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Design of a Sensitive Extracellular Vesicle Detection Method Utilizing a Surface-Functionalized Power-Free Microchip. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12070679. [PMID: 35877881 PMCID: PMC9323264 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are small membrane vesicles secreted from cells into bodily fluids, are promising candidates as biomarkers for various diseases. We propose a simple, highly sensitive method for detecting EVs using a microchip. The limit of detection (LOD) for EVs was improved 29-fold by changing the microchannel structure of the microchip and by optimizing the EV detection protocols. The height of the microchannel was changed from 25 to 8 µm only at the detection region, and the time for EV capture was extended from 5 to 10 min. The LOD was 6.3 × 1010 particles/mL, which is lower than the concentration of EVs in the blood. The detection time was 19 min, and the volume of EV solution used was 2.0 µL. These results indicate that an efficient supply of EVs to the detection region is effective in improving the sensitivity of EV detection. The proposed EV detection method is expected to contribute to the establishment of EV-based cancer point-of-care testing.
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2
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Källberg J, Xiao W, Van Assche D, Baret JC, Taly V. Frontiers in single cell analysis: multimodal technologies and their clinical perspectives. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2403-2422. [PMID: 35703438 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00220e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Single cell multimodal analysis is at the frontier of single cell research: it defines the roles and functions of distinct cell types through simultaneous analysis to provide unprecedented insight into cellular processes. Current single cell approaches are rapidly moving toward multimodal characterizations. It replaces one-dimensional single cell analysis, for example by allowing for simultaneous measurement of transcription and post-transcriptional regulation, epigenetic modifications and/or surface protein expression. By providing deeper insights into single cell processes, multimodal single cell analyses paves the way to new understandings in various cellular processes such as cell fate decisions, physiological heterogeneity or genotype-phenotype linkages. At the forefront of this, microfluidics is key for high-throughput single cell analysis. Here, we present an overview of the recent multimodal microfluidic platforms having a potential in biomedical research, with a specific focus on their potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Källberg
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Paris, France.
| | - Wenjin Xiao
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Paris, France.
| | - David Van Assche
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, UMR 5031, Pessac 33600, France.
| | - Jean-Christophe Baret
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, UMR 5031, Pessac 33600, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris 75005, France
| | - Valerie Taly
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Paris, France.
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3
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Hasandka A, Prabhu A, Prabhu A, Singhal HR, Nandagopal M S G, Shenoy R, Mani NK. "Scratch it out": carbon copy based paper devices for microbial assays and liver disease diagnosis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3172-3180. [PMID: 34169933 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00764e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a facile paper-based microfluidic device fabrication technique leveraging off-the-shelf carbon paper for the deposition of hydrophobic barriers using a novel "stencil scratching" method. This exceedingly frugal approach (0.05$) requires practically no technical training to employ. Hydrophobic barriers fabricated using this approach offer a width of 3 mm and a hydrophilic channel width of 849 μm, with an ability to confine major aqueous solvents without leakage. The utility of the device is demonstrated by porting a cell viability assay showing a limit-of-detection (LOD) of 0.6 × 108 CFU mL-1 and bilirubin assay with human serum showing a detection range of 1.76-6.9 mg dL-1 and a limit-of-detection (LOD) of 1.76 mg dL-1. The intuitiveness and economic viability of the fabrication method afford it great potential in the field of point-of-care diagnostics geared towards providing testing infrastructure in resource-scarce regions globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha Hasandka
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
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4
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Kapara A, Findlay Paterson KA, Brunton VG, Graham D, Zagnoni M, Faulds K. Detection of Estrogen Receptor Alpha and Assessment of Fulvestrant Activity in MCF-7 Tumor Spheroids Using Microfluidics and SERS. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5862-5871. [PMID: 33797884 PMCID: PMC8153394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death in women. Novel in vitro tools that integrate three-dimensional (3D) tumor models with highly sensitive chemical reporters can provide useful information to aid biological characterization of cancer phenotype and understanding of drug activity. The combination of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) techniques with microfluidic technologies offers new opportunities for highly selective, specific, and multiplexed nanoparticle-based assays. Here, we explored the use of functionalized nanoparticles for the detection of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) expression in a 3D tumor model, using the ERα-positive human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. This approach was used to compare targeted versus nontargeted nanoparticle interactions with the tumor model to better understand whether targeted nanotags are required to efficiently target ERα. Mixtures of targeted anti-ERα antibody-functionalized nanotags (ERα-AuNPs) and nontargeted (against ERα) anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) antibody-functionalized nanotags (HER2-AuNPs), with different Raman reporters with a similar SERS signal intensity, were incubated with MCF-7 spheroids in microfluidic devices and spectroscopically analyzed using SERS. MCF-7 cells express high levels of ERα and no detectable levels of HER2. 2D and 3D SERS measurements confirmed the strong targeting effect of ERα-AuNP nanotags to the MCF-7 spheroids in contrast to HER2-AuNPs (63% signal reduction). Moreover, 3D SERS measurements confirmed the differentiation between the targeted and the nontargeted nanotags. Finally, we demonstrated how nanotag uptake by MCF-7 spheroids was affected by the drug fulvestrant, the first-in-class approved selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD). These results illustrate the potential of using SERS and microfluidics as a powerful in vitro platform for the characterization of 3D tumor models and the investigation of SERD activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kapara
- Centre
for Molecular Nanometrology, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry,
Technology and Innovation Centre, University
of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
- MRC
Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research
UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western
General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Karla A. Findlay Paterson
- Centre
for Microsystems and Photonics, Department of Electronic and Electrical
Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 204 George Street, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK
| | - Valerie G. Brunton
- MRC
Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research
UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western
General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Duncan Graham
- Centre
for Molecular Nanometrology, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry,
Technology and Innovation Centre, University
of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Michele Zagnoni
- Centre
for Microsystems and Photonics, Department of Electronic and Electrical
Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 204 George Street, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK
| | - Karen Faulds
- Centre
for Molecular Nanometrology, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry,
Technology and Innovation Centre, University
of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
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Abstract
Microfluidics-based liquid chromatography is based on the miniaturization of the different types of liquid chromatography (LC) systems (e.g., affinity, adsorption, size exclusion, ion exchange) on a microchip to perform on-chip separation of different types of analytes. On-chip chromatography finds applications in genomics, proteomics, biomarker discovery, and environmental analysis. Microfluidics-based chromatography has good reproducibility and small sample consumption. However, the on-chip chromatography fabrication techniques are often more challenging to perform than conventional LC column preparation. Different research groups have attempted to develop different techniques to fabricate microfluidics-based LC systems. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances in microfluidics-based chromatography.
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Jigar Panchal H, Kent NJ, Knox AJS, Harris LF. Microfluidics in Haemostasis: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E833. [PMID: 32075008 PMCID: PMC7070452 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemostatic disorders are both complex and costly in relation to both their treatment and subsequent management. As leading causes of mortality worldwide, there is an ever-increasing drive to improve the diagnosis and prevention of haemostatic disorders. The field of microfluidic and Lab on a Chip (LOC) technologies is rapidly advancing and the important role of miniaturised diagnostics is becoming more evident in the healthcare system, with particular importance in near patient testing (NPT) and point of care (POC) settings. Microfluidic technologies present innovative solutions to diagnostic and clinical challenges which have the knock-on effect of improving health care and quality of life. In this review, both advanced microfluidic devices (R&D) and commercially available devices for the diagnosis and monitoring of haemostasis-related disorders and antithrombotic therapies, respectively, are discussed. Innovative design specifications, fabrication techniques, and modes of detection in addition to the materials used in developing micro-channels are reviewed in the context of application to the field of haemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heta Jigar Panchal
- School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin) - City Campus, Kevin Street, Dublin D08 NF82, Ireland; (H.J.P.); (A.J.S.K.)
| | - Nigel J Kent
- engCORE, Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Technology Carlow, Kilkenny Road, Carlow R93 V960, Ireland;
| | - Andrew J S Knox
- School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin) - City Campus, Kevin Street, Dublin D08 NF82, Ireland; (H.J.P.); (A.J.S.K.)
| | - Leanne F Harris
- School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin) - City Campus, Kevin Street, Dublin D08 NF82, Ireland; (H.J.P.); (A.J.S.K.)
