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Izquierdo-Pujol J, Puertas MC, Martinez-Picado J, Morón-López S. Targeting Viral Transcription for HIV Cure Strategies. Microorganisms 2024; 12:752. [PMID: 38674696 PMCID: PMC11052381 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses viral replication to undetectable levels, reduces mortality and morbidity, and improves the quality of life of people living with HIV (PWH). However, ART cannot cure HIV infection because it is unable to eliminate latently infected cells. HIV latency may be regulated by different HIV transcription mechanisms, such as blocks to initiation, elongation, and post-transcriptional processes. Several latency-reversing (LRA) and -promoting agents (LPA) have been investigated in clinical trials aiming to eliminate or reduce the HIV reservoir. However, none of these trials has shown a conclusive impact on the HIV reservoir. Here, we review the cellular and viral factors that regulate HIV-1 transcription, the potential pharmacological targets and genetic and epigenetic editing techniques that have been or might be evaluated to disrupt HIV-1 latency, the role of miRNA in post-transcriptional regulation of HIV-1, and the differences between the mechanisms regulating HIV-1 and HIV-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Izquierdo-Pujol
- IrsiCaixa, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.I.-P.); (M.C.P.); (J.M.-P.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Maria C. Puertas
- IrsiCaixa, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.I.-P.); (M.C.P.); (J.M.-P.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.I.-P.); (M.C.P.); (J.M.-P.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, School of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Morón-López
- IrsiCaixa, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.I.-P.); (M.C.P.); (J.M.-P.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Yapo V, Majumder K, Tedbury PR, Wen X, Ong YT, Johnson MC, Sarafianos SG. HIV-2 inhibits HIV-1 gene expression via two independent mechanisms during cellular co-infection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0187022. [PMID: 37991365 PMCID: PMC10734542 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01870-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Twenty-five years after the first report that HIV-2 infection can reduce HIV-1-associated pathogenesis in dual-infected patients, the mechanisms are still not well understood. We explored these mechanisms in cell culture and showed first that these viruses can co-infect individual cells. Under specific conditions, HIV-2 inhibits HIV-1 through two distinct mechanisms, a broad-spectrum interferon response and an HIV-1-specific inhibition conferred by the HIV-2 TAR. The former could play a prominent role in dually infected individuals, whereas the latter targets HIV-1 promoter activity through competition for HIV-1 Tat binding when the same target cell is dually infected. That mechanism suppresses HIV-1 transcription by stalling RNA polymerase II complexes at the promoter through a minimal inhibitory region within the HIV-2 TAR. This work delineates the sequence of appearance and the modus operandi of each mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Yapo
- CS Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kinjal Majumder
- CS Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Philip R. Tedbury
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xin Wen
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yee T. Ong
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marc C. Johnson
- CS Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Stefan G. Sarafianos
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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3
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Lungu C, Overmars RJ, Grundeken E, Boers PHM, van der Ende ME, Mesplède T, Gruters RA. Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Replication-Competent HIV-2 Isolated from Controllers and Progressors. Viruses 2023; 15:2236. [PMID: 38005913 PMCID: PMC10675771 DOI: 10.3390/v15112236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although some individuals with HIV-2 develop severe immunodeficiency and AIDS-related complications, most may never progress to AIDS. Replication-competent HIV-2 isolated from asymptomatic long-term non-progressors (controllers) have lower replication rates than viruses from individuals who progress to AIDS (progressors). To investigate potential retroviral factors that correlate with disease progression in HIV-2, we sequenced the near full-length genomes of replication-competent viruses previously outgrown from controllers and progressors and used phylogeny to seek genotypic correlates of disease progression. We validated the integrity of all open reading frames and used cell-based assays to study the retroviral transcriptional activity of the long terminal repeats (LTRs) and Tat proteins of HIV-2 from controllers and progressors. Overall, we did not identify genotypic defects that may contribute to HIV-2 non-progression. Tat-induced, LTR-mediated transcription was comparable between viruses from controllers and progressors. Our results were obtained from a small number of participants and should be interpreted accordingly. Overall, they suggest that progression may be determined before or during integration of HIV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Lungu
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.L.); (R.J.O.); (E.G.); (P.H.M.B.)
