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Hong H, Habib A, Bi L, Qais DS, Wen L. Hollow Cathode Discharge Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Detection, Quantification and Gas Phase Ion-Molecule Reactions of Explosives and Related Compounds. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024; 54:148-174. [PMID: 35467991 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2067467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has become an essential analytical method in every sector of science and technology. Because of its unique ability to provide direct molecular structure information on analytes, an extra method is rarely required. This review describes fabrication of a variable-pressure hollow cathode discharge (HCD) ion source for MS in detection, quantification and investigation of gas-phase ion molecule reactions of explosives and related compounds using air as a carrier gas. The HCD ion source has been designed in such a way that by altering the ion source pressures, the system can generate both HCD and conventional GD. This design enables for the selective detection and quantification of explosives at trace to ultra-trace levels. The pressure-dependent HCD ion source has also been used to investigate ion-molecule reactions in the gas phase of explosives and related compounds. The mechanism of ion formation in explosive reactions is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Hong
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ahsan Habib
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lei Bi
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Luhong Wen
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Jia S, Zhang Q, Yang L, Sarkar S, Krishnan P, Mao J, Hang J, Chang M, Zhang Y, Wang X, Chen W. Deposition of ambient particles in the human respiratory system based on single particle analysis: A case study in the Pearl River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117056. [PMID: 33862340 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is important to evaluate how ambient particles are deposited in the human respiratory system in view of the adverse effects they pose to human health. Traditional methods of investigating human exposure to ambient particles suffer from drawbacks related either to the lack of chemical information from particle number-based measurements or to the poor time resolution of mass-based measurements. To address these issues, in this study, human exposure to ambient particulate matter was investigated using single particle analysis, which provided chemical information with a high time resolution. Based on single particle measurements conducted in the Pearl River Delta, China, nine particle types were identified, and EC (elemental carbon) particles were determined to be the most dominant type of particle. In general, the submicron size mode was dominant in terms of the number concentration for all of the particle types, except for Na-rich and dust particles. On average, around 34% of particles were deposited in the human respiratory system with 13.9%, 7.9%, and 12.6% being distributed in the head, tracheobronchial, and pulmonary regions, respectively. The amount of Na-rich particles deposited was the highest, followed by EC. The overall deposition efficiencies of the Na-rich and dust particles were higher than those of the other particle types due to their higher efficiencies in the head region, which could be caused by the greater sedimentation and impaction rates of larger particles. In the head region, the Na-rich particles made the largest contribution (30.5%) due to their high deposition efficiency, whereas in the tracheobronchial and pulmonary regions, EC made the largest contribution due to its high concentration. In summary, the findings of this initial trial demonstrate the applicability of single particle analysis to the assessment of human exposure to ambient particles and its potential to support traditional methods of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiguo Jia
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, PR China
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Sayantan Sarkar
- School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Padmaja Krishnan
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore
| | - Jingying Mao
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Jian Hang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Ming Chang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Yiqiang Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, MEE, Guangzhou, 510530, PR China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Weihua Chen
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
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3
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Wang F, Yu H, Wang Z, Liang W, Shi G, Gao J, Li M, Feng Y. Review of online source apportionment research based on observation for ambient particulate matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:144095. [PMID: 33360453 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter source apportionment (SA) is the basis and premise for preventing and controlling haze pollution scientifically and effectively. Traditional offline SA methods lack the capability of handling the rapid changing pollution sources during heavy air pollution periods. With the development of multiple online observation techniques, online SA of particulate matter can now be realized with high temporal resolution, stable and reliable continuous observation data on particle compositions. Here, we start with a summary of online measuring instruments for monitoring particulate matters that contains both online mass concentration (online MC) measurement, and online mass spectrometric (online MS) techniques. The former technique collects ambient particulate matter onto filter membrane and measures the concentrations of chemical components in the particulate matter subsequently. The latter technique could be further divided into two categories: bulk measurement and single particle measurement. Aerosol Mass Spectrometers (AMS) could provide mass spectral information of chemical components of non-refractory aerosols, especially organic aerosols. While the emergence of single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) technology can provide large number of high time resolution data for online source resolution. This is closely followed by an overview of the methods and results of SA. However, online instruments are still facing challenges, such as abnormal or missing measurements, that could impact the accuracy of online dataset. Machine leaning algorithm are suited for processing the large amount of online observation data, which could be further considered. In addition, the key research challenges and future directions are presented including the integration of online dataset from different online instruments, the ensemble-trained source apportionment approach, and the quantification of source-category-specific human health risk based on online instrumentation and SA methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Haofei Yu
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Weiqing Liang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 10084, China.
