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Esposito F, Cirillo T. Risk Assessment of Microbiological and Chemical Hazards in Foods. Foods 2024; 13:1956. [PMID: 38998462 PMCID: PMC11241049 DOI: 10.3390/foods13131956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Food safety constitutes a critical regulatory and quality standard that must be fulfilled by food manufacturers throughout all phases of food production [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Esposito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università, 100, 100-80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Teresa Cirillo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università, 100, 100-80055 Portici, NA, Italy
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2
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Zheng L, Jin W, Xiong K, Zhen H, Li M, Hu Y. Nanomaterial-based biosensors for the detection of foodborne bacteria: a review. Analyst 2023; 148:5790-5804. [PMID: 37855707 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01554h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Ensuring food safety is a critical concern for the development and well-being of humanity, as foodborne illnesses caused by foodborne bacteria have increasingly become a major public health concern worldwide. Traditional food safety monitoring systems are expensive and time-consuming, relying heavily on specialized equipment and operations. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop low-cost, user-friendly and highly sensitive biosensors for detecting foodborne bacteria. In recent years, the combination of nanomaterials with optical biosensors has provided a prospective future platform for the detection of foodborne bacteria. By harnessing the unique properties of nanomaterials, such as their high surface area-to-volume ratio and exceptional sensitivity, in tandem with the precision of optical biosensing techniques, a new prospect has opened up for the rapid and accurate identification of potential bacterial contaminants in food. This review focuses on recent advances and new trends of nanomaterial-based biosensors for the detection of foodborne pathogens, which mainly include noble metal nanoparticles (NMPs), metal organic frameworks (MOFs), graphene nanomaterials, quantum dot (QD) nanomaterials, upconversion fluorescent nanomaterials (UCNPs) and carbon dots (CDs). Additionally, we summarized the research progress of color indicators, nanozymes, natural enzyme vectors and fluorescent dye biosensors, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of nanomaterial-based biosensors and their development prospects. This review provides an outlook on future technological directions and potential applications to help identify the most promising areas of development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zheng
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China.
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Wen Jin
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China.
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Ke Xiong
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China.
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Hongmin Zhen
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China.
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Yumeng Hu
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China.
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Liang M, Zhang G, Song J, Tan M, Su W. Paper-Based Microfluidic Chips for Food Hazard Factor Detection: Fabrication, Modification, and Application. Foods 2023; 12:4107. [PMID: 38002165 PMCID: PMC10670051 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Food safety and quality are paramount concerns for ensuring the preservation of human life and well-being. As the field of food processing continues to advance, there is a growing interest in the development of fast, instant, cost-effective, and convenient methods for detecting food safety issues. In this context, the utilization of paper-based microfluidic chips has emerged as a promising platform for enabling rapid detection, owing to their compact size, high throughput capabilities, affordability, and low resource consumption, among other advantages. To shed light on this topic, this review article focuses on the functionalization of paper-based microfluidic surfaces and provides an overview of the latest research and applications to colorimetric analysis, fluorescence analysis, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, as well as their integration with paper-based microfluidic platforms for achieving swift and reliable food safety detection. Lastly, the article deliberates on the challenges these analytical methods and presents insights into their future development prospects in facilitating rapid food safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Liang
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (M.L.); (G.Z.); (J.S.); (M.T.)
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116034, China
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Guozhi Zhang
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (M.L.); (G.Z.); (J.S.); (M.T.)
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116034, China
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jie Song
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (M.L.); (G.Z.); (J.S.); (M.T.)
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116034, China
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Mingqian Tan
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (M.L.); (G.Z.); (J.S.); (M.T.)
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116034, China
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Wentao Su
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (M.L.); (G.Z.); (J.S.); (M.T.)
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116034, China
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
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Rawat S, Misra N, Shelkar SA, Kumar V. Tailoring Acid Free-Paper based Analytical Devices (Af-PADs) via radiation assisted modification of cellulose paper. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 317:121116. [PMID: 37364946 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel green fabrication approach is being proposed based on radiation assisted modification of Whatman filter paper 1 (WFP) for development of Acid Free-Paper based Analytical Devices (Af-PADs). Af-PADs exude immense potential as handy tools for on-site detection of toxic pollutants such as, Cr(VI), boron, etc., which have established detection protocols involving acid mediated colorimetric reactions that necessitate external acid addition. The proposed Af-PAD fabrication protocol asserts its novelty through elimination of external acid addition step, making the detection process safer and simpler. To achieve this, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was grafted onto WFP via a single step, room temperature process of gamma radiation induced simultaneous irradiation grafting, introducing acidic -COOH groups in the paper thereon. Grafting parameters namely, absorbed dose and concentrations of monomer, homopolymer inhibitor and acid were optimized. The -COOH groups incorporated in PAA-grafted-WFP (PAA-g-WFP) provide localized acidic conditions for colorimetric reactions between pollutants and their sensing agents, anchored on the PAA-g-WFP. Af-PADs loaded with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC) have been ably demonstrated for visual detection and quantitative estimation of Cr(VI) in water samples using RGB image analysis, with LOD value of 1.2 mg.L-1 and a measurement range comparable to that of commercially available PADs based Cr(VI) visual detection kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnima Rawat
- Radiation Technology Development Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India.