| | - Ronald J. Overmars
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.L.); (R.J.O.); (E.G.); (P.H.M.B.)
| | - Esmée Grundeken
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.L.); (R.J.O.); (E.G.); (P.H.M.B.)
| | - Patrick H. M. Boers
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.L.); (R.J.O.); (E.G.); (P.H.M.B.)
| | - Marchina E. van der Ende
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Thibault Mesplède
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.L.); (R.J.O.); (E.G.); (P.H.M.B.)
| | - Rob A. Gruters
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.L.); (R.J.O.); (E.G.); (P.H.M.B.)
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Gao C, Ouyang W, Kutza J, Grimm TA, Fields K, Lankford CSR, Schwartzkopff F, Paciga M, Stantchev T, Tiffany L, Strebel K, Clouse KA. Macrophage-Derived Factors with the Potential to Contribute to Pathogenicity of HIV-1 and HIV-2: Role of CCL-2/MCP-1. Viruses 2023; 15:2160. [PMID: 38005838 PMCID: PMC10674259 DOI: 10.3390/v15112160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) is known to be less pathogenic than HIV-1. However, the mechanism(s) underlying the decreased HIV-2 pathogenicity is not fully understood. Herein, we report that β-chemokine CCL2 expression was increased in HIV-1-infected human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) but decreased in HIV-2-infected MDM when compared to uninfected MDM. Inhibition of CCL2 expression following HIV-2 infection occurred at both protein and mRNA levels. By microarray analysis, quantitative PCR, and Western blotting, we identified that Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1), a critical transcription factor for inducing CCL2 gene expression, was also reduced in HIV-2-infected MDM. Blockade of STAT1 in HIV-infected MDM using a STAT1 inhibitor significantly reduced the production of CCL2. In contrast, transduction of STAT1-expressing pseudo-retrovirus restored CCL2 production in HIV-2-infected MDM. These findings support the concept that CCL2 inhibition in HIV-2-infected MDM is meditated by reduction of STAT1. Furthermore, we showed that STAT1 reduction in HIV-2-infected MDM was regulated by the CUL2/RBX1 ubiquitin E3 ligase complex-dependent proteasome pathway. Knockdown of CUL2 or RBX1 restored the expression of STAT1 and CCL2 in HIV-2-infected MDM. Taken together, our findings suggest that differential regulation of the STAT1-CCL2 axis may be one of the mechanisms underlying the different pathogenicity observed for HIV-1 and HIV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Gao
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (C.G.); (J.K.); (T.A.G.); (C.S.R.L.); (F.S.); (M.P.); (T.S.); (L.T.)
| | - Weiming Ouyang
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 2, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Joseph Kutza
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (C.G.); (J.K.); (T.A.G.); (C.S.R.L.); (F.S.); (M.P.); (T.S.); (L.T.)
| | - Tobias A. Grimm
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (C.G.); (J.K.); (T.A.G.); (C.S.R.L.); (F.S.); (M.P.); (T.S.); (L.T.)
| | - Karen Fields
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (C.G.); (J.K.); (T.A.G.); (C.S.R.L.); (F.S.); (M.P.); (T.S.); (L.T.)
| | - Carla S. R. Lankford
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (C.G.); (J.K.); (T.A.G.); (C.S.R.L.); (F.S.); (M.P.); (T.S.); (L.T.)
| | - Franziska Schwartzkopff
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (C.G.); (J.K.); (T.A.G.); (C.S.R.L.); (F.S.); (M.P.); (T.S.); (L.T.)
| | - Mark Paciga
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (C.G.); (J.K.); (T.A.G.); (C.S.R.L.); (F.S.); (M.P.); (T.S.); (L.T.)
| | - Tzanko Stantchev
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (C.G.); (J.K.); (T.A.G.); (C.S.R.L.); (F.S.); (M.P.); (T.S.); (L.T.)
| | - Linda Tiffany
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (C.G.); (J.K.); (T.A.G.); (C.S.R.L.); (F.S.); (M.P.); (T.S.); (L.T.)
| | - Klaus Strebel
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Kathleen A. Clouse
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (C.G.); (J.K.); (T.A.G.); (C.S.R.L.); (F.S.); (M.P.); (T.S.); (L.T.)