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Zheng M, Yan C, Zhu T. Understanding sources of fine particulate matter in China. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190325. [PMID: 32981431 PMCID: PMC7536033 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter has been a major concern in China as it is closely linked to issues such as haze, health and climate impacts. Since China released its new national air quality standard for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in 2012, great efforts have been put into reducing its concentration and meeting the standard. Significant improvement has been seen in recent years, especially in Beijing, the capital city of China. This paper reviews how China understands its sources of fine particulate matter, the major contributor to haze, and the most recent findings by researchers. It covers the characteristics of PM2.5 in China, the major methods to understand its sources such as emission inventory and measurement networks, the major research programmes in air quality research, and the major measures that lead to successful control of fine particulate matter pollution. A great example of linking scientific findings to policy is the control of coal combustion from the residential sector in northern China. This review not only provides an overview of the fine particulate matter pollution problem in China, but also its experience of air quality management, which may benefit other countries facing similar issues. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Air quality, past present and future'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zheng
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Caiqing Yan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhu
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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5
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Arbelo Y, Bleiner D. Tabletop extreme ultraviolet time-of-flight spectrometry for trace analysis of high ionization energy samples. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1196-1206. [PMID: 31017695 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Species with ionization energies beyond what is accessible using state-of-the-art lab sources are affected by poor detection limits in ordinary mass spectrometry setups, whose throughput is also often limited. Extreme ultraviolet (XUV) photoionization mass spectrometry, in combination with linear time-of-flight (TOF), is necessary for the sensitive detection of high ionization energy compounds at trace level. XUV photoionization is available at beamlines, although with limited access. A tabletop setup may fill such a gap. METHODS A self-developed tabletop system, based on a plasma discharge with extreme ultraviolet emission (λ = 5-50 nm) coupled to a TOF mass spectrometer, was used in this study. Simultaneous validation measurements with a reference electron ionization quadrupole mass filter were carried out. An in-house developed hollow toroidal coil (HTC) induction detector was used for concomitant photoelectron detection. RESULTS Straightforward XUV mass spectra without fragmentation, thanks to the single-photon ionization, were acquired. The measurements with the reference quadrupole were in agreement with the spectra acquired by XUV-TOF. The resolution obtained for N2 was at least factor of 2 higher than that measured with the reference quadrupole. Initial energy distributions of photoelectrons were retrieved by cross-correlation that gave access to the photoionization distribution. CONCLUSIONS The system allows XUV single-photon ionization of elements and molecules with IE >10 eV that are of fundamental interest e.g. for water splitting and catalysis research. The demonstrated performance is now suitable for a prototype platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunieski Arbelo
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Davide Bleiner
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Montoro Bustos AR, Pettibone JM, Murphy KE. Characterization of Nanoparticles: Advances. NANOPARTICLE DESIGN AND CHARACTERIZATION FOR CATALYTIC APPLICATIONS IN SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788016292-00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the unique properties of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have placed them at the centre of revolutionary advancements in many sectors of science, technology and commerce. Multi-technique and multi-disciplinary analytical approaches are required to identify, quantify, and characterize the chemical composition, size and size distribution, surface properties and the number and concentration of NPs. In this chapter, an overview of the recent advances in the characterization of NPs will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Montoro Bustos
- National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg MD 20899-1070 USA
| | - J. M. Pettibone
- National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg MD 20899-1070 USA
| | - K. E. Murphy
- National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg MD 20899-1070 USA
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7
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Zhang G, Lin Q, Peng L, Yang Y, Jiang F, Liu F, Song W, Chen D, Cai Z, Bi X, Miller M, Tang M, Huang W, Wang X, Peng P, Sheng G. Oxalate Formation Enhanced by Fe-Containing Particles and Environmental Implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1269-1277. [PMID: 30354091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We used a single particle mass spectrometry to online detect chemical compositions of individual particles over four seasons in Guangzhou. Number fractions (Nfs) of all the measured particles that contained oxalate were 1.9%, 5.2%, 25.1%, and 15.5%, whereas the Nfs of Fe-containing particles that were internally mixed with oxalate were 8.7%, 23.1%, 45.2%, and 31.2% from spring to winter, respectively. The results provided the first direct field measurements for the enhanced formation of oxalate associated with Fe-containing particles. Other oxidized organic compounds including formate, acetate, methylglyoxal, glyoxylate, purivate, malonate, and succinate were also detected in the Fe-containing particles. It is likely that reactive oxidant species (ROS) via Fenton reactions enhanced the formation of these organic compounds and their oxidation product oxalate. Gas-particle partitioning of oxalic acid followed by coordination with Fe might also partly contribute to the enhanced oxalate. Aerosol water content likely played an important role in the enhanced oxalate formation when the relative humidity is >60%. Interactions with Fe drove the diurnal variation of oxalate in the Fe-containing particles. The study could provide a reference for model simulation to improve understanding on the formation and fate of oxalate, and the evolution and climate impacts of particulate Fe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Long Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , P. R. China