| | - Nilanjal Misra
- Radiation Technology Development Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Shubhangi A Shelkar
- Radiation Technology Development Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Virendra Kumar
- Radiation Technology Development Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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Ben Jaballah M, Karrat A, Amine A, Dridi C. Immobilization of diphenylcarbazide on paper-based analytical devices for the pre-concentration and detection of chromium VI in water samples. Talanta 2023; 265:124889. [PMID: 37399649 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach using a smartphone for the detection of Cr (VI) has been developed. In this context, two different platforms were designed for the detection of Cr (VI). The first one was synthesized via a crosslinking reaction of chitosan with 1,5-Diphenylcarbazide (DPC-CS). The obtained material was integrated into a paper to develop a new paper-based analytical device (DPC-CS-PAD). The DPC-CS-PAD exhibited high specificity toward Cr (VI). The second platform (DPC-Nylon PAD) was prepared by covalent immobilization of DPC onto a Nylon paper and then its analytical performances regarding Cr (VI) extraction and detection were evaluated. DPC-CS-PAD presented a linear range of 0.1-5 ppm with detection and quantification limits of about 0.04 and 0.12 ppm, respectively. The DPC-Nylon-PAD exhibited a linear response of 0.1-2.5 ppm with detection and quantification limits of 0.06 and 0.2 ppm, respectively. Furthermore, the developed platforms were effectively applied for testing the effect of the loading solution volume for trace Cr (IV) detection. For the DPC-CS material, a volume of 20 mL allowed the detection of 4 ppb of Cr (VI). In the case of DPC-Nylon-PAD, the loading volume of 1 mL permitted the detection of the critical concentration of Cr (VI) in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menyar Ben Jaballah
- NANOMISENE Laboratory, Centre for Research on Microelectronics and Nanotechnology CRMN of Sousse Technopole, B.P. 334, LR16CRMN01, Sahloul, Sousse, 4054, Tunisia
| | - Abdelhafid Karrat
- Laboratory of Process Engineering and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, P.A. 146., Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Aziz Amine
- Laboratory of Process Engineering and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, P.A. 146., Mohammedia, Morocco.
| | - Chérif Dridi
- NANOMISENE Laboratory, Centre for Research on Microelectronics and Nanotechnology CRMN of Sousse Technopole, B.P. 334, LR16CRMN01, Sahloul, Sousse, 4054, Tunisia.
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Zhang J, Chen H, Xu K, Deng D, Zhang Q, Luo L. Current Progress of Ratiometric Fluorescence Sensors Based on Carbon Dots in Foodborne Contaminant Detection. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:233. [PMID: 36831999 PMCID: PMC9953573 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are widely used in the detection of foodborne contaminants because of their biocompatibility, photoluminescence stability, and ease of chemical modification. In order to solve the interference problem of complexity in food matrices, the development of ratiometric fluorescence sensors shows great prospects. In this review, the progress of ratiometric fluorescence sensors based on CDs in foodborne contaminant detection in recent years will be summarized, focusing on the functionalized modification of CDs, the fluorescence sensing mechanism, the types of ratiometric fluorescence sensors, and the application of portable devices. In addition, the outlook on the development of the field will be presented, with the development of smartphone applications and related software helping to better enable the on-site detection of foodborne contaminants to ensure food safety and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Huinan Chen
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Kaidi Xu
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Dongmei Deng
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qixian Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200436, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Technology, Shanghai University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Liqiang Luo
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Heidari-Bafroui H, Kumar A, Charbaji A, Smith W, Rahmani N, Anagnostopoulos C, Faghri M. A Parametric Study on a Paper-Based Bi-Material Cantilever Valve. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13091502. [PMID: 36144125 PMCID: PMC9506191 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The novel paper-based Bi-Material Cantilever (B-MaC) valve allows the autonomous loading and control of multiple fluid reagents which contributes to the accurate operation of paper-based microfluidic devices utilized for biological and chemical sensing applications. In this paper, an extensive parametric study is presented to evaluate the effects of key geometric parameters of the valve, such as paper direction, cantilever width, paper type, tape type, and sample volume, in addition to the effects of relative humidity and temperature on the functionality of the B-MaC and to provide a better understanding of the rate of fluid flow and resulting deflection of the cantilever. Machine direction, cantilever width, paper type, and tape type were found to be important parameters that affect the B-MAC's activation time. It was also observed that the rate of fluid imbibition in the B-MaC is considerably affected by change in humidity for high (55 °C) and low (25 °C) temperatures, while humidity levels have no significant effect during imbibition in the B-MaC at an ambient temperature of 45 °C. It was also found that a minimum distance of 4 mm is required between the B-MaC and the stationary component to prevent accidental activation of the B-MaC prior to sample insertion when relative humidity is higher than 90% and temperature is lower than 35 °C. The rate of fluid imbibition that determines the wetted length of the B-MaC and the final deflection of the cantilever are critical in designing and fabricating point-of-care microfluidic paper-based devices. The B-MaC valve can be utilized in a fluidic circuit to sequentially load several reagents, in addition to the sample to the detection area.
