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Gao J, Tao L, Jiang Z. Alleviate oxidative stress in diabetic retinopathy: antioxidant therapeutic strategies. Redox Rep 2023; 28:2272386. [PMID: 38041593 PMCID: PMC11001280 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2023.2272386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review outlines the function of oxidative stress in DR and discusses therapeutic strategies to treat DR with antioxidants. METHODS Published papers on oxidative stress in DR and therapeutic strategies to treat DR with antioxidants were collected and reviewed via database searching on PubMed. RESULTS The abnormal development of DR is a complicated process. The pathogenesis of DR has been reported to involve oxidative stress, despite the fact that the mechanisms underlying this are still not fully understood. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation can damage retina, eventually leading to DR. Increasing evidence have demonstrated that antioxidant therapy can alleviate the degeneration of retinal capillaries in DR. CONCLUSION Oxidative stress can play an important contributor in the pathogenesis of DR. Furthermore, animal experiments have shown that antioxidants are a beneficial therapy for treating DR, but more clinical trial data is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liming Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengxuan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
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Starr CR, Gorbatyuk MS. Posttranslational modifications of proteins in diseased retina. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1150220. [PMID: 37066080 PMCID: PMC10097899 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1150220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are known to constitute a key step in protein biosynthesis and in the regulation of protein functions. Recent breakthroughs in protein purification strategies and current proteome technologies make it possible to identify the proteomics of healthy and diseased retinas. Despite these advantages, the research field identifying sets of posttranslationally modified proteins (PTMomes) related to diseased retinas is significantly lagging, despite knowledge of the major retina PTMome being critical to drug development. In this review, we highlight current updates regarding the PTMomes in three retinal degenerative diseases-namely, diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma, and retinitis pigmentosa (RP). A literature search reveals the necessity to expedite investigations into essential PTMomes in the diseased retina and validate their physiological roles. This knowledge would accelerate the development of treatments for retinal degenerative disorders and the prevention of blindness in affected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina S. Gorbatyuk
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Wiklund L, Sharma A, Muresanu DF, Zhang Z, Li C, Tian ZR, Buzoianu AD, Lafuente JV, Nozari A, Feng L, Sharma HS. TiO 2-Nanowired Delivery of Chinese Extract of Ginkgo biloba EGb-761 and Bilobalide BN-52021 Enhanced Neuroprotective Effects of Cerebrolysin Following Spinal Cord Injury at Cold Environment. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 32:353-384. [PMID: 37480466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32997-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Military personnel during combat or peacekeeping operations are exposed to extreme climates of hot or cold environments for longer durations. Spinal cord injury is quite common in military personnel following central nervous system (CNS) trauma indicating a possibility of altered pathophysiological responses at different ambient temperatures. Our previous studies show that the pathophysiology of brain injury is exacerbated in animals acclimated to cold (5 °C) or hot (30 °C) environments. In these diverse ambient temperature zones, trauma exacerbated oxidative stress generation inducing greater blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and cell damage. Extracts of Ginkgo biloba EGb-761 and BN-52021 treatment reduces brain pathology following heat stress. This effect is further improved following TiO2 nanowired delivery in heat stress in animal models. Several studies indicate the role of EGb-761 in attenuating spinal cord induced neuronal damages and improved functional deficit. This is quite likely that these effects are further improved following nanowired delivery of EGb-761 and BN-52021 with cerebrolysin-a balanced composition of several neurotrophic factors and peptide fragments in spinal cord trauma. In this review, TiO2 nanowired delivery of EGb-761 and BN-52021 with nanowired cerebrolysin is examined in a rat model of spinal cord injury at cold environment. Our results show that spinal cord injury aggravates cord pathology in cold-acclimated rats and nanowired delivery of EGb-761 and BN-52021 with cerebrolysin significantly induced superior neuroprotection, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Wiklund
- Department of Surgical Sciences, International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- Department of Surgical Sciences, International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Yuexiu District, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Yuexiu District, China
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshan Road (West), Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- Department of Surgical Sciences, International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Wang L, Guo J, Wang Y, Zhao P, Liu B, Zhang Y, Xiong Y, Chen Q, Lin L, Li L, He X, Tan Y, Cao M, Yi J, Deng T, Lu C. Anti-inflammatory effects of Chaishi Tuire Granules on influenza A treatment by mediating TRAF6/MAPK14 axis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:943681. [DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.943681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesInfluenza is an infectious respiratory disease that can cause severe inflammatory reactions and threaten human life. Chaishi Tuire Granules (CSTRG), a Chinese patent medicine widely used clinically in the treatment of respiratory diseases in China, has a definite anti-inflammatory effect. However, the mechanism of CSTRG in the treatment of influenza is still unclear. This study aimed to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory effect of CSTRG on influenza A treatment and potential mechanisms.MethodsInfluenza-associated mice pneumonia model was used to explore the antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects of CSTRG in vivo. Bioinformatics analysis methods such as network pharmacology and molecular docking were carried out to predict the main active components and potential anti-inflammatory targets of CSTRG. The anti-inflammatory activity of CSTRG was determined using the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages RAW264.7 cells in vitro.ResultsIn vivo results showed that CSTRG can reduce the viral load in the lung tissue of infected mice, reduce the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in lung tissue and serum, and regulate the host inflammatory response. Additionally, CSTRG treatment markedly improves the sick signs, weight loss, lung index, and lung pathological changes. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that six active compounds of CSTRG including quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, beta-sitosterol, sitosterol, and stigmasterol could contribute to the anti-influenza activity through regulating the TRAF6/MAPK14 axis. The following research confirmed that CSTRG significantly inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) by suppressing the expression of TRAF6 and MAPK14 in LPS-stimulated macrophages RAW264.7 cells.ConclusionCSTRG might inhibit the inflammatory response by mediating the TRAF6/MAPK14 axis. In the future, in-depth research is still needed to verify the mechanism of CSTRG in the treatment of influenza.
