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Xing YX, Li MH, Tao L, Ruan LY, Hong W, Chen C, Zhao WL, Xu H, Chen JF, Wang JS. Anti-Cancer Effects of Emodin on HepG2 Cells as Revealed by 1H NMR Based Metabolic Profiling. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1943-1952. [PMID: 29676152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic carcinoma is one of the most common cancers in the world, with a high incidence. Emodin is an anthraquinone derived from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb, possessing anti-cancer activity. The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-cancer effect of different dosages of emodin on HepG2 cells using a 1H NMR based metabolic approach complemented with qRT-PCR and flow cytometry to identify potential markers and discover the targets to explore the underlying mechanism. Emodin can dose-dependently inhibit the growth of HepG2 cells, perturb cell cycle progression, down-regulate the expression of genes and proteins related to glycolysis, and trigger intracellular ROS generation. Orthogonal signal correction partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OSC-PLS-DA) and correlation network analysis of the 1H NMR data showed significant changes in many endogenous metabolites after emodin exposure concerning oxidative stress and disturbances in amino acid and energy metabolism. These findings are helpful to understand the anti-cancer mechanism of emodin and provide a theoretical basis for its future application and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Xiao Xing
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hui Li
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Tao
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yu Ruan
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Hong
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Long Zhao
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Han Xu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Feng Chen
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Song Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
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Qi G, Yang L, Xiao C, Shi J, Mi Y, Liu X. Nutrient values and bioactivities of the extracts from three fern species in China: a comparative assessment. Food Funct 2016; 6:2918-29. [PMID: 26227747 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00510h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pteridium aquilinum, Osmunda cinnamomea Linn, and Athyrium multidentatum (Doll.) Ching are three fern species widely consumed as potherbs and traditional medicinal herbs in China. Nevertheless, no detailed comparative assessments of their nutrient values and bioactivities have been reported. In this paper, we examined the nutrient content of these ferns and the bioactivities of their extracts with a comparative method. The results indicated that they were nutrient dense for proteins, carbohydrates, fat and minerals. Compared with Pteridium aquilinum and Osmunda cinnamomea Linn, the extract from Athyrium multidentatum (Doll.) Ching was found to possess the strongest antioxidant activity, protective effects on biomolecules, cellular antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative effects owing to its highest total phenolic (476.52 ± 11.26 mg GAE per g extract) and total flavonoid (924.81 ± 4.25 mg RNE per g extract) contents. Further, Athyrium multidentatum (Doll.) Ching can lead to caspase-3 activation, poly ADP-ribose polymerase cleavage, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) reduction and inhibition of wound-healing in a dose-dependent manner in HepG2 cells. These results demonstrate the remarkable potential of Pteridium aquilinum, Osmunda cinnamomea Linn, and Athyrium multidentatum (Doll.) Ching as valuable sources of nutrients and natural antioxidants, and among which Athyrium multidentatum (Doll.) Ching has potential anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyuan Qi
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
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Kohla MAS, Abu Zeid MI, Al-Warraky M, Taha H, Gish RG. Predictors of hepatic decompensation after TACE for hepatocellular carcinoma. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2015; 2:e000032. [PMID: 26462282 PMCID: PMC4599160 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2015-000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To study predictive factors for hepatic decompensation after transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Between November 2009 and August 2010, of 254 patients with HCC who presented to our multidisciplinary HCC clinic for evaluation, 102 (40%) were amenable for TACE. In this prospective study, there were 102 patients with compensated cirrhosis with HCC and Child-Pugh Class A cirrhosis who underwent TACE at the National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Egypt. We excluded all patients with prior locoregional therapy, systemic therapy and/or surgical intervention. At baseline and at 1 month postprocedure, laboratory criteria, tumour criteria (size, number) and Child-Pugh score were recorded. Patients were classified into group 1 (no Child-Pugh point increase after TACE) and group 2 (one or more added Child-Pugh points after TACE, defining hepatic decompensation). