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New Advances in the Research of Resistance to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179644. [PMID: 34502549 PMCID: PMC8431789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer has an extremely high incidence in women, and its morbidity and mortality rank first among female tumors. With the increasing development of medicine today, the clinical application of neoadjuvant chemotherapy has brought new hope to the treatment of breast cancer. Although the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been confirmed, drug resistance is one of the main reasons for its treatment failure, contributing to the difficulty in the treatment of breast cancer. This article focuses on multiple mechanisms of action and expounds a series of recent research advances that mediate drug resistance in breast cancer cells. Drug metabolizing enzymes can mediate a catalytic reaction to inactivate chemotherapeutic drugs and develop drug resistance. The drug efflux system can reduce the drug concentration in breast cancer cells. The combination of glutathione detoxification system and platinum drugs can cause breast cancer cells to be insensitive to drugs. Changes in drug targets have led to poorer efficacy of HER2 receptor inhibitors. Moreover, autophagy, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and tumor microenvironment can all contribute to the development of resistance in breast cancer cells. Based on the relevant research on the existing drug resistance mechanism, the current treatment plan for reversing the resistance of breast cancer to neoadjuvant chemotherapy is explored, and the potential drug targets are analyzed, aiming to provide a new idea and strategy to reverse the resistance of neoadjuvant chemotherapy drugs in breast cancer.
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Ramos I, Stamatakis K, Oeste CL, Pérez-Sala D. Vimentin as a Multifaceted Player and Potential Therapeutic Target in Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4675. [PMID: 32630064 PMCID: PMC7370124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein that plays key roles in integration of cytoskeletal functions, and therefore in basic cellular processes such as cell division and migration. Consequently, vimentin has complex implications in pathophysiology. Vimentin is required for a proper immune response, but it can also act as an autoantigen in autoimmune diseases or as a damage signal. Although vimentin is a predominantly cytoplasmic protein, it can also appear at extracellular locations, either in a secreted form or at the surface of numerous cell types, often in relation to cell activation, inflammation, injury or senescence. Cell surface targeting of vimentin appears to associate with the occurrence of certain posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation and/or oxidative damage. At the cell surface, vimentin can act as a receptor for bacterial and viral pathogens. Indeed, vimentin has been shown to play important roles in virus attachment and entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), dengue and encephalitis viruses, among others. Moreover, the presence of vimentin in specific virus-targeted cells and its induction by proinflammatory cytokines and tissue damage contribute to its implication in viral infection. Here, we recapitulate some of the pathophysiological implications of vimentin, including the involvement of cell surface vimentin in interaction with pathogens, with a special focus on its role as a cellular receptor or co-receptor for viruses. In addition, we provide a perspective on approaches to target vimentin, including antibodies or chemical agents that could modulate these interactions to potentially interfere with viral pathogenesis, which could be useful when multi-target antiviral strategies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ramos
- Department of Neurology and Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Konstantinos Stamatakis
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, UAM-CSIC. Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (K.S.); (C.L.O.)
| | - Clara L. Oeste
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, UAM-CSIC. Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (K.S.); (C.L.O.)
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Hatami E, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC, Yallapu MM. Gambogic acid: A shining natural compound to nanomedicine for cancer therapeutics. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188381. [PMID: 32492470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration has permitted number of therapeutic agents for cancer treatment. Most of them are expensive and have some degree of systemic toxicity which makes overbearing in clinical settings. Although advanced research continuously applied in cancer therapeutics, but drug resistance, metastasis, and recurrence remain unanswerable. These accounts to an urgent clinical need to discover natural compounds with precisely safe and highly efficient for the cancer prevention and cancer therapy. Gambogic acid (GA) is the principle bioactive and caged xanthone component, a brownish gamboge resin secreted from the of Garcinia hanburyi tree. This molecule showed a spectrum of biological and clinical benefits against various cancers. In this review, we document distinct biological characteristics of GA as a novel anti-cancer agent. This review also delineates specific molecular mechanism(s) of GA that are involved in anti-cancer, anti-metastasis, anti-angiogenesis, and chemo-/radiation sensitizer activities. Furthermore, recent evidence, development, and implementation of various nanoformulations of gambogic acid (nanomedicine) have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hatami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Subhash C Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA.
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Gambogic acid increases the sensitivity to paclitaxel in drug‑resistant triple‑negative breast cancer via the SHH signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4515-4522. [PMID: 31545492 PMCID: PMC6797991 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel is the most frequently used therapy regimen for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, chemoresistance frequently occurs, leading to enhanced failure rates of chemotherapy in TNBC; therefore, novel biological therapies are urgently needed. Gambogic acid (GA) has potent anticancer effects and inhibits tumor growth in several types of human cancer. However, the effects of GA on paclitaxel-resistant TNBC remain unknown. In the present study, the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to examine the effect of GA and/or paclitaxel on the viability of TNBC cells; flow cytometry was used to examine the effects of GA on cell apoptosis; and western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR were used to determine the effects of GA on the expression of sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway target genes. The present results indicated that GA significantly inhibited the viability and enhanced the rate of apoptosis in paclitaxel-resistant MDA-MB-231 cells via activating the SHH signaling pathway. In vivo experiments confirmed that GA treatment enhanced the sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 cells to paclitaxel via the SHH signaling pathway. In conclusion, the combination of GA with paclitaxel may increase the antitumor effects on paclitaxel-resistant TNBC via downregulating the SHH signaling pathway.
