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Danielak D, Gajda M, Bołtromiuk T, Sulikowska K, Kubiak B, Romański M. Drug dissolution and transit in a heterogenous gastric chyme after fed administration: Semi-mechanistic modeling and simulations for an immediate-release and orodispersible tablets containing a poorly soluble drug. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 200:114341. [PMID: 38795785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Mathematical models that treat the fed stomach content as a uniform entity emptied with a constant rate may not suffice to explain pharmacokinetic profiles recorded in clinical trials. In reality, phenomena such as the Magenstrasse or chyme areas of different pH and viscosity, play an important role in the intragastric drug dissolution and its transfer to the intestine. In this study, we investigated the data gathered in the bioequivalence trial between an immediate-release tablet (Reference) and an orally dispersible tablet (Test) with a poorly soluble weak base drug administered with or without water after a high-fat high-calorie breakfast. Maximum concentrations (Cmax) were significantly greater after administering the Reference product than the Test tablets, despite similar in vitro dissolution profiles. To explain this difference, we constructed a novel semi-mechanistic IVIVP model including a heterogeneous gastric chyme. The drug dissolution in vivo was modeled from the in vitro experiments in biorelevant media simulating gastric and intestinal fluids in the fed state (FEDGAS and FeSSIF). The key novelty of the model was separating the stomach contents into two compartments: isolated chyme (the viscous food content) that carries the drug slowly, and aq_chyme open for rapid Magenstrasse-like routes of drug transit. Drug distribution between these two compartments was both formulation- and administration-dependent, and recognized the respective drug fractions from the clinical pharmacokinetic data. The model's assumption about the nonuniform mixing of the API with the chyme, influencing differential drug dissolution and transit kinetics, led to simulating plasma concentration profiles that reflected well the variability observed in the clinical trial. The model indicated that, after administration, the Reference product mixes to a greater extent with aq_chyme, where the released drug dissolves better and transfers faster to the intestine. In conclusion, this novel approach underlines that diverse gastric emptying of different oral dosage forms may significantly impact pharmacokinetics and affect the outcomes of bioequivalence trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Danielak
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 St, 60-806, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Maciej Gajda
- Adamed Pharma S.A., Pieńków, Mariana Adamkiewicza 6A, 05-152 Czosnów, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Bołtromiuk
- Adamed Pharma S.A., Pieńków, Mariana Adamkiewicza 6A, 05-152 Czosnów, Poland.
| | | | - Bartłomiej Kubiak
- Adamed Pharma S.A., Pieńków, Mariana Adamkiewicza 6A, 05-152 Czosnów, Poland.
| | - Michał Romański
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 St, 60-806, Poznań, Poland.
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Podéus H, Simonsson C, Nasr P, Ekstedt M, Kechagias S, Lundberg P, Lövfors W, Cedersund G. A physiologically-based digital twin for alcohol consumption-predicting real-life drinking responses and long-term plasma PEth. NPJ Digit Med 2024; 7:112. [PMID: 38702474 PMCID: PMC11068902 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-024-01089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is associated with a wide variety of preventable health complications and is a major risk factor for all-cause mortality in the age group 15-47 years. To reduce dangerous drinking behavior, eHealth applications have shown promise. A particularly interesting potential lies in the combination of eHealth apps with mathematical models. However, existing mathematical models do not consider real-life situations, such as combined intake of meals and beverages, and do not connect drinking to clinical markers, such as phosphatidylethanol (PEth). Herein, we present such a model which can simulate real-life situations and connect drinking to long-term markers. The new model can accurately describe both estimation data according to a χ2 -test (187.0 < Tχ2 = 226.4) and independent validation data (70.8 < Tχ2 = 93.5). The model can also be personalized using anthropometric data from a specific individual and can thus be used as a physiologically-based digital twin. This twin is also able to connect short-term consumption of alcohol to the long-term dynamics of PEth levels in the blood, a clinical biomarker of alcohol consumption. Here we illustrate how connecting short-term consumption to long-term markers allows for a new way to determine patient alcohol consumption from measured PEth levels. An additional use case of the twin could include the combined evaluation of patient-reported AUDIT forms and measured PEth levels. Finally, we integrated the new model into an eHealth application, which could help guide individual users or clinicians to help reduce dangerous drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Podéus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (IMT), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Christian Simonsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (IMT), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medicine Imaging and Visualization Science (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Patrik Nasr
- Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mattias Ekstedt
- Center for Medicine Imaging and Visualization Science (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Stergios Kechagias
- Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter Lundberg
- Center for Medicine Imaging and Visualization Science (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Radiation Physics, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - William Lövfors
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (IMT), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- School of Medical Sciences and Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Cedersund