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors predictive of hepatic decompensation. Results Patients were mostly males (82.4%) of mean age 58.4±8.1 years. The only significant changes in laboratory findings at 1 month after TACE were increased international normalised ratio, serum total bilirubin, alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase and decreased serum albumin and α-fetoprotein (AFP). The statistically significant predictive factors for hepatic decompensation using univariate analysis were found to be baseline lower serum albumin, higher serum α-fetoprotein, more advanced Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage, larger tumour size and a greater number of tumour nodules; with logistic regression, multivariate analysis found that at baseline larger tumour size (p=0.004 at 95% CI), higher serum AFP (p=0.046 at 95% CI) and lower serum albumin (p=0.033 at 95% CI) predicted decompensation; BCLC stage, number of tumour nodules and pre-TACE bilirubin did not predict changes in liver function. Conclusions Lower serum albumin and increased tumour burden (larger tumour size/more nodules and higher α-fetoprotein) at baseline may help predict post-TACE decompensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A S Kohla
- Department of Hepatology , National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University , Shebeen El-Kom, Menoufiya , Egypt
| | - Mai I Abu Zeid
- Department of Hepatology , National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University , Shebeen El-Kom, Menoufiya , Egypt
| | - Mohamed Al-Warraky
- Department of Radiology , National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University , Shebeen El-Kom, Menoufiya , Egypt
| | - Hossam Taha
- Department of Hepatology , National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University , Shebeen El-Kom, Menoufiya , Egypt
| | - Robert G Gish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Stanford University , Stanford, California , USA
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Faria SC, Szklaruk J, Kaseb AO, Hassabo HM, Elsayes KM. TNM/Okuda/Barcelona/UNOS/CLIP International Multidisciplinary Classification of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: concepts, perspectives, and radiologic implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 39:1070-87. [PMID: 24695938 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-014-0130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health problem worldwide. Moreover, the liver cancer field is evolving rapidly, with early diagnosis, new therapies, and a better understanding of HCC's biology and development. Accurate staging is important for determining prognosis and selecting the most appropriate treatment for each patient. Surgical intervention remains the most effective treatment for HCC and is the only potentially curative modality. However, in HCC patients, overall survival is also independently affected by underlying liver disease and cirrhosis, which in turn affect the applicability and efficacy of treatment. Although several staging classification and prognostic scoring systems have been proposed for determining the stage and prognosis of HCC, no consensus exists on the best classification method. The most common staging classification systems include tumor-node-metastasis stage, Okuda staging, Cancer of the Liver Italian Program score, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging classification, the French, the Chinese University Prognostic Index, Japanese Integrated Scoring, and the Tokyo score. Radiologists should be aware of the different staging classification systems for HCC and familiar with the system relevant to their respective referring clinicians, as it will provide pertinent radiological evaluation for multidisciplinary management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana C Faria
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Unit 1473, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Chen SP, Zhang LS, Fu BS, Zeng XC, Yi HM, Jiang N. Prostate tumor overexpressed 1 is a novel prognostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma progression and overall patient survival. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e423. [PMID: 25634174 PMCID: PMC4602939 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene prostate tumor overexpressed 1 (PTOV1) was first found to be upregulated in prostate cancer. This upregulation increased tumor cell proliferation, retinoic acid resistance, and migration. This study investigated the expression and prognostic significance of PTOV1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction and western blot analysis were performed to examine PTOV1 expression in 11 HCC cell lines and 2 normal hepatic cell lines. PTOV1 expression levels were also determined in 8 pairs of tissue samples taken from primary HCC tumors and the matched adjacent noncancerous liver tissue from the same patient. Immunohistochemistry assays assessed PTOV1 protein expression in paraffin-embedded clinical samples taken from 215 HCC patients. The correlation of PTOV1 expression with the clinicopathological parameters was evaluated along with the prognostic impact of PTOV1 expression in these HCC patients. PTOV1 mRNA and protein were overexpressed in HCC cell lines compared with normal liver cell lines and were overexpressed in primary HCC samples compared with the matched noncancerous liver tissue samples. In the paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 215 HCC patients, PTOV1 protein expression was significantly correlated with T classification, N classification, clinical stage, and serum α-fetoprotein. HCC patients with higher PTOV1 expression had shorter survival times than patients with lower PTOV1 expression. Our study demonstrated that PTOV1 overexpression is correlated with increased aggressiveness of HCC and could be a prognostic biomarker for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Peng Chen
