Phenolic acids isolated from the fungus Schizophyllum commune exert analgesic activity by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels

Metabolites from the plant endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. CPCC 401423 and their cytotoxic activity against MIA PaCa-2 cells

Twenty-two metabolites were isolated from Penicillium sp. CPCC 401423 cultured on rice. The structures of all compounds were elucidated mainly by MS and NMR analysis as well as the necessary CD experimental evidence, of which penicillidione A (1), penicillidione B (2), (E)-4-[(4-acetoxy-3-methyl-2-butenyl)oxy]phenylacetic acid (3), (S)-2-hydroxy-2-{4-[(3-methyl-2-butenyl)oxy]phenyl} (4), (S)-4-(2,3-dihydroxy-3-methyl-butoxy)phenylacetic acid (5), (E)-4-[(3-carboxy-2-butenyl)oxy]benzoic acid (6), (Z)-4-[(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butenyl)oxy]benzoic acid (7), open-cycled N-demethylmelearoride A (12), and penostatin M (16) were identified as new compounds. The cytotoxic activity against human pancreatic carcinoma cell line MIA PaCa-2a was detected. Among them, compounds 13-15 and 22 displayed significant cytotoxicity against MIA-PaCa-2 cells with IC₅₀ values of 8.9, 36.5, 31.8, and 22.3 µM, respectively (positive control gemcitabine IC₅₀ 65.0 µM).

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of wheat fermented with Agaricus brasiliensis and Agaricus bisporus

Solid-state fermentation with Agaricus brasiliensis and Agaricus bisporus on whole grain wheat was carried out. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of fermented wheat were determined. The results showed that the maximum values of polyphenols contents in wheat fermented with A. brasiliensis and A. bisporus reached, respectively (3.16 ± 0.21) and (3.93 ± 0.23) mg GAE/g, which were 2.90 and 3.61 times of unfermented control. By employing ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), 18 kinds of phenolic compounds were identified from fermented wheat. Compared with control, only 4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde was the same compound. It indicated that fermentation with the two fungi changed polyphenols contents and phenolic compounds composition in wheat to a great extent. Among these phenolic compounds, except for 4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid and β-N-(γ-glutamyl)-4-formylphenylhydrazine, other 15 kinds of phenolic compounds were first identified from mushroom samples (including fruit bodies, mycelia and fermentation products). DPPH radical scavenging capacity, reducing power, ferrous ion chelating ability and inhibition of lipid peroxidation of fermented wheat were significantly stronger than control (P < 0.05).

Chemical features and antioxidant profile by Schizophyllum commune produced on different agroindustrial wastes and byproducts of biodiesel production

Schizophyllum commune VE_07 was produced in different culture media containing pine sawdust (PS), grape residue (GR), cotton cake (CC) and jatropha seed cake (JC). The content of phenolics and antioxidant activity were determined for the substrates and mushrooms produced. The content of ß-glucans and the composition of S. commune were also evaluated. The medium formulated with 94% grape residue enabled the highest values of yield, biological efficiency, and productivity. Mushrooms grown in this condition showed the highest value (13.14%) of ß-glucans. The contents of proteins and dietary fibre were 16.59% and 59.61%, respectively. Mushrooms grown in cotton cake showed the highest phenolic content (291.51 ± 1.83 mg GAE/ 100 g mushroom) and antioxidant activity (58.15 ± 0.86 DPPH % scavenging). The results obtained indicate that substrate composition affected the production of S. commune and its chemical composition.

Oleuropein: A Potential Inhibitor for Prostate Cancer Cell Motility by Blocking Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels

In this study, we investigated whether olive leaf and oleuropein have the potential to stop cell motility, which a metastatic cell behavior by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs). For this purpose, it was first prepared the aqueous extract of olive leaves (AOLE). Then it was assayed the effect on the motility of MAT-LyLu, a highly metastatic Dunning rat prostate adenocarcinoma cells of this extract. The phenolic content of AOLE was analyzed using LC-MS/MS instrument. It was observed that oleuropein was the most finding compound in AOLE. Therefore, whether oleuropein was responsible for the inhibitory effect of AOLE on the MAT-LyLu cell movement was tested. Nontoxic oleuropein concentrations and those that did not affect proliferation on MAT-LyLu cells were determined. Subsequently, it was examined the effects of oleuropein on the lateral and vertical movement of MAT-LyLu cells. To elucidate the mechanism of oleuropein affecting cell motility, whether it suppressed mRNA expression of SCN9A, which encodes the VGSC was analyzed. Accordingly, oleuropein suppressed the movement of MAT-LyLu cells by reducing SCN9A mRNA expression. In conclusion, we report the first time that oleuropein might be considered as a potential antimetastatic agent for prostate cancer due to its blocking effect on VGSC-mediated cell motility.

Phytochemical and Antinociceptive, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Studies of Smilax larvata (Smilacaceae)

The tea of aerial parts of Smilax larvata Griseb. (Smilacaceae) has been ethnopharmacologically used in Southern Brazil due to its anti-inflammatory action. In this study, ethanolic and organic extracts from aerial parts of S. larvata were phytochemically and pharmacologically characterized. The phytochemical analysis of EtOAc extract of S. larvata revealed the presence of three flavonoids, drabanemoroside, kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, and kaempferol, the first two being isolated for the first time in this genus, two phenolic compounds p-hydroxybenzoic acid and p-coumaric acid, and alkaloids. In vitro assays demonstrated a potential antioxidant property of SLG. The treatment with SLG induced a significant reduction of the formalin-evoked flinches in rats, an effect reversed by opioid antagonist naloxone. Treatment with SLG also induced a significant increase in the hot plate latency and a decrease of intestinal motility by 45%. No effect was observed over nociceptive responses induced by a TRPA1 agonist mustard oil or over acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. Together, our data suggested that SLG has an in vivo antinociceptive effect, which seems to be associated with the opioid system activation. These findings support previous claims of medical use of Smilax larvata in the treatment of pain conditions.