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Choudhury SD. Nano-Medicines a Hope for Chagas Disease! Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:655435. [PMID: 34141721 PMCID: PMC8204082 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.655435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, is a vector-mediated tropical disease whose causative agent is a parasitic protozoan named Trypanosoma cruzi. It is a very severe health issue in South America and Mexico infecting millions of people every year. Protozoan T. cruzi gets transmitted to human through Triatominae, a subfamily of the Reduviidae, and do not have any effective treatment or preventative available. The lack of economic gains from this tropical parasitic infection, has always been the reason behind its negligence by researchers and drug manufacturers for many decades. Hence there is an enormous requirement for more efficient and novel strategies to reduce the fatality associated with these diseases. Even, available diagnosis protocols are outdated and inefficient and there is an urgent need for rapid high throughput diagnostics as well as management protocol. The current advancement of nanotechnology in the field of healthcare has generated hope for better management of many tropical diseases including Chagas disease. Nanoparticulate systems for drug delivery like poloxamer coated nanosuspension of benzimidazole have shown promising results in reducing toxicity, elevating efficacy and bioavailability of the active compound against the pathogen, by prolonging release, thereby increasing the therapeutic index. Moreover, nanoparticle-based drug delivery has shown promising results in inducing the host’s immune response against the pathogen with very few side effects. Besides, advances in diagnostic assays, such as nanosensors, aided in the accurate detection of the parasite. In this review, we provide an insight into the life cycle stages of the pathogen in both vertebrate host and the insect vector, along with an overview of the current therapy for Chagas disease and its limitations; nano carrier-based delivery systems for antichagasic agents, we also address the advancement of nano vaccines and nano-diagnostic techniques, for treatment of Chagas disease, majorly focusing on the novel perspectives in combating the disease.
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Campos FA, Magalhães ML, Moreira HT, Pavão RB, Lima Filho MO, Lago IM, Badran AV, Chierice JRA, Schmidt A, Marin Neto JA. Chagas Cardiomyopathy as the Etiology of Suspected Coronary Microvascular Disease. A Comparison Study with Suspected Coronary Microvascular Disease of Other Etiologies. Arq Bras Cardiol 2021; 115:1094-1101. [PMID: 33470307 PMCID: PMC8133735 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20200381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease (CD) as neglected secondary form of suspected coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD). OBJECTIVES Comparison of patients with CMD related to CD (CMD-CE) versus patients with CMD caused by other etiologies (CMD-OE). METHODS Of 1292 stable patients referred for invasive coronary angiography to elucidate the hemodynamic pattern and the cause of angina as a cardinal symptom in their medical history, 247 presented normal epicardial coronary arteries and 101 were included after strict exclusion criteria. Of those, 15 had suspected CMD-CE, and their clinical, hemodynamic, angiographic and scintigraphic characteristics were compared to those of the other 86 patients with suspected CDM-OE. Level of significance for all comparisons was p < 0.05. RESULTS Patients with suspected CMD-CE showed most anthropometric, clinical, angiographic hemodynamic and myocardial perfusion abnormalities that were statistically similar to those detected in the remaining 86 patients with suspected CMD-OE. LV diastolic dysfunction, expressed by elevated LV end-diastolic pressure was equally found in both groups. However, as compared to the group of CMD-OE the group with CMD-CE exhibited lower left ventricular ejection fraction (54.8 ± 15.9 vs 61.1 ± 11.9, p= 0.049) and a more severely impaired index of regional wall motion abnormalities (1.77 ± 0.35 vs 1.18 ± 0.26, p= 0.02) respectively for the CMD-OE and CMD-CE groups. CONCLUSION Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy was a secondary cause of suspected coronary microvascular disease in 15% of 101 stable patients whose cardinal symptom was anginal pain warranting coronary angiography. Although sharing several clinical, hemodynamic, and myocardial perfusion characteristics with patients whose suspected CMD was due to other etiologies, impairment of LV segmental and global systolic function was significantly more severe in the patients with suspected CMD related to Chagas cardiomyopathy. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1094-1101).