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Pacheco P, Marques N, Rodrigues P, Mansinho K, Maltez F, Janeiro N, Franco C, Trigo D, Batista J, Duque L, Lopes MJ, Aleixo MJ, Silva AR, Tavares R, Alves J, Peres S, Póvoas D, Lino S, Gomes P, Araújo V, Lopes C. Safety and Efficacy of Triple Therapy With Dolutegravir Plus 2 Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors in Treatment-Naive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Patients: Results From a 48-Week Phase 2 Study. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77:740-748. [PMID: 37288954 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrase strand transfer inhibitor-based regimens are recommended for first-line therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2). Nonetheless, dolutegravir (DTG) clinical trial data are lacking. METHODS We conducted a phase 2, single-arm, open-label trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a triple therapy regimen that included DTG in persons with HIV-2 (PWHIV-2) in Portugal. Treatment-naive adults receive DTG in combination with 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Treatment efficacy was evaluated by the proportion of patients who achieved a plasma viral load (pVL) <40 copies/mL and/or by the change from baseline in CD4+ T-cell count and in CD4/CD8 ratio at week 48. RESULTS A total of 30 patients were enrolled (22 women; median age, 55 years). At baseline, 17 (56.7%) individuals were viremic (median, pVL 190 copies/mL; interquartile range [IQR], 99-445). The median CD4 count was 438 cells/μL (IQR, 335-605), and the CD4/CD8 ratio was 0.8. Three patients discontinued the study. At week 48, all participants (27) had pVL <40 copies/mL. No virological failures were observed. Mean changes in CD4 count and CD4/CD8 ratio at week 48 were 95.59 cells/µL (95% confidence interval [CI], 28-163) and 0.32 (95% CI, .19 to .46). The most common drug-related adverse events were headache and nausea. One participant discontinued due to central nervous system symptoms. No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS DTG plus 2 NRTIs is safe and effective as first-line treatment for PWHIV-2 with a tolerability profile previously known. No virological failures were observed that suggest a high potency of DTG in HIV-2 as occurs in HIV-1. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION M NCT03224338.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Pacheco
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Nuno Marques
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal
| | - Paulo Rodrigues
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal
| | - Kamal Mansinho
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Egas Moniz, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernando Maltez
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Curry Cabral, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Janeiro
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Franco
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diva Trigo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Joana Batista
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Luís Duque
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Maria João Lopes
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Maria João Aleixo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Silva
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal
| | - Raquel Tavares
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal
| | - João Alves
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Egas Moniz, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana Peres
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Egas Moniz, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana Póvoas
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Curry Cabral, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Lino
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Curry Cabral, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Perpétua Gomes
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hospital Egas Moniz, Lisboa, Portugal
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Bruggemans A, Vansant G, Van de Velde P, Debyser Z. The HIV-2 OGH double reporter virus shows that HIV-2 is less cytotoxic and less sensitive to reactivation from latency than HIV-1 in cell culture. J Virus Erad 2023; 9:100343. [PMID: 37701289 PMCID: PMC10493508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2023.100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of HIV-1 latency is a research priority in HIV cure research. Conversely, little is known about the latency characteristics of HIV-2, the closely related human lentivirus. Though both viruses cause AIDS, HIV-2 infection progresses more slowly with significantly lower viral loads, even when corrected for CD4+ T cell counts. Hence a direct comparison of latency characteristics between HIV-1 and HIV-2 could provide important