| | - Feng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , P. R. China
| | - Fengxian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Duohong Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring , Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center , Guangzhou 510308 , PR China
| | - Zhang Cai
- John and Willie Leone Family Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Mark Miller
- Department of Environmental Sciences , Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901 , United States
| | - Mingjin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Weilin Huang
- Department of Environmental Sciences , Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901 , United States
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Guoying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
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Galvão ES, Santos JM, Lima AT, Reis NC, Orlando MTD, Stuetz RM. Trends in analytical techniques applied to particulate matter characterization: A critical review of fundaments and applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 199:546-568. [PMID: 29455125 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown the association of airborne particulate matter (PM) size and chemical composition with health problems affecting the cardiorespiratory and central nervous systems. PM also act as cloud condensation nuclei (CNN) or ice nuclei (IN), taking part in the clouds formation process, and therefore can impact the climate. There are several works using different analytical techniques in PM chemical and physical characterization to supply information to source apportionment models that help environmental agencies to assess damages accountability. Despite the numerous analytical techniques described in the literature available for PM characterization, laboratories are normally limited to the in-house available techniques, which raises the question if a given technique is suitable for the purpose of a specific experimental work. The aim of this work consists of summarizing the main available technologies for PM characterization, serving as a guide for readers to find the most appropriate technique(s) for their investigation. Elemental analysis techniques like atomic spectrometry based and X-ray based techniques, organic and carbonaceous techniques and surface analysis techniques are discussed, illustrating their main features as well as their advantages and drawbacks. We also discuss the trends in analytical techniques used over the last two decades. The choice among all techniques is a function of a number of parameters such as: the relevant particles physical properties, sampling and measuring time, access to available facilities and the costs associated to equipment acquisition, among other considerations. An analytical guide map is presented as a guideline for choosing the most appropriated technique for a given analytical information required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elson Silva Galvão
- Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Jane Meri Santos
- Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Ana Teresa Lima
- Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Neyval Costa Reis
- Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Richard Michael Stuetz
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Yang J, Ma S, Gao B, Li X, Zhang Y, Cai J, Li M, Yao L, Huang B, Zheng M. Single particle mass spectral signatures from vehicle exhaust particles and the source apportionment of on-line PM 2.5 by single particle aerosol mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 593-594:310-318. [PMID: 28346904 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to accurately apportion the many distinct types of individual particles observed, it is necessary to characterize fingerprints of individual particles emitted directly from known sources. In this study, single particle mass spectral signatures from vehicle exhaust particles in a tunnel were performed. These data were used to evaluate particle signatures in a real-world PM2.5 apportionment study. The dominant chemical type originating from average positive and negative mass spectra for vehicle exhaust particles are EC species. Four distinct particle types describe the majority of particles emitted by vehicle exhaust particles in this tunnel. Each particle class is labeled according to the most significant chemical features in both average positive and negative mass spectral signatures, including ECOC, NaK, Metal and PAHs species. A single particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SPAMS) was also employed during the winter of 2013 in Guangzhou to determine both the size and chemical composition of individual atmospheric particles, with vacuum aerodynamic diameter (dva) in the size range of 0.2-2μm. A total of 487,570 particles were chemically analyzed with positive and negative ion mass spectra and a large set of single particle mass spectra was collected and analyzed in order to identify the speciation. According to the typical tracer ions from different source types and classification by the ART-2a algorithm which uses source fingerprints for apportioning ambient particles, the major sources of single particles were simulated. Coal combustion, vehicle exhaust, and secondary ion were the most abundant particle sources, contributing 28.5%, 17.8%, and 18.2%, respectively. The fraction with vehicle exhaust species particles decreased slightly with particle size in the condensation mode particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEP, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Shexia Ma
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEP, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Bo Gao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEP, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jing Cai
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mei Li
- Atmospheric Environment Institute of Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Ling'ai Yao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEP, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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10