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Araujo Campos
- Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP - Brasil
| | - Mariana L Magalhães
- Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP - Brasil
| | - Henrique Turin Moreira
- Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP - Brasil
| | - Rafael B Pavão
- Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP - Brasil
| | - Moyses O Lima Filho
- Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP - Brasil
| | - Igor M Lago
- Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP - Brasil
| | - André V Badran
- Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP - Brasil
| | - João R A Chierice
- Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP - Brasil
| | - André Schmidt
- Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP - Brasil
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3
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Romano MMD, Moreira HT, Marin-Neto JA, Baccelli PE, Alenezi F, Klem I, Maciel BC, Kisslo J, Schmidt A, Velazquez EJ. Early impairment of myocardial deformation assessed by regional speckle-tracking echocardiography in the indeterminate form of Chagas disease without fibrosis detected by cardiac magnetic resonance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008795. [PMID: 33253242 PMCID: PMC7728209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) will account for 200,000 cardiovascular deaths worldwide over the next 5 years. Early detection of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) is a challenge. We aimed to test if speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) can detect incipient myocardial damage in CD. METHODS: Among 325 individuals with positive serological tests, 25 (age 55±12yrs) were selected to compose the group with indeterminate form of Chagas disease (IFCD), based on stringent criteria of being asymptomatic and with normal EKG/X-ray studies. This group was compared with a group of 20 patients with CCC (55±11yrs) and a group of 20 non-infected matched control (NC) subjects (48±10yrs). CD patients and NC were submitted to STE and CD patients were submitted to cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) with late gadolinium administration to detect cardiac fibrosis by the late enhancement technique. Global longitudinal strain (GLS), circumferential (GCS) and radial strain (GRS) were defined as the average of segments measured from three apical view (GLS) and short axis views (GRS and GCS). Regional left ventricular (LV) longitudinal strain (Reg LS) was measured from each of the 17 segments. Twist was measured as systolic peak difference between basal and apical rotation and indexed to LV length to express torsion. RESULTS: STE global indices (GLS, GCS, twist and torsion) were reduced in CCC vs NC (GLS: -14±6.3% vs -19.3±1.6%, p = 0.001; GCS: -13.6±5.2% vs -17.3 ±2.8%; p = 0.008; twist: 8±7° vs 14±7°, p = 0.01 and torsion: 0.96±1°/cm vs 1.9±1°/cm, p = 0.005), but showed no differences in IFCD vs NC. RegLS was reduced in IFCD vs NC in four LV segments: basal-inferior (-16.3±3.3% vs -18.6±2.2%, p = 0.013), basal inferoseptal (-13.1±3.4 vs -15.2±2.7, p = 0.019), mid-inferoseptal (-17.7±3.2 vs -19.4±2, p = 0.032) and mid-inferolateral (-15.2±3.5 vs -17.8±2.8, p = 0.014). These abnormalities in RegLS occurred in the absence of myocardial fibrosis detectable with CMR in nearly 92% of subjects with IFCD, while myocardial fibrosis was present in 65% with CCC. CONCLUSION: RegLS detects early regional impairment of myocardial strain that is independent from fibrosis in IFCD subjects. Regional longitudinal strain is reduced in IFCD before significant fibrosis. As CD progresses to CF, global STE measurements of left ventricle (GLS, GCS, twist and torsion) and GLS of right ventricle are reduced. Early abnormal strain pattern of CD comprises inferior, septoinferior and inferolateral segments of LV. Recognizing the regional strain pattern of Chagas cardiomyopathy may help identifying the disease even at early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Moreira Dias Romano
- Cardiology Center of the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Henrique Turin Moreira
- Cardiology Center of the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - José Antônio Marin-Neto
- Cardiology Center of the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Priscila Elias Baccelli
- Cardiology Center of the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Fawaz Alenezi
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Igor Klem
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Benedito Carlos Maciel
- Cardiology Center of the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Joseph Kisslo
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - André Schmidt
- Cardiology Center of the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Eric J. Velazquez
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
