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Zhu L, Li HD, Xu JJ, Li JJ, Cheng M, Meng XM, Huang C, Li J. Advancements in the Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease Model. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081035. [PMID: 36008929 PMCID: PMC9406170 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is an intricate disease that results in a broad spectrum of liver damage. The presentation of ALD can include simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Effective prevention and treatment strategies are urgently required for ALD patients. In previous decades, numerous rodent models were established to investigate the mechanisms of alcohol-associated liver disease and explore therapeutic targets. This review provides a summary of the latest developments in rodent models, including those that involve EtOH administration, which will help us to understand the characteristics and causes of ALD at different stages. In addition, we discuss the pathogenesis of ALD and summarize the existing in vitro models. We analyse the pros and cons of these models and their translational relevance and summarize the insights that have been gained regarding the mechanisms of alcoholic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- Correspondence: (X.-M.M.); (C.H.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.); Fax: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.)
| | - Cheng Huang
- Correspondence: (X.-M.M.); (C.H.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.); Fax: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.)
| | - Jun Li
- Correspondence: (X.-M.M.); (C.H.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.); Fax: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.)
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Xenobiotic-Induced Aggravation of Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031062. [PMID: 35162986 PMCID: PMC8834714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), which is often linked to obesity, encompasses a large spectrum of hepatic lesions, including simple fatty liver, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Besides nutritional and genetic factors, different xenobiotics such as pharmaceuticals and environmental toxicants are suspected to aggravate MAFLD in obese individuals. More specifically, pre-existing fatty liver or steatohepatitis may worsen, or fatty liver may progress faster to steatohepatitis in treated patients, or exposed individuals. The mechanisms whereby xenobiotics can aggravate MAFLD are still poorly understood and are currently under deep investigations. Nevertheless, previous studies pointed to the role of different metabolic pathways and cellular events such as activation of de novo lipogenesis and mitochondrial dysfunction, mostly associated with reactive oxygen species overproduction. This review presents the available data gathered with some prototypic compounds with a focus on corticosteroids and rosiglitazone for pharmaceuticals as well as bisphenol A and perfluorooctanoic acid for endocrine disruptors. Although not typically considered as a xenobiotic, ethanol is also discussed because its abuse has dire consequences on obese liver.
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Harnessing the Proteostasis Network in Alcohol-associated Liver Disease. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-020-00211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mouzaki M, Loomba R. Insights into the evolving role of the gut microbiome in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: rationale and prospects for therapeutic intervention. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2019; 12:1756284819858470. [PMID: 31258623 PMCID: PMC6591661 DOI: 10.1177/1756284819858470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is diagnosed across the age spectrum and contributes to significant morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of NAFLD is not entirely understood; however, recent evidence has implicated the intestinal microbiome. Through the effects on host appetite, energy expenditure, digestion, gene expression, intestinal permeability, as well as immune activation, a dysbiotic microbiome can contribute to the development and progression of the hepatocellular steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis seen in the context of NAFLD. As such, intestinal microbiota and products of their metabolism have been targeted as treatment approaches for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialena Mouzaki
- Steatohepatitis Center, Cincinnati Children’s
Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Guo C, Xue G, Pan B, Zhao M, Chen S, Gao J, Chen T, Qiu L. Myricetin Ameliorates Ethanol-Induced Lipid Accumulation in Liver Cells by Reducing Fatty Acid Biosynthesis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801393. [PMID: 31168926 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Alcoholic liver disease is a serious threat to human health. The development of drug candidates from complementary and alternative medicines is an attractive approach. Myricetin can be found in fruit, vegetables, and herbs. This study investigates the protective effect of myricetin on ethanol-induced injury in mouse liver cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Oil-red O staining, assays of oxidative stress and measurements of inflammatory markers in mouse AML12 liver cells collectively demonstrate that myricetin elicits a curative effect on ethanol-induced injury. Next, the role of myricetin in the metabolic regulation of ethanol pathology in liver cells is assessed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Myricetin inhibits ethanol-stimulated fatty acid biosynthesis. Additionally, dodecanoic acid may be proposed as a potential biomarker related to ethanol pathology or myricetin therapy. It is also observed that myricetin enhances ethanol-induced inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Moreover, fumaric acid is found to be a candidate biomarker related to ethanol toxicity or myricetin therapy. Quantitative reverse-transcription-PCR shows that ethanol-induced fatty acid synthase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c mRNA levels are alleviated by myricetin. Finally, myricetin increases ethanol-induced inhibition of phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase. CONCLUSION These results elucidate the pharmacological mechanism of myricetin on ethanol-induced lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, P. R. China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, 364012, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology (Longyan University), Fujian Province University, Longyan, 364012, P. R. China
| | - Guoqing Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, P. R. China
| | - Bei Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, P. R. China
| | - Mengjie Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, P. R. China
| | - Si Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, P. R. China
| | - Jing Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, P. R. China
| | - Tong Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, P. R. China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, 364012, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology (Longyan University), Fujian Province University, Longyan, 364012, P. R. China
| | - Longxin Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, P. R. China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, 364012, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology (Longyan University), Fujian Province University, Longyan, 364012, P. R. China
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Kropski JA, Blackwell TS. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathogenesis of fibrotic disease. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:64-73. [PMID: 29293089 DOI: 10.1172/jci93560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells contain an elegant protein quality control system that is crucial in maintaining cellular homeostasis; however, dysfunction of this system results in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Severe or prolonged ER stress is associated with the development of degenerative and fibrotic disorders in multiple organs, as evidenced by the identification of disease-causing mutations in epithelial-restricted genes that lead to protein misfolding or mistrafficking in familial fibrotic diseases. Emerging evidence implicates ER stress and UPR signaling in a variety of profibrotic mechanisms in individual cell types. In epithelial cells, ER stress can induce apoptosis, inflammatory signaling, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In other cell types, ER stress is linked to myofibroblast activation, macrophage polarization, and T cell differentiation. ER stress-targeted therapies have begun to emerge using approaches that range from global enhancement of chaperone function to selective targeting of activated ER stress sensors and other downstream mediators. As the complex regulatory mechanisms of this system are further clarified, there are opportunities to develop new disease-modifying therapeutic strategies in a wide range of chronic fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Kropski
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Yang F, Luo J. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Ethanol Neurotoxicity. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2538-53. [PMID: 26473940 PMCID: PMC4693246 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol abuse affects virtually all organ systems and the central nervous system (CNS) is particularly vulnerable to excessive ethanol exposure. Ethanol exposure causes profound damages to both the adult and developing brain. Prenatal ethanol exposure induces fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) which is associated with mental retardation and other behavioral deficits. A number of potential mechanisms have been proposed for ethanol-induced brain damage; these include the promotion of neuroinflammation, interference with signaling by neurotrophic factors, induction of oxidative stress, modulation of retinoid acid signaling, and thiamine deficiency. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) regulates posttranslational protein processing and transport. The accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen triggers ER stress and induces unfolded protein response (UPR) which are mediated by three transmembrane ER signaling proteins: pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). UPR is initiated to protect cells from overwhelming ER protein loading. However, sustained ER stress may result in cell death. ER stress has been implied in various CNS injuries, including brain ischemia, traumatic brain injury, and aging-associated neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Parkinson's disease (PD). However, effects of ethanol on ER stress in the CNS receive less attention. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the study of ER stress in ethanol-induced neurotoxicity. We also examine the potential mechanisms underlying ethanol-mediated ER stress and the interaction among ER stress, oxidative stress and autophagy in the context of ethanol neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanmuyi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 132 Health Sciences Research Building, 1095 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 132 Health Sciences Research Building, 1095 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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