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Fan G, Liu M, Liu J, Huang Y, Mu W. Traditional Chinese medicines treat ischemic stroke and their main bioactive constituents and mechanisms. Phytother Res 2024; 38:411-453. [PMID: 38051175 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) remains one of the leading causes of death and disability in humans. Unfortunately, none of the treatments effectively provide functional benefits to patients with IS, although many do so by targeting different aspects of the ischemic cascade response. The advantages of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in preventing and treating IS are obvious in terms of early treatment and global coordination. The efficacy of TCM and its bioactive constituents has been scientifically proven over the past decades. Based on clinical trials, this article provides a review of commonly used TCM patent medicines and herbal decoctions indicated for IS. In addition, this paper also reviews the mechanisms of bioactive constituents in TCM for the treatment of IS in recent years, both domestically and internationally. A comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical studies will hopefully provide new ideas to address the threat of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genhao Fan
- Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Menglin Liu
- Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Mu
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Shang Y, Zhang Z, Tian J, Li X. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Natural Products on Cerebral Ischemia. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:914630. [PMID: 35795571 PMCID: PMC9251309 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.914630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia with high mortality and morbidity still requires the effectiveness of medical treatments. A growing number of investigations have shown strong links between inflammation and cerebral ischemia. Natural medicine’s treatment methods of cerebral ischemic illness have amassed a wealth of treatment experience and theoretical knowledge. This review summarized recent progress on the disease inflammatory pathways as well as 26 representative natural products that have been routinely utilized to treat cerebral ischemic injury. These natural products have exerted anti-inflammatory effects in cerebral ischemia based on their inflammatory mechanisms, including their inflammatory gene expression patterns and their related different cell types, and the roles of inflammatory mediators in ischemic injury. Overall, the combination of the potential therapeutic interventions of natural products with the inflammatory mechanisms will make them be applicable for cerebral ischemic patients in the future.
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Cai D, Luo Z, Su J, Gan H, Wang Z, Liu X, Li S, Wu J, Chen J, Ma R, Huang M, Zhong G. Exposure-Response Analysis and Mechanism of Ginkgolide B’s Neuroprotective Effect in Acute Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Stage in Rat. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:409-420. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dake Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Zhongxing Luo
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Jiyan Su
- Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University
| | - Haining Gan
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
| | | | - Xiaolin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Siyi Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Jiangying Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Renqiang Ma
- Guangzhou Boji Medical Biotechnological Co., Ltd
| | - Min Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Guoping Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University
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Intracisternal administration of tanshinone IIA-loaded nanoparticles leads to reduced tissue injury and functional deficits in a porcine model of ischemic stroke. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 10:18-30. [PMID: 33842909 PMCID: PMC8019951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The absolute number of new stroke patients is annually increasing and there still remains only a few Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved treatments with significant limitations available to patients. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is a promising potential therapeutic for ischemic stroke that has shown success in pre-clinical rodent studies but lead to inconsistent efficacy results in human patients. The physical properties of Tan-IIA, including short half-life and low solubility, suggests that Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticle-assisted delivery may lead to improve bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. The objective of this study was to develop Tan IIA-loaded nanoparticles (Tan IIA-NPs) and to evaluate their therapeutic effects on cerebral pathological changes and consequent motor function deficits in a pig ischemic stroke model. Results Tan IIA-NP treated neural stem cells showed a reduction in SOD activity in in vitro assays demonstrating antioxidative effects. Ischemic stroke pigs treated with Tan IIA-NPs showed reduced hemispheric swelling when compared to vehicle only treated pigs (7.85 ± 1.41 vs. 16.83 ± 0.62%), consequent midline shift (MLS) (1.72 ± 0.07 vs. 2.91 ± 0.36 mm), and ischemic lesion volumes (9.54 ± 5.06 vs. 12.01 ± 0.17 cm3) when compared to vehicle-only treated pigs. Treatment also lead to lower reductions in diffusivity (-37.30 ± 3.67 vs. -46.33 ± 0.73%) and white matter integrity (-19.66 ± 5.58 vs. -30.11 ± 1.19%) as well as reduced hemorrhage (0.85 ± 0.15 vs 2.91 ± 0.84 cm3) 24 h post-ischemic stroke. In addition, Tan IIA-NPs led to a reduced percentage of circulating band neutrophils at 12 (7.75 ± 1.93 vs. 14.00 ± 1.73%) and 24 (4.25 ± 0.48 vs 5.75 ± 0.85%) hours post-stroke suggesting a mitigated inflammatory response. Moreover, spatiotemporal gait deficits including cadence, cycle time, step time, swing percent of cycle, stride length, and changes in relative mean pressure were less severe post-stroke in Tan IIA-NP treated pigs relative to control pigs. Conclusion The findings of this proof of concept study strongly suggest that administration of Tan IIA-NPs in the acute phase post-stroke mitigates neural injury likely through limiting free radical formation, thus leading to less severe gait deficits in a translational pig ischemic stroke model. With stroke as one of the leading causes of functional disability in the United States, and gait deficits being a major component, these promising results suggest that acute Tan IIA-NP administration may improve functional outcomes and the quality of life of many future stroke patients.