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Rodríguez-Morales O, Roldán FJ, Vargas-Barrón J, Parra-Benítez E, Medina-García MDL, Vergara-Bello E, Arce-Fonseca M. Echocardiographic Findings in Canine Model of Chagas Disease Immunized with DNA Trypanosoma cruzi Genes. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E648. [PMID: 32283649 PMCID: PMC7222844 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (ChD) is considered an emerging disease in the USA and Europe. Trypanosoma cruzi genes encoding a trans-sialidase protein and an amastigote-specific glycoprotein were tested as vaccines in canine model. The aim for this study was determining the prophylactic effect of these genes in experimentally infected dogs by echocardiography evaluation to compare with our findings obtained by other techniques published previously. Low fractional-shortening values of non-vaccinated dogs suggested an impairment in general cardiac function. Low left ventricular ejection fraction values found in infected dogs suggested myocardial injury regardless of whether they were vaccinated. Low left ventricular diastolic/systolic diameters suggested that progressive heart damage or heart dilation could be prevented by DNA vaccination. Systolic peak time was higher in non-vaccinated groups, increasing vulnerability to malignant arrhythmias and sudden death. High left ventricular volume suggested a decrease in wall thickness that might lead to increased size of the heart cavity, except in the pBCSP plasmid-vaccinated dogs. There was an echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular dilation and reduction in systolic function in experimental chagasic dogs. Echocardiography allowed a more complete follow-up of the pathological process in the living patient than with other techniques like electrocardiography, anatomopathology, and histopathology, being the method of choice for characterizing the clinical stages of ChD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Rodríguez-Morales
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (O.R.-M.); (E.P.-B.); (M.d.L.M.-G.); (E.V.-B.)
| | - Francisco-Javier Roldán
- Department of Echocardiography, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (F.-J.R.); (J.V.-B.)
| | - Jesús Vargas-Barrón
- Department of Echocardiography, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (F.-J.R.); (J.V.-B.)
| | - Enrique Parra-Benítez
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (O.R.-M.); (E.P.-B.); (M.d.L.M.-G.); (E.V.-B.)
| | - María de Lourdes Medina-García
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (O.R.-M.); (E.P.-B.); (M.d.L.M.-G.); (E.V.-B.)
| | - Emilia Vergara-Bello
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (O.R.-M.); (E.P.-B.); (M.d.L.M.-G.); (E.V.-B.)
| | - Minerva Arce-Fonseca
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (O.R.-M.); (E.P.-B.); (M.d.L.M.-G.); (E.V.-B.)
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Noya-Rabelo MM, Macedo CT, Larocca T, Machado A, Pacheco T, Torreão J, Souza BSDF, Soares MBP, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos R, Correia LCL. The Presence and Extension of Myocardial Fibrosis in the Undetermined Form of Chagas' Disease: A Study Using Magnetic Resonance. Arq Bras Cardiol 2018; 110:124-131. [PMID: 29466491 PMCID: PMC5855905 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20180016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous data has shown that patients in the indeterminate form of Chagas
disease may present myocardial fibrosis as shown on through magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI). However, there is little information available
regarding the degree of severity of myocardial fibrosis in these
individuals. This variable has the potential to predict the evolution of
Chagas’ disease into its cardiac form. Objectives To describe the frequency and extent of myocardial fibrosis evaluated using
an MRI in patients in the indeterminate form, and to compare it with other
forms of the disease. Methods Patients were admitted one after another. Their clinical history was
collected and they were submitted to laboratory exams and an MRI. Results Sixty-one patients with Chagas’ disease, with an average age of 58 ± 9
years old, 17 patients in the indeterminate form, 16 in the cardiac form
without left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and 28 in the cardiac form with LV
dysfunction were studied. P <0.05 was considered to be statistically
significant. Late enhancement was detected in 37 patients (64%). Myocardial
fibrosis was identified in 6 individuals in indeterminate form (41%; 95% CI
23-66) in a proportion similar to that observed in cardiac form without LV
dysfunction (44%); p = 1.0. Among the individuals with fibrosis, the total
area of the affected myocardium was 4.1% (IIQ: 2.1 - 10.7) in the
indeterminate form versus 2.3% (IIQ: 1-5) in the cardiac form without LV (p
= 0.18). The left ventricular fraction ejection in subjects in the
indeterminate form was similar to that of the individuals in the cardiac
form without ventricular dysfunction (p = 0.09). Conclusion The presence of fibrosis in the indeterminate form of Chagas’ disease has a
frequency and extension similar to that of in the cardiac form without
dysfunction, suggesting that the former is part of a subclinical disease
spectrum, rather than lacking cardiac involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Maria Noya-Rabelo
- Hospital São Rafael - Fundação Monte Tabor, Salvador, BA - Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA - Brazil
| | - Carolina The Macedo
- Hospital São Rafael - Fundação Monte Tabor, Salvador, BA - Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Salvador, BA - Brazil
