagonist. Here we have demonstrated that P407 in combination with CPEs effectively sustains NTX delivery in MN-treated skin while requiring less NTX than previously needed to meet clinical goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin V Tobin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Nicole K Brogden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Geaquinto LRO, Souza V, Rego ECP, Silva ML, Balottin LBL. The importance of metrological tools to implementation of alternative method OECD TG 428. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 84:105425. [PMID: 35764232 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Usually, if percutaneous absorption tests are conducted in accordance with OECD Guideline 428, in vitro determination is accepted by mainly regulatory agencies. In this paper, we focus on the lack of comparability of the results regarding the permeation parameter/flow rate, although it is widely discussed in the literature. This work sought to evaluate the absorption of caffeine using Franz-type diffusion cell with porcine ear skin samples, varying the storage duration and the way to handle them. Metrological tools were used for caffeine quantification such as certified reference material candidate, calibrated instruments, and validated methodology. Our results corroborate with the recommendation that membranes should be freshly prepared or frozen for short periods. Samples frozen for approximately one year should not be used because they present high cutaneous absorption. The results obtained for the absorption rate (J) are comparable to the results obtained by previous studies using similar experimental conditions. The evidence of the barrier characteristic promoted by the stratum corneum and the effect promoted by the storage time is shown through J = 6.25 ± 0.48 μg/cm2/h. We demonstrated the importance of metrological tools to guarantee reproducibility and comparability of the results between different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luths R O Geaquinto
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50, Xerém, CEP 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vanderléa Souza
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50, Xerém, CEP 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil; National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Training Center, Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50, Xerém, CEP 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Eliane C P Rego
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Directorate of Industrial and Scientific Metrology, Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50, Xerém, CEP 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marceli L Silva
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50, Xerém, CEP 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciene B L Balottin
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Directorate of Scientific Metrology applied to Life Sciences, Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50, Xerém, CEP 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
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Maione-Silva L, de Castro EG, Nascimento TL, Cintra ER, Moreira LC, Cintra BAS, Valadares MC, Lima EM. Ascorbic acid encapsulated into negatively charged liposomes exhibits increased skin permeation, retention and enhances collagen synthesis by fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2019; 9:522. [PMID: 30679479 PMCID: PMC6345870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36682-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) is widely used in cosmetic formulations due to its antioxidant property and ability to increase collagen synthesis. Here, we encapsulated AA in vesicles with different lipid compositions. Negative liposome charge favored AA skin retention, with accumulation of 37 ± 12 and 74 ± 23 μg/cm2 in the epidermis and dermis, respectively, after 6 hours. Drug flux was influenced by the formulation composition, and both the presence of cholesterol and the liposomes surface charge were able to increase the amount of AA crossing the skin. The formulation was stable for at least 30 days and promoted a 7-fold increase in flux compared to free AA. Additionally, liposomes were able to interact better with keratinocytes and fibroblasts membranes. In vitro efficacy studies demonstrated that associating AA to these liposomes resulted in increased effectiveness of type I collagen synthesis by fibroblasts and regeneration of UVA-induced damage in keratinocytes. Our results demonstrate the applicability of AA-negatively charged liposomes in promoting AA cutaneous permeation and increasing the retention and flux of this molecule in the skin. This formulation also increased AA stability and effectiveness, opening new perspectives for its application in view of reducing certain skin ageing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Maione-Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Itumbiara, Goiás, Brazil.,Laboratório de Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica e Sistemas de Liberação de Fármacos, FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Elisandra Gava de Castro
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica e Sistemas de Liberação de Fármacos, FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Thais Leite Nascimento
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica e Sistemas de Liberação de Fármacos, FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Emílio Ramos Cintra
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica e Sistemas de Liberação de Fármacos, FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Larissa Cleres Moreira
- Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Toxicologia in vitro, Tox-In, FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Bertilha Alves Santana Cintra
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica e Sistemas de Liberação de Fármacos, FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Toxicologia in vitro, Tox-In, FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Eliana Martins Lima
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica e Sistemas de Liberação de Fármacos, FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Tombs EL, Nikolaou V, Nurumbetov G, Haddleton DM. Transdermal Delivery of Ibuprofen Utilizing a Novel Solvent-Free Pressure-sensitive Adhesive (PSA): TEPI® Technology. J Pharm Innov 2017; 13:48-57. [PMID: 29497462 PMCID: PMC5816128 DOI: 10.1007/s12247-017-9305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The main objective of this present study was the investigation of potential novel transdermal patch technology (TEPI®) delivering ibuprofen as the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) using a novel poly(ether-urethane)-silicone crosslinked pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) as the drug reservoir in a solvent-free manufacturing process. METHODS The patch was synthesized utilizing the hot-melt crosslinking technique without the addition of solvents at 80 °C in 100% relative humidity. Dissolution and permeation studies performed utilizing diffusion cells and subsequently HPLC validated methods were employed to determine the API content in the acceptor solution. Accelerated stability studies were also performed at 40 °C and 70% relative humidity. The adhesive performance of the fabricated patch was evaluated utilizing loop tack adhesion tests. RESULTS In vitro permeation experiments across both Strat-M® and human skin demonstrated that ibuprofen can easily be released from the adhesive matrix and penetrate through the studied membrane. A comparison on the permeation rates of the API across the two membranes indicated that there is not a strong correlation between the obtained data. The presence of chemical enhancers facilitated an increased flux of the API higher than observed in the basic formulation. Initial stability studies of the optimized formulation showed no degradation with respect to the drug content. Adhesion studies were also performed indicating higher values when compared with commercially available products. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated the fabrication of an ibuprofen patch utilizing a versatile, solvent-free drug delivery platform. Upon optimization of the final system, the resulting patch offers many advantages compared to commercially available formulations including high drug loading (up to 25 wt%), good adhesion, and painless removal leaving no residues on the skin. This PSA offers many advantages over existing adhesive technology. Graphical Abstractᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Tombs
- Medherant Ltd, The Venture Centre University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, CV4 7EZ UK
| | - Vasiliki Nikolaou
- Medherant Ltd, The Venture Centre University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, CV4 7EZ UK
| | - Gabit Nurumbetov
- Medherant Ltd, The Venture Centre University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, CV4 7EZ UK
| | - David M. Haddleton
- Medherant Ltd, The Venture Centre University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, CV4 7EZ UK
- Chemistry Department, University of Warwick, Library road, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
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Identifying present challenges to reliable future transdermal drug delivery products. Ther Deliv 2015; 6:1033-41. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.15.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdermal systems have become an accepted means of drug delivery, offering clinical benefits over other dosage forms. Although transdermal delivery has been very successful as a controlled release technology platform, there are a number of challenges that prevent this delivery route from achieving its fullest commercial potential. Additionally, beginning in 1997, transdermal drug delivery companies aligned with life science industries to deliver large molecules, peptides and proteins through the skin, which is difficult due to the skin barrier properties. A number of methods and technologies have been conceived to overcome the skin barrier. Among these are mechanical, chemical and thermal permeation enhancement techniques. These methods are briefly discussed as well as future directions for transdermal therapies.
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Ghosh I, Michniak-Kohn B. Design and characterization of submicron formulation for a poorly soluble drug: the effect of Vitamin E TPGS and other solubilizers on skin permeability enhancement. Int J Pharm 2012; 434:90-8. [PMID: 22633930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS), it is a challenge to achieve stable and prolonged high permeation rates across the skin since the concentrations of the drug dissolved in the matrix have to be high in order to maintain zero order release kinetics. Several attempts have been reported to improve the permeability of poorly soluble drug compounds using supersaturated systems, however, due to thermodynamic challenges, there was a high tendency for the drug to nucleate immediately after formulating or even during storage. The present study focuses on the efficiency of drug crystals at the submicron/nano range in presence of different solubilizers to improve the permeation rate. Effect of several solubilizers, e.g. Pluronic F-127, Vitamin E TPGS, propylene glycol were studied on the submicron suspension systems of ibuprofen as a model drug. Various stabilizers such as hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were examined to evaluate their crystal inhibitory effects on particle growth of the drug compound at submicron range. The overall permeation enhancement process through the skin seems to be influenced by the presence of solubilizers and also the presence of submicron drug crystal. The most promising stable formulation was developed with Vitamin E TPGS+HPMC submicron suspension, which produced higher permeation rate compared to other vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Ghosh
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of NJ, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Loftsson T, Brewster ME. Pharmaceutical applications of cyclodextrins: effects on drug permeation through biological membranes. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:1119-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Cyclodextrins are useful solubilizing excipients that have gained currency in the formulator's armamentarium based on their ability to temporarily camouflage undesirable physicochemical properties. In this context cyclodextrins can increase oral bioavailability, stabilize compounds to chemical and enzymatic degradation and can affect permeability through biological membranes under certain circumstances. This latter property is examined herein as a function of the published literature as well as work completed in our laboratories.
Key findings
Cyclodextrins can increase the uptake of drugs through biological barriers if the limiting barrier component is the unstirred water layer (UWL) that exists between the membrane and bulk water. This means that cyclodextrins are most useful when they interact with lipophiles in systems where such an UWL is present and contributes significantly to the barrier properties of the membrane. Furthermore, these principles are used to direct the optimal formulation of drugs in cyclodextrins. A second related critical success factor in the formulation of cyclodextrin-based drug product is an understanding of the kinetics and thermodynamics of complexation and the need to optimize the cyclodextrin amount and drug-to-cyclodextrin ratios. Drug formulations, especially those targeting compartments associated with limited dissolution (i.e. the eye, subcutaneous space, etc.), should be carefully designed such that the thermodynamic activity of the drug in the formulation is optimal meaning that there is sufficient cyclodextrin to solubilize the drug but not more than that. Increasing the cyclodextrin concentration decreases the formulation ‘push’ and may reduce the bioavailability of the system.
Conclusions
A mechanism-based understanding of cyclodextrin complexation is essential for the appropriate formulation of contemporary drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Marcus E Brewster
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Scheperstraat, Beerse, Belgium
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Csizmazia E, Erős G, Berkesi O, Berkó S, Szabó-Révész P, Csányi E. Pénétration enhancer effect of sucrose laurate and Transcutol on ibuprofen. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(11)50066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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