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Key Words
- ADC, Apparent Diffusion Coefficient
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- AU, arbitrary units
- BBB, blood brain barrier
- Baic, Baicalin
- CNS, central nervous system
- CSF, cerebral spinal fluid
- DAMPS, damaged-associated molecular patterns
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- DTI, Diffusion Tensor Imaging
- DWI, Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
- Edar, Edaravone
- FA, fractional anisotropy
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid
- GM, gray matter
- IC, inhibitory concentration
- ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IM, intramuscular
- Ischemic stroke
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MCA, middle cerebral artery
- MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion
- MLS, midline shift
- NP, nanoparticle
- NSCs, neural stem cells
- Nanomedicine
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PEG–PLGA, polyethyleneglycol–polylactic-co-glycolic acid
- PLGA nanoparticle
- PLGA, Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PLGA-b-PEG-OH, poly (lactide-co-glycolide)-b-poly (ethylene glycol)-maleimide
- Pig stroke model
- Piog, Pioglitazone
- Puer, Puerarin
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Resv, Resveratrol
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- STAIR, Stroke Therapy Academic and Industry Roundtable
- T2*, T2Star
- T2FLAIR, T2 Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery
- T2W, T2Weighted
- TD, transdermal
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α
- Tan IIA, Tanshinone IIA
- Tan IIA-NPs, Tan IIA PLGA NPs
- Tan IIA-NPs, Tan IIA-loaded nanoparticles
- Tanshinone IIA
- UGA, University of Georgia
- WM, white matter
- ddH2O, double-distilled water
- tPA, Tissue plasminogen activator
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Zhou P, Hua F, Wang X, Huang JL. Therapeutic potential of IKK-β inhibitors from natural phenolics for inflammation in cardiovascular diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 28:19-37. [PMID: 31894515 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00680-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVDs) is a chronic disease with the highest morbidity and mortality in the world. Previous studies have suggested that preventing inflammation serves an efficient role in protection against cardiovascular diseases. Modulation of IKK-β activity can be used to treat and control CVDs associated with chronic inflammation, which targets the phosphorylation of IκB following the release of the RelA complex, and then translocates to the nucleus, eventually triggering the transcription of several genes that induce chemokines, cytokines, and adhesion molecules. Most importantly, the IκB kinase (IKK) complex is involved in transcriptional activation by phosphorylating the inhibitory molecule IkBα, enabling activation of NF-κB. Phenolic compounds possess cardioprotective potential that may be related to modulating inflammatory responses involved in CVDs. The SystemsDock analysis was used to explore whether 38 active compounds inhibit IKK-β activity based on literature. Docking results showed that the top docking score of three chemical compounds were icariin, salvianolic acid B, and plantainoside D in all compounds. Icariin, salvianolic acid B, and plantainoside D are the most promising IKKβ inhibitors. These phytochemicals could be helpful to find the lead compounds on designing and developing novel cardioprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China. .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fang Hua
- Pharmacy School, Anhui Xinhua University, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China.,Natural Products Laboratory, International Joint Lab of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ling Huang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China. .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China.