| | - Ticiana Larocca
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Salvador, BA - Brazil
| | - Admilson Machado
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA - Brazil
| | - Thais Pacheco
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA - Brazil
| | - Jorge Torreão
- Hospital São Rafael - Fundação Monte Tabor, Salvador, BA - Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luis Claudio Lemos Correia
- Hospital São Rafael - Fundação Monte Tabor, Salvador, BA - Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA - Brazil
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Ferreira LRP, Ferreira FM, Nakaya HI, Deng X, Cândido DDS, de Oliveira LC, Billaud JN, Lanteri MC, Rigaud VOC, Seielstad M, Kalil J, Fernandes F, Ribeiro ALP, Sabino EC, Cunha-Neto E. Blood Gene Signatures of Chagas Cardiomyopathy With or Without Ventricular Dysfunction. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:387-395. [PMID: 28003350 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affects 7 million people in Latin American areas of endemicity. About 30% of infected patients will develop chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC), an inflammatory cardiomyopathy characterized by hypertrophy, fibrosis, and myocarditis. Further studies are necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms of disease progression. Transcriptome analysis has been increasingly used to identify molecular changes associated with disease outcomes. We thus assessed the whole-blood transcriptome of patients with Chagas disease. Microarray analysis was performed on blood samples from 150 subjects, of whom 30 were uninfected control patients and 120 had Chagas disease (1 group had asymptomatic disease, and 2 groups had CCC with either a preserved or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF]). Each Chagas disease group displayed distinct gene expression and functional pathway profiles. The most different expression patterns were between CCC groups with a preserved or reduced LVEF. A more stringent analysis indicated that 27 differentially expressed genes, particularly those related to natural killer (NK)/CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity, separated the 2 groups. NK/CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity could play a role in determining Chagas disease progression. Understanding genes associated with disease may lead to improved insight into CCC pathogenesis and the identification of prognostic factors for CCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Rodrigues Pinto Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunology and.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, National Institute of Science and Technology, and.,Universidade Santo Amaro, São Paulo, and
| | - Frederico Moraes Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunology and.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, National Institute of Science and Technology, and.,Universidade Santo Amaro, São Paulo, and
| | - Helder Imoto Nakaya
- Department of Pathophysiology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and.,Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute and.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and
| | - Darlan da Silva Cândido
- Laboratory of Immunology and.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, National Institute of Science and Technology, and
| | - Lea Campos de Oliveira
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, University of São Paulo
| | | | - Marion C Lanteri
- Blood Systems Research Institute and.,Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, and
| | - Vagner Oliveira-Carvalho Rigaud
- Laboratory of Immunology and.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, National Institute of Science and Technology, and
| | - Mark Seielstad
- Blood Systems Research Institute and.,Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, and
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Laboratory of Immunology and.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, National Institute of Science and Technology, and
| | | | - Antonio Luiz P Ribeiro
- Hospital das Clínicas and.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ester Cerdeira Sabino
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, University of São Paulo
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Laboratory of Immunology and.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, National Institute of Science and Technology, and
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Dias FC, Castelli EC, Collares CVA, Moreau P, Donadi EA. The Role of HLA-G Molecule and HLA-G Gene Polymorphisms in Tumors, Viral Hepatitis, and Parasitic Diseases. Front Immunol 2015; 6:9. [PMID: 25699038 PMCID: PMC4313582 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering that the non-classical HLA-G molecule has well-recognized tolerogenic properties, HLA-G expression is expected to be deleterious when present in tumor cells and in cells chronically infected by viruses, whereas HLA-G expression is expected to be advantageous in autoimmune disorders. The expression of HLA-G on tissue or peripheral blood cells, the levels of soluble HLA-G and polymorphic sites along the gene have been studied in several disorders. In this study, we revised the role of the molecule and polymorphic sites along the HLA-G gene in tumors, viral hepatitis, and parasitic disorders. Overall, several lines of evidence clearly show that the induction of HLA-G expression in tumors has been associated with worse disease outcome and disease spread. In addition, the few studies conducted on hepatitis and parasitic disorders indicate that HLA-G may contribute to disease pathogenesis. Few isolated polymorphic sites, primarily located at the coding or 3′ untranslated HLA-G region, have been evaluated in these disorders, and a complete HLA-G typing together with the study of gene regulatory elements may further help on the understanding of the influence of the genetic background on disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício C Dias