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Wang Y, Wang W, Sun H. Bromodomain‑containing protein 4 is critical for the antiproliferative and pro‑apoptotic effects of gambogic acid in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:161-170. [PMID: 29717765 PMCID: PMC5979940 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA) has been widely used as an anticancer drug for different tumors, including thyroid cancer. However, the potential function and molecular mechanisms of GA in anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) has not been illustrated thus far. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the antitumor effects of GA on ATC cells and investigate its underlying molecular mechanisms. The results revealed that GA significantly decreased the viability and proliferation, as well as induced cell apoptosis in ATC cell lines. Next, it was demonstrated that GA decreased the expression of bromodomain‑containing protein 4 (BRD4), which has been reported to function as an oncogene in various types of cancer. BRD4 expression was significantly higher in ATC tissues compared with that in adjacent normal thyroid tissues. In addition, BRD4 silencing significantly repressed the cell viability and proliferation, and increased the cell apoptotic rate in vitro, while it also delayed the tumor growth in vivo. Notably, ectopic BRD4 expression significantly weakened the biological effects of GA on ATC cells in vitro and in vivo, which suggested that GA served its anticancer functions partially via downregulating BRD4. In conclusion, BRD4, functioning as an oncogene in ATC, is important for the antiproliferative and pro‑apoptotic effects of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Breast, Thyroid and Hernia Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Hongqin Sun
- Department of Central Sterile Supply, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
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Kang Y, Lu L, Lan J, Ding Y, Yang J, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Zhang T, Ho RJ. Redox-responsive polymeric micelles formed by conjugating gambogic acid with bioreducible poly(amido amine)s for the co-delivery of docetaxel and MMP-9 shRNA. Acta Biomater 2018; 68:137-153. [PMID: 29288085 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A novel redox-sensitive system for co-delivering hydrophobic drugs and hydrophilic siRNA or shRNA was developed by conjugating gambogic acid (GA) with poly(amido amine)s (PAAs) through amide bonds, which is called GA-conjugated PAAs (PAG). PAG can self-assemble into micelles as amphiphilic block copolymers, which exhibits an excellent loading ability for the co-delivery of docetaxel (DTX) and MMP-9 shRNA with adjustable dosing ratios. In addition, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and in vitro transfection analyses demonstrated more efficient cellular internalization of DTX and MMP-9 shRNA after incubation with PAG/DTX- MMP-9 shRNA micelles (PAG/DTX-shRNA) than with free drugs. Unlike traditional amphiphilic copolymer micelles, GA conjugated in PAG possesses an intrinsic anticancer efficacy. The presence of disulfide bonds in PAAs enables rapid disassembly of PAG micelles in response to reducing agents, inducing the release of loaded drugs (DTX, GA and MMP-9 shRNA). In vitro cellular assays revealed that PAG/DTX-shRNA micelles inhibited MCF-7 cell proliferation more efficiently than the single drug or single drug-loaded micelles. In vivo biodistribution and anti-tumor effect studies using an MCF-7 breast cancer xenograft mouse model have indicated that PAG/DTX-shRNA micelles can enhance drug accumulation compared with the free drug, thereby sustaining the therapeutic effect on tumors. Additionally, PAG/DTX-shRNA micelles displayed a greater anti-tumor efficacy than Taxotere® and PAG-shRNA micelles. These results suggest that the redox-sensitive PAG platform is a promising co-delivery system for combining drugs and gene therapy for the treatment of cancer. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The PAG micelles were designed by conjugating gambogic acid (GA) with poly(amido amine)s (PAAs), which would serve dual purposes as both gene and drugs co-delivery carrier and an anti-tumor prodrug. Unlike traditional amphiphilic micelles, GA conjugated in PAG could exert its intrinsic efficacy and provide synergistic antiproliferative effects with docetaxel (DTX) on MCF-7 cells. Disulfide bonds in PAG enables a rapid disassembly of PAG micelles in response to reducing agents and to release all loaded drugs (DTX, GA and MMP-9 shRNA) at tumor sites. PAG/DTX-shRNA micelles displayed greater anti-tumor efficacy than that of Taxotere®, indicating the design concept for PAG works well. And the strategy for PAG could be used to develop a series of similar co-delivery systems through conjugations of other small-molecule drugs with PAAs, such as doxorubicin, methotrexate and other drugs with carboxy groups in their structure.
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Ophiobolin A Induces Autophagy and Activates the Mitochondrial Pathway of Apoptosis in Human Melanoma Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167672. [PMID: 27936075 PMCID: PMC5147944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ophiobolin A, a fungal toxin from Bipolaris species known to affect different cellular processes in plants, has recently been shown to have anti-cancer activity in mammalian cells. In the present study, we investigated the anti-proliferative effect of Ophiobolin A on human melanoma A375 and CHL-1 cell lines. This cellular model was chosen because of the incidence of melanoma malignant tumor on human population and its resistance to chemical treatments. Ophyobolin A strongly reduced cell viability of melanoma cells by affecting mitochondrial functionality. The toxin induced depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial network fragmentation, leading to autophagy induction and ultimately resulting in cell death by activation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Finally, a comparative proteomic investigation on A375 cells allowed to identify several Ophiobolin A down-regulated proteins, which are involved in fundamental processes for cell homeostasis and viability.
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Suo T, Wang H, Li Z. Application of proteomics in research on traditional Chinese medicine. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:873-81. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2016.1220837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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