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Wang L, Ma Q. Clinical benefits and pharmacology of scutellarin: A comprehensive review. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 190:105-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Zheng M, Xin Y, Li Y, Xu F, Xi X, Guo H, Cui X, Cao H, Zhang X, Han C. Ginsenosides: A Potential Neuroprotective Agent. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8174345. [PMID: 29854792 PMCID: PMC5964429 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8174345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicine with a wide range of pharmacological activities. Ginsenosides are the major constituents of ginseng. Ginsenosides have the unique biological activity and medicinal value, such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidation, and inhibition of cell apoptosis. With the increase of stress in life, the incidence of nervous system diseases is also increasing. Neurological diseases pose a huge burden on people's life and health. In recent years, some studies have shown that ginsenosides have a certain role in the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases. However, the research is still in its infancy, and the relevant mechanisms are complex. In the paper, we review the effects and mechanisms of ginsenosides on epilepsy, depression, cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. We hope to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of nervous system diseases by ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yizhou Xin
- The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, China
| | - Yujuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Fangxue Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xiaozhi Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Hong Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xiaowei Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Hui Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Chunchao Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
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Wang A, Zhu G, Qian P, Zhu T. Tetramethylpyrazine reduces blood-brain barrier permeability associated with enhancement of peripheral cholinergic anti-inflammatory effects for treating traumatic brain injury. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:2392-2400. [PMID: 28962173 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a diverse group of intracranial injuries resulting from external mechanical insults to the brain. While basic and clinical research for TBI has been conducted for decades, it has not identified cost-effective medical interventions for treating TBI. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), which is derived from the Chinese herb, Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort (Chuan Xiong), has been clinically used for treating ischemic brain injury for years. However, whether TMP could provide effective benefits for improving the outcomes following TBI is unknown. In the present study, using controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury to create an animal model of TBI, the potential effects of TMP on improving blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in the early phase of the secondary injury, as well as the splenic anti-inflammatory activities, were evaluated. Cognitive functions were also assessed by Morris water maze trials following TBI. Results demonstrated that, at 24 h after CCI injury, BBB permeability was significantly reduced (P<0.05) by the application of TMP. In addition, within 24 h after CCI injury, the plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and protein and mRNA expression levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in the spleen were significantly lowered by TMP (P<0.05). Furthermore, within 24 h after CCI injury, the activation of the splenic anti-inflammatory effects mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 (nAChRa7) stimulation were significantly enhanced by TMP (P<0.05). Additionally, impaired spatial memory acquisition and consolidation were significantly improved by TMP after CCI injury (P<0.05). Together, in light of these data, in the treatment of TBI, TMP could effectively reduce BBB permeability, which may be closely associated with the enhanced splenic anti-inflammatory effects activated by nAChRa7 stimulation, and potentially improve cognitive recovery concerning spatial learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Taicang, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Guangbin Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Taicang, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Ping Qian
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Taicang, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Taicang, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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Ding Y, Liao W, He X, Xiang W, Lu Q. CSTMP Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects on LPS-Induced Human Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells by Inhibiting TLR4-Mediated NF-κB Pathways. Inflammation 2017; 39:849-59. [PMID: 26956469 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
(E)-2-(2-chlorostyryl)-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine (CSTMP), a novel stilbene derivative, have been shown to have cytoprotective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in human endothelial cells. However, little is known about its anti-inflammatory effects in lupus nephritis (LN). In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of CSTMP on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (hRPTECs) and elucidated its molecular mechanisms. CSTMP significantly attenuated the cytotoxicity and suppressed the release of proinflammatory mediators, including iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, CCL-2, ICAM-1, IL-1β, and MCP-1 in LPS-induced hRPTECs. In addition, CSTMP decreased the expression of TLR4 and its adapter molecules (MyD88, phosphorylation of TAK1, TRAF6, and IRAK1) and abolished its interactions with these adapter molecules in LPS-induced hRPTECs, resulting in an inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88/TAK1/ TRAF6/IRAK1 complex. Moreover, CSTMP also attenuated phosphorylation of IκB and IKK-α/β, and P50-NF-κB and P65-NF-κB translocation to nucleus in LPS-induced hRPTECs. These findings provided new insights to understand the mode of action of CSTMP in treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, 570102, China.,Department of Dermatology, Maternal and Child Health care Hospital of Hainan Province, Haikou, 570206, China
| | - Wang Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, 570102, China
| | - Xiaojie He
- Department of Nephropathy, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Maternal and Child Health care Hospital of Hainan Province, 15 Long Kun-Nan Road, Haikou, 570206, China.