- From the The department of (B-SF, H-MY, N-J) is Department of Hepatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Department of Experimental Research, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University (S-PC); Oncology Department, PLA458 Hospital, Guangzhou (LSZ); and Department of General Surgery, Zengcheng People's Hospital, (BoJi-Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University), Zengcheng, China (X-CZ)
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Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells through ROS-Ca(2+)-JNK mitochondrial pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 456:926-32. [PMID: 25529445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a well-known dietary n-3 PUFAS, has been considered to inhibit proliferation of tumor cells. However, the molecular mechanism related to EPA-induced liver cancer cells apoptosis has not been reported. In this study, we investigated the effect of EPA on HepG2 cells proliferation and apoptosis mechanism through mitochondrial pathways. EPA inhibited proliferation of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner and had no significant effect on the cell viability of humor normal liver L-02 cells. It was found that EPA initially evoked ROS formation, leading to [Ca(2+)]c accumulation and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening; EPA-induced HepG2 cells apoptosis was inhibited by N-acetylcysteine (NAC, an inhibitor of ROS), 1,2-bis (2-aminophenoxy) ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA-AM, a chelator of calcium) and CsA (inhibitor of MPTP). The relationship between ROS production, the increase of cytoplasmic Ca and MPTP opening was detected. It seems that ROS may act as an upstream regulator of EPA-induced [Ca(2+)]c generation, moreover, generation of ROS, overload of mitochondrial [Ca(2+)]c, and JNK activated cause the opening of MPTP. Western blotting results showed that EPA elevated the phosphorylation status of JNK, processes associated with the ROS generation. Simultaneously, the apoptosis induced by EPA was related to release of cytochrome C from mitochondria to cytoplasm through the MPTP and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. These results suggest that EPA induces apoptosis through ROS-Ca(2+)-JNK mitochondrial pathways.
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Mohan CD, Bharathkumar H, Bulusu KC, Pandey V, Rangappa S, Fuchs JE, Shanmugam MK, Dai X, Li F, Deivasigamani A, Hui KM, Kumar AP, Lobie PE, Bender A, Basappa, Sethi G, Rangappa KS. Development of a novel azaspirane that targets the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34296-307. [PMID: 25320076 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.601104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that regulates genes involved in cell growth, proliferation, and survival, and given its association with many types of cancers, it has recently emerged as a promising target for therapy. In this work, we present the synthesis of N-substituted azaspirane derivatives and their biological evaluation against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells (IC50 = 7.3 μm), thereby identifying 2-(1-(4-(2-cyanophenyl)1-benzyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-5-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-oxa-3-azaspiro(5,5) undecane (CIMO) as a potent inhibitor of the JAK-STAT pathway with selectivity over normal LO2 cells (IC50 > 100 μm). The lead compound, CIMO, suppresses proliferation of HCC cells and achieves this effect by reducing both constitutive and inducible phosphorylation of JAK1, JAK2, and STAT3. Interestingly, CIMO displayed inhibition of Tyr-705 phosphorylation, which is required for nuclear translocation of STAT3, but it has no effect on Ser-727 phosphorylation. CIMO accumulates cancer cells in the sub-G1 phase and decreases STAT3 in the nucleus and thereby causes down-regulation of genes regulated via STAT3. Suppression of STAT3 phosphorylation by CIMO and knockdown of STAT3 mRNA using siRNA transfection displayed a similar effect on the viability of HCC cells. Furthermore, CIMO significantly decreased the tumor development in an orthotopic HCC mouse model through the modulation of phospho-STAT3, Ki-67, and cleaved caspase-3 in tumor tissues. Thus, CIMO represents a chemically novel and biologically in vitro and in vivo validated compound, which targets the JAK-STAT pathway as a potential cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanumantharayappa Bharathkumar
- the Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Bangalore University, Central College Campus, Palace Road, Bangalore 560001, India
| | - Krishna C Bulusu
- the Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Vijay Pandey
- the Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599
| | - Shobith Rangappa
- the Frontier Research Center for Post-genome Science and Technology Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Julian E Fuchs