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Research Progress of Nanomaterials-Based Sensors for Food Safety. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-022-00235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Ghosh S, AlKafaas SS, Bornman C, Apollon W, Hussien AM, Badawy AE, Amer MH, Kamel MB, Mekawy EA, Bedair H. The application of rapid test paper technology for pesticide detection in horticulture crops: a comprehensive review. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The ever increasing pests and diseases occurring during vegetable crop production is a challenge for agronomists and farmers. One of the practices to avoid or control the attack of the causal agents is the use of pesticides, including herbicides, insecticides nematicides, and molluscicides. However, the use of these products can result in the presence of harmful residues in horticultural crops, which cause several human diseases such as weakened immunity, splenomegaly, renal failure, hepatitis, respiratory diseases, and cancer. Therefore, it was necessary to find safe and effective techniques to detect these residues in horticultural crops and to monitor food security.
Main body
The review discusses the use of conventional methods to detect pesticide residues on horticultural crops, explain the sensitivity of nanoparticle markers to detect a variety of pesticides, discuss the different methods of rapid test paper technology and highlight recent research on rapid test paper detection of pesticides.
Conclusions
The methodologies discussed in the current review can be used in a certain situation, and the variety of methods enable detection of different types of pesticides in the environment. Notably, the highly sensitive immunoassay, which offers the advantages of being low cost, highly specific and sensitive, allows it to be integrated into many detection fields to accurately detect pesticides.
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CHEN JL, LIU GD, FENG WS, BU MM, ZHU Z, GAO XH, HUANG SX, DENG LW. Laser ablation enhancing the electrochemical sensing performance of copper foam toward glucose. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Jiang S, Wang F, Li Q, Sun H, Wang H, Yao Z. Environment and food safety: a novel integrative review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:54511-54530. [PMID: 34431060 PMCID: PMC8384557 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16069-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Environment protection and food safety are two critical issues in the world. In this review, a novel approach which integrates statistical study and subjective discussion was adopted to review recent advances on environment and food safety. Firstly, a scientometric-based statistical study was conducted based on 4904 publications collected from the Web of Science Core Collection database. It was found that the research on environment and food safety was growing steadily from 2001 to 2020. Interestingly, the statistical analysis of most-cited papers, titles, abstracts, keywords, and research areas revealed that the research on environment and food safety was diverse and multidisciplinary. In addition to the scientometric study, strategies to protect environment and ensure food safety were critically discussed, followed by a discussion on the emerging research topics, including emerging contaminates (e.g., microplastics), rapid detection of contaminants (e.g., biosensors), and environment friendly food packaging materials (e.g., biodegradable polymers). Finally, current challenges and future research directions were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanxue Jiang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Qirun Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Haishu Sun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huijiao Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
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Jia XX, Yao ZY, Gao ZX, Fan ZC. The Role of Suspension Array Technology in Rapid Detection of Foodborne Pollutants: Applications and Future Challenges. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1408-1421. [PMID: 33611988 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1882833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Food safety is an important livelihood issue, which has always been focused attention by countries and governments all over the world. As food supply chains are becoming global, food quality control is essential for consumer protection as well as for the food industry. In recent years, a great part of food analysis is carried out using new techniques for rapid detection. As the first biochip technology that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), there is an increasing interest in suspension array technology (SAT) for food and environmental analysis with advantages of rapidity, high accuracy, sensitivity, and throughput. Therefore, it is important for researchers to understand the development and application of this technology in food industry. Herein, we summarized the principle and composition of SAT and its application in food safety monitoring. The utility of SAT in detection of foodborne microorganisms, residues of agricultural and veterinary drugs, genetically modified food and allergens in recent years is elaborated, and the further development direction of SAT is envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Xia Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, China International Scientific & Technological Cooperation Base for Health Biotechnology, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China.,Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Yi Yao
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Xian Gao
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Chuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, China International Scientific & Technological Cooperation Base for Health Biotechnology, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
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