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
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Zhong M, Ma W, Zhang X, Wang Y, Gao X. Tetramethyl Pyrazine Protects Hippocampal Neurons Against Anoxia/Reoxygenation Injury Through Inhibiting Apoptosis Mediated by JNK/MARK Signal Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:5082-5090. [PMID: 28009855 PMCID: PMC5207017 DOI: 10.12659/msm.898921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tetramethyl pyrazine (TMP) is a typical biologically active alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herb Ligusticum walliichi. It has been reported that TMP shows neuroprotective and stroke injury reductive properties in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) animal models. In the present study we sought to investigate the effect and potential intervention mechanism of TMP in anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) rat hippocampal neurons. Material/Methods After being cultured for 7 days, primary hippocampal neurons were randomly assigned into a normal control group (N), a TMP group (C: 0 ug/ml, L: 60 ug/ml, M: 200ug/ml and H: 800 ug/ml), and a JNK inhibitor group (S: SP600125, 10 μmol/L). A hypoxia/reoxygenation model were prepared 1 h after incubation. Hippocampal neurons were incubated in 90% N2 and 10% CO2 for 2 h, and then reoxygenated for 24 h in an incubator with 5%CO2 at the temperature of 37°C. The apoptosis rate, MKK4 and MKK7 mRNA and JNK kinase protein levels (C-fos, c-jun, and P-JNK) of hippocampal neurons were detected. Results The apoptosis rates of hippocampal neurons induced by A/R showed significant reduction after being pre-treated with JNK inhibitor, TMP 60 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml, and 800 μg/ml. The JNK kinase MKK4mRNA and MKK7mRNA levels, as well as the expressions of C-fos, C-jun, and P-JNK protein levels, were also be reduced. Conclusions TMP may produce a protective effect in anoxia/reoxygenation-induced primary hippocampal neuronal injury by inhibiting the apoptosis of the hippocampal neurons; the possible mechanism may be inhibition of the JNK signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Wuhua Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoqiu Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
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Protective Effects of Scutellarin on Human Cardiac Microvascular Endothelial Cells against Hypoxia-Reoxygenation Injury and Its Possible Target-Related Proteins. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:278014. [PMID: 26557144 PMCID: PMC4628680 DOI: 10.1155/2015/278014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Scutellarin (SCU) is one of the main components of traditional Chinese medicine plant Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand.-Mazz. In this paper, we studied the protective effects of SCU on human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (HCMECs) against hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR) injury and its possible target-related proteins. Results of MTT assay showed that pretreatment of SCU at doses of 1, 5, and 10 μM for 2 h could significantly inhibit the decrease in cell viability of HCMECs induced by HR injury. Subcellular fractions of cells treated with vehicle control, 1 μM SCU, HR injury, or 1 μM SCU + HR injury were separated by ultracentrifugation. The protein expression profiles of cytoplasm and membrane/nuclei fractions were checked using protein two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Proteins differentially expressed between control and SCU-treated group, control and HR group, or HR and SCU + HR group were identified using mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Possible interaction network of these target-related proteins was predicted using bioinformatic analysis. The influence of SCU on the expression levels of these proteins was confirmed using Western blotting assay. The results indicated that proteins such as p27BBP protein (EIF6), heat shock 60 kDa protein 1 (HSPD1), and chaperonin containing TCP1 subunit 6A isoform (CCT6A) might play important roles in the effects of SCU.
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Ginsenoside Rd promotes neurogenesis in rat brain after transient focal cerebral ischemia via activation of PI3K/Akt pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:421-8. [PMID: 25832422 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of ginsenoside Rd (Rd) on neurogenesis in rat brain after ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). METHODS Male SD rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by reperfusion. The rats were injected with Rd (1, 2.5, and 5 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), ip) from d 1 to d 3 after MCAO, and with BrdU (50 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), ip) from d 3 to d 6, then sacrificed on 7 d. The infarct size and neurological scores were assessed. Neurogenesis in the brains was detected by BrdU, DCX, Nestin, and GFAP immunohistochemistry staining. PC12 cells subjected to OGD/reperfusion were used as an in vitro model of brain ischemia. VEGF and BDNF levels were assessed with ELISA, and Akt and ERK phosphorylation was measured using Western blotting. RESULTS Rd administration dose-dependently decreased the infarct size and neurological scores in the rats with IRI. The high dose of Rd 5 (mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) significantly increased Akt phosphorylation in ipsilateral hemisphere, and markedly increased the number of BrdU/DCX and Nestin/GFAP double-positive cells in ischemic area, which was partially blocked by co-administration of the PI3 kinase inhibitor LY294002. Treatment with Rd (25, 50, and 100 μmol/L) during reperfusion significantly increased the expression of VEGF and BDNF in PC12 cells with IRI. Furthermore, treatment with Rd dose-dependently increased the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK, and significantly decreased PC12 cell apoptosis, which were blocked by co-application of LY294002. CONCLUSION Rd not only attenuates ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat brain, but also promotes neurogenesis via increasing VEGF and BDNF expression and activating the PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways.
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