- the Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Muthu K Shanmugam
- the Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore, and
| | - Xiaoyun Dai
- the Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore, and
| | - Feng Li
- the Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore, and
| | - Amudha Deivasigamani
- the Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Kam M Hui
- the Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- the Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, the Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore, and
| | - Peter E Lobie
- the Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, the Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore, and
| | - Andreas Bender
- the Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Basappa
- the Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Bangalore University, Central College Campus, Palace Road, Bangalore 560001, India,
| | - Gautam Sethi
- the Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore, and
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Yang H, Tian ST, Wu RY, Chen Y, Mei ZN, Wang CY, Yang GZ. Glycoborinine induces apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway in HepG2 cells. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2014; 16:991-999. [PMID: 24930917 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2014.918961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycoborinine (GB), a natural carbazole alkaloid isolated from Glycosmis pentaphylla, has been shown to be a potential molecule against cancer cells. In this study, the cell-signaling pathway of its anti-tumor activity was investigated. MTT assay result showed that GB inhibited HepG2 cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner and 50% inhibiting concentration (IC50) of GB-induced cell death was 39.7 μM for a period of 48 h. GB-induced HepG2 apoptosis was confirmed by Hochest 33258 staining and PI staining. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured with H2DCF-DA staining and the change of mitochondrial membrane potential (△Ψ(m)) was analyzed with tetrechloro-tetraethylbenzimidazolcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) probe. Results showed that GB at 12.5, 25, and 50 μM promoted ROS production. GB induced HepG2 apoptosis through a mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, which was demonstrated by GB-induced increase in the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, cytochrome C release, the ratio of cleaved caspase-3/procaspase-3, and the ratio of cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase (cleaved PARP)/poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). To summarize, this study demonstrated that GB could induce HepG2 apoptosis through the mitochondrial-dependent pathway, which might provide a promising approach to cure liver cancer with GB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- a Engineering Research Centre for the Protection and Utilization of Bioresource in Ethnic Area of Southern China, South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , China
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N RC, Basappa, V S, Li F, Siveen KS, Dai X, Swamy SN, G BD, Sethi G, K M, Bender A, KS R. Synthesis and biological evaluation of tetrahydropyridinepyrazoles (‘PFPs’) as inhibitors of STAT3 phosphorylation. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Liao J, Xu T, Zheng JX, Lin JM, Cai QY, Yu DB, Peng J. Nitidine chloride inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth in vivo through the suppression of the JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:79-84. [PMID: 23613111 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is persistently activated in cancer cells and contributes to malignant progression in various types of cancer. The Janus-activated kinase (JAK) family phosphorylates STAT3 in response to stimulation by cytokines or growth factors. The JAK1-STAT3 signaling pathway plays an important role in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Nitidine chloride (NC) is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid that has been reported as an antitumor agent due to its its inhibitory effects on topoisomerase I. Using a mouse xenograft model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), this study aimed to evaluate the effects of NC on tumor growth in vivo and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The analysis of the effects of NC on apoptosis in HCC tumor xenografts in mice was carried out by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay; the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4, cyclin D1, p21 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry; and the protein expression of JAK1 and STAT3 was examined by western blot analysis. Our results revealed that treatment with NC decreased the tumor volume and tumor weight, suggesting that NC inhibits HCC cell growth in vivo. In addition, NC blocked the activation of JAK1-STAT3 in the tumor tissues, which in turn resulted in the induction of cancer cell apoptosis and the inhibition of proliferation. Consequently, treatment with NC downregulated the expression of cyclin D1, CDK4 and Bcl-2 and increased the level of p21 and Bax. Our data provide a molecular basis for the antitumor activity of NC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liao
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China.