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Su Q, Dong J, Zhang D, Yang L, Roy R. Protective Effects of the Bilobalide on Retinal Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:6407-6422. [PMID: 35932369 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a diabetes mellitus (DM) complication that causes visual acuity impairment and loss of sight in the working population, mainly in developed countries. According to the WHO, DR accounts for 5% of the world's 37 million blind people. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was highest in Africa, followed by North America and the Caribbean and South and Central America. Hyperglycemia can generate excessive ROS that activates multiple pathways, which can damage the cells. Oxidative stress and inflammatory process are intricate in the DR pathological mechanism. Bilobalide is the main bioactive compound isolated from the Ginkgo biloba, a plant utilized in folklore medicine. Bilobalide, a sesquiterpene trilactone, exhibits excellent antioxidant activity. But the molecular mechanisms associated with such effects, especially the antioxidant-related mechanism, have not been documented. Hence, this investigation explored whether bilobalide may attenuate DR in streptozotocin (STZ)-prompted diabetic rats. The effects of bilobalide on parameters of antioxidant content, oxidative stress, and inflammatory factors in the retinal tissues were evaluated by ELISA, RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry methods. Bilobalide improved caloric management by reducing food consumption and increasing body weight. Furthermore, the administration of bilobalide decreases the blood glucose level and glycosylated (HbA1c) hemoglobin. The anti-retinopathy activity of bilobalide was established by the increase in the total retina thickness (TRT), inner nuclear layer (INL), and outer nuclear layer (ONL) in diabetic rats. Additionally, the serum level of MDA was decreased. In contrast, the antioxidant enzyme (SOD and CAT) levels were increased with TAC plus lower Keap1 and higher Nrf2 expression in the retina when associated with the DM rats. Moreover, bilobalide increased the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression level and inflammatory mediators (NF-κβ p65, TNF-α, IL-1β, and VEGF), thus inhibiting oxidative stress. Bilobalide can be effective against DR, and the possible mechanism may be relatively elucidated by decreasing oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory activities. But the further investigation should be directed to expose the precise mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Donglei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Retinology, Shanxi Eye Hospital, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Rupak Roy
- SHRM Biotechnologies Pvt. Ltd. Kolkata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Treatment of Glaucoma with Natural Products and Their Mechanism of Action: An Update. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030534. [PMID: 35276895 PMCID: PMC8840399 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness. It is generally caused by increased intraocular pressure, which results in damage of the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells, ultimately leading to visual field dysfunction. However, even with the use of intraocular pressure-lowering eye drops, the disease still progresses in some patients. In addition to mechanical and vascular dysfunctions of the eye, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Hence, the use of natural products with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties may represent an alternative approach for glaucoma treatment. The present review highlights recent preclinical and clinical studies on various natural products shown to possess neuroprotective properties for retinal ganglion cells, which thereby may be effective in the treatment of glaucoma. Intraocular pressure can be reduced by baicalein, forskolin, marijuana, ginsenoside, resveratrol and hesperidin. Alternatively, Ginkgo biloba, Lycium barbarum, Diospyros kaki, Tripterygium wilfordii, saffron, curcumin, caffeine, anthocyanin, coenzyme Q10 and vitamins B3 and D have shown neuroprotective effects on retinal ganglion cells via various mechanisms, especially antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis mechanisms. Extensive studies are still required in the future to ensure natural products' efficacy and safety to serve as an alternative therapy for glaucoma.
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