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Wang P, Wei J, Hua X, Dong G, Dziedzic K, Wahab AT, Efferth T, Sun W, Ma P. Plant anthraquinones: Classification, distribution, biosynthesis, and regulation. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31063. [PMID: 37393608 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Anthraquinones are polycyclic compounds with an unsaturated diketone structure (quinoid moiety). As important secondary metabolites of plants, anthraquinones play an important role in the response of many biological processes and environmental factors. Anthraquinones are common in the human diet and have a variety of biological activities including anticancer, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities that reduce disease risk. The biological activity of anthraquinones depends on the substitution pattern of their hydroxyl groups on the anthraquinone ring structure. However, there is still a lack of systematic summary on the distribution, classification, and biosynthesis of plant anthraquinones. Therefore, this paper systematically reviews the research progress of the distribution, classification, biosynthesis, and regulation of plant anthraquinones. Additionally, we discuss future opportunities in anthraquinone research, including biotechnology, therapeutic products, and dietary anthraquinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Hua
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | | | - Krzysztof Dziedzic
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznan' University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Atia-Tul Wahab
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengda Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Osman CP, Ismail NH. A REVIEW ON THE CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF Rennellia elliptica Korth. INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE 2017. [DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v6i6.6642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rennellia elliptica, popularly dubbed as Malaysian Ginseng, is widely used in traditional medicine among the local Jakun community in Endau-Rompin State Park, Pahang, Malaysia. The decoction of the roots is traditionally taken for treatment of body aches, as postpartum tonic, as aphrodisiac and for the treatment of jaundice. In the effort of searching new botanical drugs and drug candidates from tropical rainforest, the team from this laboratory had conducted a sizeable phytochemical and biological screening program of tropical plant at Endau Rompin State Park, Pahang with the help from the indigenous people. R. elliptica showed strong antiplasmodial activity in vitro with the IC50 value of 4.04µg/mL. The comprehensive study on the root extract of R. elliptica in this laboratory yielded seventeen compounds from four different classes, including 2 new pyranoanthraquinones, one new anthraquinone, eleven known anthraquinones, one lactone triterpenoid, one coumarin and one phenolic acid. The chemical profile of the root extract was established using HPLC and the selected marker compounds were used as external standards and quantified using standard calibration curve. Nordamnacanthal 5, damnacanthal 7, 2-formyl-3-hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone 6, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone 11 and 1,2-dimethoxy-6-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone 3 were determined at 3.57, 10.32, 4.47, 12.18 and 4.09 µg/g, respectively. Owing to the toxicity of dichloromethane, the extraction of the desired marker compounds was attempted using accelerated solvent extraction and soxhlet extraction using ethanol and water at different compositions. R. elliptica root extract and the isolated anthraquinones showed potential antiplasmodial activity, and the active compounds were probed for their mode of action. In addition, the dichloromethane root extract of R. elliptica and the selected anthraquinones were screened for anticancer, antioxidant, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities as well as toxicity study in vitro. The review summarizes the findings on Rennellia elliptica which includes phytochemistry, toxicity and its biological activities. The chemotaxonomic significance of Rennellia elliptica is also discussed
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Wang CX, Zhao SN, Feng SX, Zhang XP, Chen T. Two New Anthraquinones from the Roots of Prismatomeris connata. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new anthraquinones, 4-hydroxy-1,2,3-trimethoxy-7-hydroxymethylanthracene-9,10-dione (1) and 1,2,3-trimethoxy-7-hydroxymethylanthracene-9,10-dione (2), were isolated from the roots of Prismatomeris connata, a Chinese medicinal herb. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. Compound 1 exhibited cytotoxicity against a panel of H1229, HTB179, A549 and H520 lung tumor cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 12.3 to 20 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518004, P. R. China
| | - Sa-Na Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518004, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Xiu Feng
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518004, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P. R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518004, P. R. China
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Seven New Tetrahydroanthraquinones from the Root of Prismatomeris connata and Their Cytotoxicity against Lung Tumor Cell Growth. Molecules 2015; 20:22565-77. [PMID: 26694340 PMCID: PMC6331813 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The root of Prismatomeris connata has been used in China for centuries as the medicinal herb “Huang Gen” (HG), but its phytochemicals or active ingredients are not well understood. In this study, we performed chemical analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction of a HG ethanol extract. We thus isolated seven new tetrahydroanthraquinones, prisconnatanones C–I (compounds 1–7) from the root of P. connata and identified their structures using spectroscopic analyses. Their absolute configurations were established by both modified Mosher’s and Mo2OAc4 methods, and ORD techniques. Their cytotoxicity was tested in a panel of human lung tumor cells (H1229, HTB179, A549 and H520 cell lines). Prisconnatanone I (7) showed the highest activity, with an IC50 value ranging from 2.7 µM to 3.9 µM in the suppression of tumor cell growth, and the others with chelated phenolic hydroxyls exhibited relatively lower activity (IC50: 8–20 µM). In conclusion, these data suggest that some of the natural tetrahydroanthraquinones in HG are bioactive, and hydroxylation at C-1 significantly increases the cytotoxicity of these compounds against lung tumor cell growth.
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Martins D, Nunez CV. Secondary metabolites from Rubiaceae species. Molecules 2015; 20:13422-95. [PMID: 26205062 PMCID: PMC6331836 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200713422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes some characteristics of the Rubiaceae family pertaining to the occurrence and distribution of secondary metabolites in the main genera of this family. It reports the review of phytochemical studies addressing all species of Rubiaceae, published between 1990 and 2014. Iridoids, anthraquinones, triterpenes, indole alkaloids as well as other varying alkaloid subclasses, have shown to be the most common. These compounds have been mostly isolated from the genera Uncaria, Psychotria, Hedyotis, Ophiorrhiza and Morinda. The occurrence and distribution of iridoids, alkaloids and anthraquinones point out their chemotaxonomic correlation among tribes and subfamilies. From an evolutionary point of view, Rubioideae is the most ancient subfamily, followed by Ixoroideae and finally Cinchonoideae. The chemical biosynthetic pathway, which is not so specific in Rubioideae, can explain this and large amounts of both iridoids and indole alkaloids are produced. In Ixoroideae, the most active biosysthetic pathway is the one that produces iridoids; while in Cinchonoideae, it produces indole alkaloids together with other alkaloids. The chemical biosynthetic pathway now supports this botanical conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Martins
- Bioprospection and Biotechnology Laboratory, Technology and Innovation Coordenation, National Research Institute of Amazonia, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Veronica Nunez
- Bioprospection and Biotechnology Laboratory, Technology and Innovation Coordenation, National Research Institute of Amazonia, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69067-375, Brazil.
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