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Kazmi I, Narooka AR, Afzal M, Singh R, Al-Abbasi FA, Ahmad A, Anwar F. Anticancer effect of ursolic acid stearoyl glucoside in chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Physiol Biochem 2013; 69:687-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Li P, Lin Y, Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Huo K. SSX2IP promotes metastasis and chemotherapeutic resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Transl Med 2013; 11:52. [PMID: 23452395 PMCID: PMC3599991 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Synovial sarcoma, X breakpoint 2 interacting protein (SSX2IP), which has been identified as an acute myeloid leukemia associated antigen, is a potential target for leukemia immunotherapy. In rodents, its homologous gene, ADIP, plays an important role in the regulation of cell adhesion and migration, underlying its potential role in promoting metastasis of other cancers. Methods To investigate the correlation between the expression level of SSX2IP and the clinicopathologic factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 53 cases were studied by qPCR and statisted. To directly testing SSX2IP’s contribution to HCC in animal models, 45 nude mice were enrolled in peritoneal spreading and liver metastasis models. For the migration and invasion assays, cell culture experiments were performed using QCMTM 24-Well Colorimetric Migration Assay Kit and Cell Invasion Assay Kit (Millipore). Moreover we examined the influence of SSX2IP overexpression on the chemosensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells to two most common chemotherapy drugs (5-Fu and CDDP) using Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8). The chemotherapeutic drugs sensitivity was evaluated by IC50 parameter. Results Statistical analysis of clinical cases revealed that the SSX2IP high expression group had inclinations towards larger tumor size, more tumor thrombus and shorter survival period, implying a strong correlation between the expression level of SSX2IP and HCC tumorigenesis. Consistently in abdominal cavity metastasis and liver metastasis models of immune-deficient mice, SSX2IP was able to promote the metastasis of hepatoma cells. At the cytological level, SSX2IP stimulates the wound healing, metastasis and invasion of hepatoma cells, and reduces the sensitivity of hepatoma cells to 5-Fu and CDDP. Conclusions Our results showed that SSX2IP promotes the development and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma and contributes to the drug resistance of hepatoma cells, suggesting that SSX2IP is expected to become a new diagnostic and prognostic marker and a new target of the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Rd, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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Zheng D, Duan C, Zhang D, Jia L, Liu G, Liu Y, Wang F, Li C, Guo H, Zhang Q. Galactosylated chitosan nanoparticles for hepatocyte-targeted delivery of oridonin. Int J Pharm 2012; 436:379-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Yan F, Wang M, Li J, Cheng H, Su J, Wang X, Wu H, Xia L, Li X, Chang HC, Li Q. Gambogenic acid induced mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis and referred to phospho-Erk1/2 and phospho-p38 MAPK in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 33:181-190. [PMID: 22222560 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Gambogenic acid, identified from Gamboge, is responsible for anti-tumor effects, and has been shown to be a potential molecule against human cancers. In this study, the molecular mechanism of gambogenic acid-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells was investigated. Gambogenic acid significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining was used to observe apoptosis, and then confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Gambogenic acid induced apoptosis and morphological changes in mitochondria, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) in mitochondrial apoptosis pathway were also examined. Results showed that the levels of phospho-p38 and its downstream phospho-Erk1/2 of HepG2 cells increased in time- and concentration-dependent manners after gambogenic acid treatments. Additionally, gambogenic acid increased expression ratio of Bcl-2/Bax in mRNA levels, Western blotting analysis also further confirmed the reduced level of Bcl-2 and increase the expression level of Bax in HepG2 cells. These results indicated that gambogenic acid induced mitochondrial oxidative stress and activated caspases through a caspase-3 and caspase-9-dependent apoptosis pathway. Moreover, gambogenic acid mediated apoptosis and was involved in the phospho-Erk1/2 and phospho-p38 MAPK proteins expression changes in HepG2 cells.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Caspase 9/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Shape/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/enzymology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondria/enzymology
- Mitochondria/pathology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Terpenes/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Xanthenes
- Xanthones/pharmacology
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/genetics