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Erick C Castelli
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista , Botucatu , Brazil
| | - Cristhianna V A Collares
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Philippe Moreau
- Research Division in Hematology and Immunology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Saint-Louis Hospital, CEA , Paris , France
| | - Eduardo A Donadi
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
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Human leucocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) and its murine functional homolog Qa2 in the Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:595829. [PMID: 25688175 PMCID: PMC4320874 DOI: 10.1155/2015/595829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility factors, parasite strain, and an adequate modulation of the immune system seem to be crucial for disease progression after Trypanosoma cruzi infection. HLA-G and its murine functional homolog Qa2 have well-recognized immunomodulatory properties. We evaluated the HLA-G 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) polymorphic sites (associated with mRNA stability and target for microRNA binding) and HLA-G tissue expression (heart, colon, and esophagus) in patients presenting Chagas disease, stratified according to the major clinical variants. Further, we investigated the transcriptional levels of Qa2 and other pro- and anti-inflammatory genes in affected mouse tissues during T. cruzi experimental acute and early chronic infection induced by the CL strain. Chagas disease patients exhibited differential HLA-G 3′UTR susceptibility allele/genotype/haplotype patterns, according to the major clinical variant (digestive/cardiac/mixed/indeterminate). HLA-G constitutive expression on cardiac muscle and colonic cells was decreased in Chagasic tissues; however, no difference was observed for Chagasic and non-Chagasic esophagus tissues. The transcriptional levels of Qa2 and other anti and proinflammatory (CTLA-4, PDCD1, IL-10, INF-γ, and NOS-2) genes were induced only during the acute T. cruzi infection in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. We present several lines of evidence indicating the role of immunomodulatory genes and molecules in human and experimental T. cruzi infection.
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Rodríguez-Morales O, Carrillo-Sánchez SC, García-Mendoza H, Aranda-Fraustro A, Ballinas-Verdugo MA, Alejandre-Aguilar R, Rosales-Encina JL, Vallejo M, Arce-Fonseca M. Effect of the plasmid-DNA vaccination on macroscopic and microscopic damage caused by the experimental chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in the canine model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:826570. [PMID: 24163822 PMCID: PMC3791577 DOI: 10.1155/2013/826570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The dog is considered the main domestic reservoir for Trypanosoma cruzi infection and a suitable experimental animal model to study the pathological changes during the course of Chagas disease (CD). Vaccine development is one of CD prevention methods to protect people at risk. Two plasmids containing genes encoding a trans-sialidase protein (TcSP) and an amastigote-specific glycoprotein (TcSSP4) were used as DNA vaccines in a canine model. Splenomegaly was not found in either of the recombinant plasmid-immunized groups; however, cardiomegaly was absent in animals immunized only with the plasmid containing the TcSSP4 gene. The inflammation of subendocardial and myocardial tissues was prevented only with the immunization with TcSSP4 gene. In conclusion, the vaccination with these genes has a partial protective effect on the enlargement of splenic and cardiac tissues during the chronic CD and on microscopic hearth damage, since both plasmids prevented splenomegaly but only one avoided cardiomegaly, and the lesions in heart tissue of dog immunized with plasmid containing the TcSSP4 gene covered only subepicardial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Rodríguez-Morales
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Silvia C. Carrillo-Sánchez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Humberto García-Mendoza
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Alberto Aranda-Fraustro
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Martha A. Ballinas-Verdugo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Alejandre-Aguilar