clues towards a functional cure. Transduction of SupT1 cells with single-round HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter showed higher levels of eGFP expression for HIV-2 than HIV-1, while HIV-1 expression appeared more cytotoxic. To compare HIV-1 and HIV-2 gene expression, latency and reactivation in more detail, we have generated HIV-2 OGH, a replication deficient, near full- length, double reporter virus that discriminates latently and productively infected cells in cell culture. This construct is based on HIV-1 OGH, and to our knowledge, first of its kind for HIV-2. Using this construct we have observed a higher eGFP expression for HIV-2, but higher losses of HIV-1 transduced cells in SupT1 and Jurkat cells and a reduced sensitivity of HIV-2 for reactivation with TNF-α. In addition, we have analysed HIV-2 integration sites and their epigenetic environment. HIV-1 and HIV-2 share a preference for actively transcribed genes in gene-dense regions and favor active chromatin marks while disfavoring methylation markers associated with heterochromatin. In conclusion the HIV-2 OGH construct provides an interesting tool for studying HIV-2 expression, latency and reactivation. As simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and HIV-2 have been proposed to model a functional HIV cure, a better understanding of the mechanisms governing HIV-2 and SIV latency will be important to move forward. Further research is needed to investigate if HIV-2 uses similar mechanisms as HIV-1 to achieve its integration site selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bruggemans
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Gerlinde Vansant
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | | | - Zeger Debyser
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
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Pellaers E, Bhat A, Christ F, Debyser Z. Determinants of Retroviral Integration and Implications for Gene Therapeutic MLV-Based Vectors and for a Cure for HIV-1 Infection. Viruses 2022; 15:32. [PMID: 36680071 PMCID: PMC9861059 DOI: 10.3390/v15010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To complete their replication cycle, retroviruses need to integrate a DNA copy of their RNA genome into a host chromosome. Integration site selection is not random and is driven by multiple viral and cellular host factors specific to different classes of retroviruses. Today, overwhelming evidence from cell culture, animal experiments and clinical data suggests that integration sites are important for retroviral replication, oncogenesis and/or latency. In this review, we will summarize the increasing knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the integration site selection of the gammaretrovirus MLV and the lentivirus HIV-1. We will discuss how host factors of the integration site selection of retroviruses may steer the development of safer viral vectors for gene therapy. Next, we will discuss how altering the integration site preference of HIV-1 using small molecules could lead to a cure for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zeger Debyser
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Esbjörnsson J, Jansson M, Jespersen S, Månsson F, Hønge BL, Lindman J, Medina C, da Silva ZJ, Norrgren H, Medstrand P, Rowland-Jones SL, Wejse C. HIV-2 as a model to identify a functional HIV cure. AIDS Res Ther 2019; 16:24. [PMID: 31484562 PMCID: PMC6727498 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-019-0239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two HIV virus types exist: HIV-1 is pandemic and aggressive, whereas HIV-2 is confined mainly to West Africa and less pathogenic. Despite the fact that it has been almost 40 years since the discovery of AIDS, there is still no cure or vaccine against HIV. Consequently, the concepts of functional vaccines and cures that aim to limit HIV disease progression and spread by persistent control of viral replication without life-long treatment have been suggested as more feasible options to control the HIV pandemic. To identify virus-host mechanisms that could be targeted for functional cure development, researchers have focused on a small fraction of HIV-1 infected individuals that control their infection spontaneously, so-called elite controllers. However, these efforts have not been able to unravel the key mechanisms of the infection control. This is partly due to lack in statistical power since only 0.15% of HIV-1 infected individuals are natural elite controllers. The proportion of long-term viral control is larger in HIV-2 infection compared with HIV-1 infection. We therefore present the idea of using HIV-2 as a model for finding a functional cure against HIV. Understanding the key differences between HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections, and the cross-reactive effects in HIV-1/HIV-2 dual-infection could provide novel insights in developing functional HIV cures and vaccines.