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (IMT), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- Center for Medicine Imaging and Visualization Science (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- School of Medical Sciences and Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
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Meta-Optimization of Dimension Adaptive Parameter Schema for Nelder–Mead Algorithm in High-Dimensional Problems. MATHEMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/math10132288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although proposed more than half a century ago, the Nelder–Mead simplex search algorithm is still widely used. Four numeric constants define the operations and behavior of the algorithm. The algorithm with the original constant values performs fine on most low-dimensional, but poorly on high-dimensional, problems. Therefore, to improve its behavior in high dimensions, several adaptive schemas setting the constants according to the problem dimension were proposed in the past. In this work, we present a novel adaptive schema obtained by a meta-optimization procedure. We describe a schema candidate with eight parameters subject to meta-optimization and define an objective function evaluating the candidate’s performance. The schema is optimized on up to 100-dimensional problems using the Parallel Simulated Annealing with Differential Evolution global method. The obtained global minimum represents the proposed schema. We compare the performance of the optimized schema with the existing adaptive schemas. The data profiles on the Gao–Han modified quadratic, Moré–Garbow–Hilstrom, and CUTEr (Constrained and Unconstrained Testing Environment, revisited) benchmark problem sets show that the obtained schema outperforms the existing adaptive schemas in terms of accuracy and convergence speed.
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SATIRACOO PAIROTE, DE GAETANO ANDREA. PARAMETER ESTIMATION OF A SIMPLE, REALISTIC STOCHASTIC MODEL OF GASTRIC EMPTYING OF PELLETS UNDER FASTING CONDITIONS. J BIOL SYST 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339021500091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study is aimed to develop a parameter estimation procedure for a stochastic model of gastric emptying of pellets under fasting conditions of healthy subjects that represent the irregular decrements of gastric contents after administration of pellets. An algorithm for the identification of experimental subjects into subgroups based on their gastric emptying rates has been proposed. The parameter estimation procedure was performed with observational data of gastric emptying profiles of 19 subjects from the existing literature. The identification algorithm was validated through comparison against the original results, showing that seven subjects indicated slow gastric emptying and 12 subjects indicated fast emptying. After excluding one subject with gastric stasis, the optimal results obtained from this study classified subjects into three subgroups: two subjects with slow, five subjects with intermediate and 11 subjects with fast gastric emptying. The proposed parameter estimation procedure of the stochastic model is relatively easy to implement and can be used to analyze real patients’ data. The algorithm for identification of the gastric emptying dynamics in experimental subjects could provide useful information for further investigations of long-term energy balance forecasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- PAIROTE SATIRACOO
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Mathematics, Commission on Higher Education, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - ANDREA DE GAETANO
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Via Ugo La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science “A. Ruberti”, BioMatLab (Biomathematics Laboratory), UCSC Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
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The biorelevant simulation of gastric emptying and its impact on model drug dissolution and absorption kinetics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 149:113-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Bürmen B, Locatelli I, Mrhar A, Bogataj M. Analysis of factors influencing gastric emptying of pellets in a fed state. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 12:1225-38. [PMID: 25882270 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.1035707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study is to evaluate the influence of factors such as biopharmaceutical properties and study protocol on the emptying of pellets from the human stomach in a fed state. METHODS A systematic literature search for data on human gastric emptying of pellets from a fed stomach state investigated by γ-scintigraphy was carried out. After selection of comparable data, a joint statistical analysis on the basis of multiple linear regression with 132 individual t50 values (time for 50% of the pellets to be emptied from the stomach) was performed. Parameters such as a second meal administration that can influence t50 values were also examined and included into the interpretation of the results. RESULTS The results showed that an increase in the caloric value of the meal in the interval between 1200 and 3600 kJ increased the mean t50 value. Pellets with a density of 2.8 g/cm(3) remained in the stomach longer than pellets of usual density with the same caloric value of the meal. Pellets incorporated in a tablet are emptied faster from the stomach than encapsulated pellets. A 45-min delay in the application of pellets after the start of the meal significantly diminished the mean t50 value, compared with application immediately after consuming the meal. CONCLUSION Thus, in the development of non-disintegrating pellets intended for fed-state application, all of these cited factors should be considered because of their potential influence on the gastric residence time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Božena Bürmen
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana , Zaloška 2, Ljubljana , Slovenia
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