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Cai J, Wang J, Zhang Y, Tian H, Zhu C, Gross DS, Hu M, Hao J, He K, Wang S, Zheng M. Source apportionment of Pb-containing particles in Beijing during January 2013. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 226:30-40. [PMID: 28399504 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Although leaded gasoline has been banned in some megacities in China since 1997 and nationally since 2000, atmospheric lead (Pb) pollution is still an important issue in China, as its concentration in megacities such as Beijing remains high. To measure the Pb concentration and identify sources of Pb-containing particles in Beijing during January 2013, both an online Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SPAMS) and offline filters analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) were used at a monitoring site on the Peking University (PKU) campus. The average Pb concentration in PM2.5 was 370 ng/m3 in January 2013 and the highest daily concentration was as high as 1.3 μg/m3 during our sampling period. Based on the mass spectra from the SPAMS, these particles were classified into 4 major types, including NO3-rich (61%), ECOC-rich (18%), Fe-rich (14%), and SO4-rich (7%). Results from this study suggest that combustion processes and the iron/steel industry were the major primary sources of Pb in Beijing. On clean days, the importance of the primary combustion particle type (ECOC-rich) increased, while during severe haze episodes, Pb-containing particles mixed with secondary ions and Fe were dominant. Based on estimates from the CMAQ model, on average 45% of Pb in PM2.5 in urban Beijing was transported in January 2013, with a much higher percent transported during the haze episodes. The percentage of transported Pb increased with the concentration of Pb and PM2.5, indicating that emissions from the surrounding areas need to be controlled during high Pb episodes in Beijing in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiandong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hezhong Tian
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chuanyong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Deborah S Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, 1 N. College Street, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
| | - Min Hu
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Mei Zheng
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Zhang Y, Cai J, Wang S, He K, Zheng M. Review of receptor-based source apportionment research of fine particulate matter and its challenges in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:917-929. [PMID: 28237464 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
As the key for haze control, atmospheric fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5μm (or PM2.5) is of great concern lately in China. It is closely linked to fast pace of urbanization, industrialization and economic development, especially in eastern China. A good understanding of its sources is required for effective pollution abatement. Receptor models are one of the major methods for source apportionment used in China. The major objective of this study is to understand sources that contribute to fine particulate matter in China and key challenges in this area. Spatial distribution of fine particulate matter concentration, chemical composition and dominant sources in North and South China are summarized. Based on chemical speciation results from 31 cities and source apportionment results from 21 cities, it is found that secondary sources and traffic emission have higher contribution in South China while the percentage of coal combustion, dust and biomass burning to total PM2.5 are higher in North China. Source profiles established in China from 44 cities and areas are also summarized as references for future source apportionment studies. Suggestions for future research are also provided including methods for evaluating source apportionment results, ways for integrating multiple source apportionment methods, the need for standardizing protocols and developing tools for high-time resolution source apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zhang
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Cai
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Hopke PK. Review of receptor modeling methods for source apportionment. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2016; 66:237-59. [PMID: 26756961 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2016.1140693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Efforts have been made to relate measured concentrations of airborne constituents to their origins for more than 50 years. During this time interval, there have been developments in the measurement technology to gather highly time-resolved, detailed chemical compositional data. Similarly, the improvements in computers have permitted a parallel development of data analysis tools that permit the extraction of information from these data. There is now a substantial capability to provide useful insights into the sources of pollutants and their atmospheric processing that can help inform air quality management options. Efforts have been made to combine receptor and chemical transport models to provide improved apportionments. Tools are available to utilize limited numbers of known profiles with the ambient data to obtain more accurate apportionments for targeted sources. In addition, tools are in place to allow more advanced models to be fitted to the data based on conceptual models of the nature of the sources and the sampling/analytical approach. Each of the approaches has its strengths and weaknesses. However, the field as a whole suffers from a lack of measurements of source emission compositions. There has not been an active effort to develop source profiles for stationary sources for a long time, and with many significant sources built in developing countries, the lack of local profiles is a serious problem in effective source apportionment. The field is now relatively mature in terms of its methods and its ability to adapt to new measurement technologies, so that we can be assured of a high likelihood of extracting the maximal information from the collected data. IMPLICATIONS Efforts have been made over the past 50 years to use air quality data to estimate the influence of air pollution sources. These methods are now relatively mature and many are readily accessible through publically available software. This review examines the development of receptor models and the current state of the art in extracting source identification and apportionments from ambient air quality data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip K Hopke
- a Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science , Clarkson University , Potsdam , New York , USA
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