- Department of Parasitology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del I.P.N., Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Col. Sto. Tomás, Miguel Hidalgo, 11340 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - José Luis Rosales-Encina
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Maite Vallejo
- Department of Sociomedical Research, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Minerva Arce-Fonseca
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
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Novel amidines and analogues as promising agents against intracellular parasites: a systematic review. Parasitology 2013; 140:929-51. [PMID: 23561006 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic protozoa comprise diverse aetiological agents responsible for important diseases in humans and animals including sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, malaria, toxoplasmosis and others. They are major causes of mortality and morbidity in tropical and subtropical countries, and are also responsible for important economic losses. However, up to now, for most of these parasitic diseases, effective vaccines are lacking and the approved chemotherapeutic compounds present high toxicity, increasing resistance, limited efficacy and require long periods of treatment. Many of these parasitic illnesses predominantly affect low-income populations of developing countries for which new pharmaceutical alternatives are urgently needed. Thus, very low research funding is available. Amidine-containing compounds such as pentamidine are DNA minor groove binders with a broad spectrum of activities against human and veterinary pathogens. Due to their promising microbicidal activity but their rather poor bioavailability and high toxicity, many analogues and derivatives, including pro-drugs, have been synthesized and screened in vitro and in vivo in order to improve their selectivity and pharmacological properties. This review summarizes the knowledge on amidines and analogues with respect to their synthesis, pharmacological profile, mechanistic and biological effects upon a range of intracellular protozoan parasites. The bulk of these data may contribute to the future design and structure optimization of new aromatic dicationic compounds as novel antiparasitic drug candidates.
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del Puerto F, Nishizawa JE, Kikuchi M, Roca Y, Avilas C, Gianella A, Lora J, Velarde FUG, Miura S, Komiya N, Maemura K, Hirayama K. Protective human leucocyte antigen haplotype, HLA-DRB1*01-B*14, against chronic Chagas disease in Bolivia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1587. [PMID: 22448298 PMCID: PMC3308929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease, caused by the flagellate parasite Trypanosoma cruzi affects 8-10 million people in Latin America. The mechanisms that underlie the development of complications of chronic Chagas disease, characterized primarily by pathology of the heart and digestive system, are not currently understood. To identify possible host genetic factors that may influence the clinical course of Chagas disease, Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) regional gene polymorphism was analyzed in patients presenting with differing clinical symptoms. METHODOLOGY Two hundred and twenty nine chronic Chagas disease patients in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, were examined by serological tests, electrocardiogram (ECG), and Barium enema colon X-ray. 31.4% of the examinees showed ECG alterations, 15.7% megacolon and 58.1% showed neither of them. A further 62 seropositive megacolon patients who had undergone colonectomy due to acute abdomen were recruited. We analyzed their HLA genetic polymorphisms (HLA-A, HLA-B, MICA, MICB, DRB1 and TNF-alpha promoter region) mainly through Sequence based and LABType SSO typing test using LUMINEX Technology. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The frequencies of HLA-DRB1*01 and HLA-B*14:02 were significantly lower in patients suffering from megacolon as well as in those with ECG alteration and/or megacolon compared with a group of patients with indeterminate symptoms. The DRB1*0102, B*1402 and MICA*011 alleles were in strong Linkage Disequilibrium (LD), and the HLA-DRB1*01-B*14-MICA*011 haplotype was associated with resistance against chronic Chagas disease. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of HLA haplotype association with resistance to chronic Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia del Puerto
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), and Global COE Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Mihoko Kikuchi
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), and Global COE Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Center for International Collaboration Research (CICORN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yelin Roca
- Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Cinthia Avilas
- Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Javier Lora
- Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Sachio Miura
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Komiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koji Maemura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), and Global COE Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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