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9
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Chougui G, Margottin-Goguet F. HUSH, a Link Between Intrinsic Immunity and HIV Latency. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:224. [PMID: 30809215 PMCID: PMC6379475 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A prominent obstacle to HIV eradication in seropositive individuals is the viral persistence in latent reservoir cells, which constitute an HIV sanctuary out of reach of highly active antiretroviral therapies. Thus, the study of molecular mechanisms governing latency is a very active field that aims at providing solutions to face the reservoirs issue. Since the past 15 years, another major field in HIV biology focused on the discovery and study of restriction factors that shape intrinsic immunity, while engaging in a molecular battle against HIV. Some of these restrictions factors act at early stages of the virus life cycle, alike SAMHD1 antagonized by the viral protein Vpx, while others are late actors. Until recently, no such factor was identified in the nucleus and found active at the level of provirus expression, a crucial step where latency may take place. Today, two studies highlight Human Silencing Hub (HUSH) as a potential restriction factor that controls viral expression and is antagonized by Vpx. This Review discusses HUSH restriction in the light of the actual knowledge of intrinsic immunity and HIV latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghina Chougui
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Florence Margottin-Goguet
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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10
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Wejse C, Hønge BL. Is it time to revise the notion that HIV-2 is benign? Lancet HIV 2018; 6:S2352-3018(18)30265-0. [PMID: 30392770 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(18)30265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wejse
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH network, Bissau, Guinea Bissau; Center for Global Health AU (GloHAU), Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Bo L Hønge
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH network, Bissau, Guinea Bissau
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11
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HIV-2/SIV viral protein X counteracts HUSH repressor complex. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:891-897. [PMID: 29891865 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To evade host immune defences, human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2) have evolved auxiliary proteins that target cell restriction factors. Viral protein X (Vpx) from the HIV-2/SIVsmm lineage enhances viral infection by antagonizing SAMHD1 (refs 1,2), but this antagonism is not sufficient to explain all Vpx phenotypes. Here, through a proteomic screen, we identified another Vpx target-HUSH (TASOR, MPP8 and periphilin)-a complex involved in position-effect variegation3. HUSH downregulation by Vpx is observed in primary cells and HIV-2-infected cells. Vpx binds HUSH and induces its proteasomal degradation through the recruitment of the DCAF1 ubiquitin ligase adaptor, independently from SAMHD1 antagonism. As a consequence, Vpx is able to reactivate HIV latent proviruses, unlike Vpx mutants, which are unable to induce HUSH degradation. Although antagonism of human HUSH is not conserved among all lentiviral lineages including HIV-1, it is a feature of viral protein R (Vpr) from simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) of African green monkeys and from the divergent SIV of l'Hoest's monkey, arguing in favour of an ancient lentiviral species-specific vpx/vpr gene function. Altogether, our results suggest the HUSH complex as a restriction factor, active in primary CD4+ T cells and counteracted by Vpx, therefore providing a molecular link between intrinsic immunity and epigenetic control.
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Mendoza CD, Requena S, Caballero E, Cabezas T, Peñaranda M, Amengual MJ, Sáez A, Lozano AB, Ramos JM, Soriano V. Antiretroviral treatment of HIV-2 infection. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV-2 is a neglected virus despite estimates of 1–2 million people being infected worldwide. AIDS develops more slowly in HIV-2 than HIV-1. Outside endemic regions, HIV-2 is mostly found in immigrants from west Africa or their sex partners. There are four major caveats when treating HIV-2. First, some antiretrovirals are not or only partially active against HIV-2. Second, CD4 declines in HIV-2 occur slowly, but CD4 recovery is smaller with antiretroviral treatment. Third, both virological failure and rapid emergence of drug resistance occur more frequently in HIV-2 than HIV-1. Finally, misdiagnosis of HIV-2 in patients wrongly considered as infected with HIV-1 or in those dually infected may result in treatment failures with undetectable HIV-1 RNA. Integrase inhibitors, and especially dolutegravir, should be part of any preferred HIV-2 antiretroviral combination nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen de Mendoza
- Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Puerta de Hierro Research Institute, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Silvia Requena
- Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Puerta de Hierro Research Institute, Majadahonda, Spain
| | | | | | - María Peñaranda
- Microbiology Unit, Son Espases Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Ana Sáez
- Microbiology Unit, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | | | - José M Ramos
- Infectious Diseases Unit, General Hospital, Alicante, Spain
| | - Vincent Soriano
- Infectious Diseases Unit, La Paz University Hospital & Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
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