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Li J, Luo H, Liu X, Zhang J, Zhou W, Guo S, Chen X, Liu Y, Jia S, Wang H, Li B, Cheng G, Wu J. Dissecting the mechanism of Yuzhi Zhixue granule on ovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding by network pharmacology and molecular docking. Chin Med 2020; 15:113. [PMID: 33110441 PMCID: PMC7584092 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Yuzhi Zhixue Granule (YZG) is a traditional Chinese patent medicine for treating excessive menstrual flow caused by ovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding (ODUB) accompanied by heat syndrome. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms, potential targets, and active ingredients of this prescription are still unknown. Therefore, it is imperative to explore the molecular mechanism of YZG. Methods The active compounds in YZG were screened by the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). The putative targets of YZG were collected via TCMSP and Search Tool for Interacting Chemicals (STITCH) databases. The Therapeutic Target Database (TTD) and Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase (PharmGKB) databases were used to identify the therapeutic targets of ODUB. A protein–protein interaction (PPI) network containing both the putative targets of YZG and known therapeutic targets of ODUB was built. Furthermore, bioinformatics resources from the database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery (DAVID) were utilized for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Finally, molecular docking was performed to verify the binding effect between the YZG screened compounds and potential therapeutic target molecules. Results The study employed a network pharmacology method, mainly containing target prediction, network construction, functional enrichment analysis, and molecular docking to systematically research the mechanisms of YZG in treating ODUB. The putative targets of YZG that treat ODUB mainly involved PTGS1, PTGS2, ALOX5, CASP3, LTA4H, F7 and F10. The functional enrichment analysis suggested that the produced therapeutic effect of YZG against ODUB is mediated by synergistical regulation of several biological pathways, including apoptosis arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism, serotonergic synapse, complement and coagulation cascades and C-type lectin receptor signaling pathways. Molecular docking simulation revealed good binding affinity of the seven putative targets with the corresponding compounds. Conclusion This novel and scientific network pharmacology-based study holistically elucidated the basic pharmacological effects and the underlying mechanisms of YZG in the treatment of ODUB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Li
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 of North Three-ring East Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing, 100102 China
| | - Hua Luo
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xinkui Liu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 of North Three-ring East Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing, 100102 China
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 of North Three-ring East Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing, 100102 China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 of North Three-ring East Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing, 100102 China
| | - Siyu Guo
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 of North Three-ring East Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing, 100102 China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 of North Three-ring East Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing, 100102 China
| | - Shanshan Jia
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 of North Three-ring East Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing, 100102 China
| | - Haojia Wang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 of North Three-ring East Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing, 100102 China
| | - Bingbing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, 276000 China
| | - Guoliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, 276000 China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 of North Three-ring East Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing, 100102 China
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Prolonged use of finasteride-induced gonadal sex steroids alterations, DNA damage and menstrual bleeding in women. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:221928. [PMID: 31967291 PMCID: PMC7007407 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20191434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of prolonged use of finasteride on serum levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol (E2), progesterone, testosterone and androstenedione in women during the menstrual period. Further, to screen and compare the 5α-reductase activities through the expression of SRD5A1, SRD5A2 and AR gene and to determine the level of VEGF, VKOR and SAA gene expression and DNA damage. A total of 30 Saudi women aged between 25 and 35 years were enrolled in the study. The selected women were divided into two groups. The first group (n = 15) received 5 mg finasteride/day for prolonged period of one year and second group (n = 15) was taken as a healthy control. ELISA technique was used for measuring the serum levels of the targeted hormones, and Comet assay was used for checking the DNA integrity. Our findings revealed significant decrement of DHT, E2, progesterone and androstenedione levels and elevated levels of testosterone in group treated with daily oral doses of 5 mg finasteride/day compared with the control subjects. mRNA expression suggested that finasteride has concrete effects on the gene expression of the selected genes from the treated group in comparison with the control group. In addition, finasteride induced DNA damage, and heavy menstrual bleeding was noted in women treated with finasteride. In conclusion, the present findings revealed that finasteride has adverse health effects in women associated with gonadal sex steroids alterations, DNA damage and heavy menstrual bleeding with no consensus in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in women.
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Chodankar R, Critchley HOD. Biomarkers in abnormal uterine bleeding†. Biol Reprod 2019; 101:1155-1166. [PMID: 30388215 PMCID: PMC6931000 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is an extremely common problem and represents a clinical area of unmet need. It has clinical implications and a high cost for the healthcare system. The PALM-COEIN acronym proposed by FIGO may be used as a foundation of care; it improves the understanding of the causes of AUB, and in doing so facilitates effective history taking, examination, investigations, and management. Heavy menstrual bleeding, a subset of AUB, is a subjective diagnosis and should be managed in the context of improving the woman's quality of life. Available evidence suggests that there is poor satisfaction with standard treatment options often resulting in women opting for major surgery such as hysterectomy. Such women would benefit from a tailored approach, both for diagnosis and treatment, highlighting the deficiency of biomarkers in this area. This article focuses on the causes of AUB as per the PALM-COEIN acronym, the researched biomarkers in this area, and the potential pathogenetic mechanisms. In the future, these approaches may improve our understanding of AUB, thereby enabling us to direct women to most suitable current treatments and tailor investigative and treatment strategies to ensure best outcomes, in keeping with the principles of personalized or precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Chodankar
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hilary O D Critchley
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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