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenggen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of R&D of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
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15
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RapidArc combined with the active breathing coordinator provides an effective and accurate approach for the radiotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Strahlenther Onkol 2012; 188:262-8. [PMID: 22311151 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-011-0044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this research was to investigate the feasibility of volumetric modulated arc therapy, RapidArc (RA), in association with the active breathing coordinator (ABC) for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with radiotherapy. PATIENTS AND MATERIALS A total of 12 patients with HCC, after receiving transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) treatment, underwent three-dimensional computer tomography (3D-CT) scanning associated with ABC using end inspiration hold (EIH), end expiration hold (EEH), and free breathing (FB) techniques. The three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), and RA plans (three 135° arcs) were designed on different CT images, respectively. The liver volume, gross tumor volume (GTV), and planning target volume (PTV) of the three breath status and the dosimetric differences of the different plans were compared. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the volumes of live and GTV between the three breathing techniques (p > 0.05); the PTV in FB was greater than in the EEH and EIH (p < 0.05). The overall conformality index (CI) and homogeneity index (HI) for RA (CI 0.92, HI 0.90) were better than IMRT (CI 0.90, HI 0.89) and 3D-CRT (CI 0.70, HI 0.84) for the three breathing techniques (p< 0.05). The RA and IMRT significantly reduced the mean dose, V(20), V(30), and V(40) of normal liver compared to 3D-CRT, while the V(5) and V(10) in RA were higher than in IMRT. The mean values in mean dose, V(10), V(20), V(30), and V(40) of the normal liver were reduced from 13.12 Gy, 46%, 24%, 13%, and 8% in RA(FB) to 10.23 Gy, 35%, 16%, 8%, and 5% in RA(EEH) and 9.23 Gy, 32%, 16%, 8%, and 5% in RA(EIH ), respectively. In addition, the treatment time of RA was equal to 3D-CRT, which was significantly shorter than IMRT. CONCLUSION RA in conjunction with ABC for the treatment of HCC with radiotherapy can achieve better dose delivery and ensure the accuracy of the target volume, which spares more organs at risk, uses fewer monitor units, and shortens treatment time.
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16
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Xiao H, Wang Y, Xiang Q, Xiao C, Yuan L, Liu Z, Liu X. Novel physiological properties of ethanol extracts from Eremurus chinensis Fedtsch. roots: in vitro antioxidant and anticancer activities. Food Funct 2012; 3:1310-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2fo30152k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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17
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Ge C, Xing Y, Wang Q, Xiao W, Lu Y, Hu X, Gao Z, Xu M, Ma Y, Cao R, Liu J. Improved efficacy of therapeutic vaccination with dendritic cells pulsed with tumor cell lysate against hepatocellular carcinoma by introduction of 2 tandem repeats of microbial HSP70 peptide epitope 407-426 and OK-432. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:2200-7. [PMID: 22015603 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccination with dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with tumor cell lysate vaccine (H-D) represents an attractive approach for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. However, the efficacy of this approach is not most satisfactory for the low levels of T helper 1 (Th1)-type cytokines secretion and weak T cell responses. In this study, in order to increase the potency of H-D, two tandem repeats of microbial HSP70 peptide epitope 407-426 (2mHSP70(407-426), M2) which has been demonstrated to be effective in enhancing DC maturation were applied. The DC vaccine (HM-D) which was HCC tumor cell lysate pulsed with M2 was developed. Nevertheless, the immunotherapeutic effect was still not satisfactory enough even some promotion was obtained. Therefore, OK-432 (OK), which is a useful anti-cancer agent and effectively in stimulating DC maturation, was introduced to HM-D. Our results demonstrated that treatment with the improved DC vaccine which was tumor cell lysate pulsed with M2 and OK (HMO-D), compared with H-D and HM-D, significantly increased cell surface markers (MHC-I and II, CD40, CD80, CD86 and CD11c) expression on DCs, enhanced Th1-type cytokines (IL-12, TNF-α and IFN-γ) production but not Th2-type cytokine (IL-5) production, induced remarkable high levels of lymphocytes proliferation and CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL). Furthermore, immunization with HMO-D effectively reduced tumor progression and enhanced the survival of mice with H22 tumors. Besides, we also found that the capability of M2 in inducing the Th1 cytokines was stronger than OK. In view of these results, HMO-D vaccination provided a novel immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyu Ge
- Minigene Pharmacy Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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