In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of Tabernaemontana divaricata leaf extract on male albino mice

Comparative Study of Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Activities of Different Parts from Pterocarpus Santalinoides l'Her. Ex. DC (Fabaceae)

Aims

Pterocarpus santalinoides is used in Beninese folk medicine for treatment of gastroenteritis. This study aims to compare the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity of the hydroalcoholic extracts of the leaves, trunk bark, and root.

Materials and Methods

The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the broth microdilution method on 06 bacterial strains including 03 wild-type strains (Escherichia. coli 0157H, Salmonella sp., and Staphylococcus aureus sp.) and 03 reference strains (E. coli ATCC 25922, S. aureus ATCC 29213, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853), whereas the anti-inflammatory activity was performed by the carrageenan-induced paw edema method on rats. The DPPH-free radical scavenging was used to determine the antioxidant activity.

Results

The MICs of the leaf extracts varied from 6.25 to 25 mg/mL for all strains. The MICs of the stem bark extracts were 6.5 to 25 μg/mL for five strains (E. coli 0157H, S. aureus ATCC 25922, Salmonella sp., E. coli ATCC 25922, and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853) and 3.125 mg/mL for S. aureus. Concerning the root extracts, the MICs varied from 12.5 to 50 mg/mL. The best anti-inflammatory power was obtained with the stem bark extract with the percentages of inhibition of 36.09%, 38.98%, and 39.50%. The DPPH test showed that the hydroethanolic extract of the 03 parts of P. santalinoides has a moderate antiradical power compared to the control which was quercetin.

Conclusion

In view of the different pharmacological activity recorded, the extract of the leaves should be recommended to treat patients suffering from gastroenteriditis.

Major Bioactive Alkaloids and Biological Activities of Tabernaemontana Species (Apocynaceae)

Several species belonging to the genus Tabernaemontana have been well researched and utilized for their wide-ranging biological activities. A few of the most prominent species include Tabernaemontana divaricata, Tabernaemontana catharinensis, Tabernaemontana crassa, and Tabernaemontana elegans. These species and many others within the genus often display pharmacological importance, which is habitually related to their chemical constituents. The secondary metabolites within the genus have demonstrated huge medicinal potential for the treatment of infections, pain, injuries, and various diseases. Regardless of the indispensable reports and properties displayed by Tabernaemontana spp., there remains a wide variety of plants that are yet to be considered or examined. Thus, an additional inclusive study on species within this genus is essential. The current review aimed to extensively analyze, collate, and describe an updated report of the current literature related to the major alkaloidal components and biological activities of species within the genus Tabernaemontana.

Telosmoside A21, a new steroid glycoside from the roots of Jasminanthes tuyetanhiae

A new glycoside, telosmoside A₂₁ (1) and two known compounds, telosmoside A₆ (2) and telosmoside A₁ (3), were isolated from the roots of Jasminanthes tuyetanhiae. The structure of compound 1 was identified from its spectroscopic data and by comparison with the literature.

Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Tabernaemontana catharinensis Leaves and Their Effect on Oxidative Stress Markers in Diabetic Rats

The aim of this study was to evaluate the most effective extraction condition (temperature, solvent type and time) for recovery of high-value phytochemicals present in the Tabernaemontana catharinensis leaves (TC) and to assess their effect on biochemical parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The extraction of phenolic compounds from TC using a factorial design (FD) 2³, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), response surface methodology (RSM) and principal component analysis (PCA) were studied. It was found that the optimal conditions for extraction of phenolics were higher temperature (65 °C) and time (60 min) using ethanol as extractor solvent. In this condition of extraction (A8), total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA) were determined. Additionally, this extract was used to evaluate their effect on antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)) as well as lipid peroxidation (LP) and protein thiols level (PSH) in the liver and kidneys of normal and diabetic rats. As result, T. catharinensis extract presented TPC content of 23.34 mg EAG/g (equivalent gallic acid) and AA of 34.26 μmol Trolox/g. Phenolic acids (ferulic acid and coumaric acid) and flavonoids (quercetin, rutin and pinocembrin) could be recovered and identified by HPLC. This study indicated an important role of the T. catharinensis extract on free radical inactivation and on the antioxidant defense system in diabetic rats. In fact, the use of T. catharinensis extract restored the normal activity of SOD (p < 0.05) and suppressed malondialdehyde levels in liver and kidney tissues. Thus, the T. catharinensis extract, rich in phenolic compounds, can be responsible for the recover the enzymatic changes in the liver and kidney tissues provoked by diabetes in rats. In addition, the lipid peroxidation rate decreased in the diabetic rats treated with T. catharinensis.

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Cynaroside from Elsholtiza bodinieri

The flavonoid fraction was obtained from Elsholtiza bodinieri Vaniot (EBV) by ethanol-reflux and liquid-liquid extraction. The total content of flavonoid was 179.55 mg/g, and the purity was 64.6%. Then cynaroside with the purity of 94% was isolated from the fraction by preparative HPLC and characterized by the combined usage of HPLC, ESI-MS, and NMR. The antioxidant activity of cynaroside was determined using 2 complementary methods, namely, 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and reducing power assay. The anti-inflammatory effect of cynaroside was investigated based on in-vitro and in-vivo experiment. The results showed that cynaroside from EBV scavenged DPPH radical and reduced Fe3+ to Fe2+ effectively, inhibited NO and ROS production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and attenuated the inflammation in the mouse model significantly ( p < 0.01), which showed it to be a nutraceutical product in the food industry.

Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and biotechnological advances of family Apocynaceae: A review

The family Apocynaceae is one of the largest and important families in angiosperm. Several members of this family have medicinal properties and have been in the treatment of various ailments. Most of them are consumed as food by tribal people whereas a few plants are used as source of poison. Members of family Apocynaceae are rich in alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, glycosides, simple phenols, lactones, and hydrocarbons. Other compounds such as sterols, lignans, sugars, lignans, and lactones have been isolated and systematically studied. Few studies have reported antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities of crude extracts as well as single compound(s) isolated from various members of the family Apocynaceae. Holarrhena antidysenterica, Rauvolfia serpentina, Carissa carandas, and Tabernaemontana divaricata are the extensively studied plants in this family. The present review provides a detailed outlook on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and biological activities of selected members of this family. Moreover, it also covers the biotechnological advances used for large-scale production of bioactive compounds of therapeutic interest along with plant tissue culture-based approaches for conservation of this medicinally valuable family.