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Vaithiyanathan M, Safa N, Melvin AT. FluoroCellTrack: An algorithm for automated analysis of high-throughput droplet microfluidic data. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215337. [PMID: 31042738 PMCID: PMC6493727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput droplet microfluidic devices with fluorescence detection systems provide several advantages over conventional end-point cytometric techniques due to their ability to isolate single cells and investigate complex intracellular dynamics. While there have been significant advances in the field of experimental droplet microfluidics, the development of complementary software tools has lagged. Existing quantification tools have limitations including interdependent hardware platforms or challenges analyzing a wide range of high-throughput droplet microfluidic data using a single algorithm. To address these issues, an all-in-one Python algorithm called FluoroCellTrack was developed and its wide-range utility was tested on three different applications including quantification of cellular response to drugs, droplet tracking, and intracellular fluorescence. The algorithm imports all images collected using bright field and fluorescence microscopy and analyzes them to extract useful information. Two parallel steps are performed where droplets are detected using a mathematical Circular Hough Transform (CHT) while single cells (or other contours) are detected by a series of steps defining respective color boundaries involving edge detection, dilation, and erosion. These feature detection steps are strengthened by segmentation and radius/area thresholding for precise detection and removal of false positives. Individually detected droplet and contour center maps are overlaid to obtain encapsulation information for further analyses. FluoroCellTrack demonstrates an average of a ~92-99% similarity with manual analysis and exhibits a significant reduction in analysis time of 30 min to analyze an entire cohort compared to 20 h required for manual quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manibarathi Vaithiyanathan
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nora Safa
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Adam T Melvin
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
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Brandner JJ. In-Situ Measurements in Microscale Gas Flows-Conventional Sensors or Something Else? MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E292. [PMID: 31035685 PMCID: PMC6562918 DOI: 10.3390/mi10050292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Within the last few decades miniaturization has a driving force in almost all areas of technology, leading to a tremendous intensification of systems and processes. Information technology provides now data density several orders of magnitude higher than a few years ago, and the smartphone technology includes, as well the simple ability to communicate with others, features like internet, video and music streaming, but also implementation of the global positioning system, environment sensors or measurement systems for individual health. So-called wearables are everywhere, from the physio-parameter sensing wrist smart watch up to the measurement of heart rates by underwear. This trend holds also for gas flow applications, where complex flow arrangements and measurement systems formerly designed for a macro scale have been transferred into miniaturized versions. Thus, those systems took advantage of the increased surface to volume ratio as well as of the improved heat and mass transfer behavior of miniaturized equipment. In accordance, disadvantages like gas flow mal-distribution on parallelized mini- or micro tubes or channels as well as increased pressure losses due to the minimized hydraulic diameters and an increased roughness-to-dimension ratio have to be taken into account. Furthermore, major problems are arising for measurement and control to be implemented for in-situ and/or in-operando measurements. Currently, correlated measurements are widely discussed to obtain a more comprehensive view to a process by using a broad variety of measurement techniques complementing each other. Techniques for correlated measurements may include commonly used techniques like thermocouples or pressure sensors as well as more complex systems like gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, infrared or ultraviolet spectroscopy and many others. Some of these techniques can be miniaturized, some of them cannot yet. Those should, nevertheless, be able to conduct measurements at the same location and the same time, preferably in-situ and in-operando. Therefore, combinations of measurement instruments might be necessary, which will provide complementary techniques for accessing local process information. A recently more intensively discussed additional possibility is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) systems, which might be useful in combination with other, more conventional measurement techniques. NMR is currently undergoing a tremendous change from large-scale to benchtop measurement systems, and it will most likely be further miniaturized. NMR allows a multitude of different measurements, which are normally covered by several instruments. Additionally, NMR can be combined very well with other measurement equipment to perform correlative in-situ and in-operando measurements. Such combinations of several instruments would allow us to retrieve an "information cloud" of a process. This paper will present a view of some common measurement techniques and the difficulties of applying them on one hand in a miniaturized scale, and on the other hand in a correlative mode. Basic suggestions to achieve the above-mentioned objective by a combination of different methods including NMR will be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen J Brandner
- Staff Position Microstructures and Process Sensors (MPS), Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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Pham NM, Rusch S, Temiz Y, Lovchik RD, Beck HP, Karlen W, Delamarche E. A bead-based immunogold-silver staining assay on capillary-driven microfluidics. Biomed Microdevices 2018; 20:41. [PMID: 29781041 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-018-0284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) diagnostics are critically needed for the detection of infectious diseases, particularly in remote settings where accurate and appropriate diagnosis can save lives. However, it is difficult to implement immunoassays, and specifically immunoassays relying on signal amplification using silver staining, into POC diagnostic devices. Effective immobilization of antibodies in such devices is another challenge. Here, we present strategies for immobilizing capture antibodies (cAbs) in capillary-driven microfluidic chips and implementing a gold-catalyzed silver staining reaction. We illustrate these strategies using a species/anti-species immunoassay and the capillary assembly of fluorescent microbeads functionalized with cAbs in "bead lanes", which are engraved in microfluidic chips. The microfluidic chips are fabricated in silicon (Si) and sealed with a dry film resist. Rabbit IgG antibodies in samples are captured on the beads and bound by detection antibodies (dAbs) conjugated to gold nanoparticles. The gold nanoparticles catalyze the formation of a metallic film of silver, which attenuates fluorescence from the beads in an analyte-concentration dependent manner. The performance of these immunoassays was found comparable to that of assays performed in 96 well microtiter plates using "classical" enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The proof-of-concept method developed here can detect 24.6 ng mL-1 of rabbit IgG antibodies in PBS within 20 min, in comparison to 17.1 ng mL-1 of the same antibodies using a ~140-min-long ELISA protocol. Furthermore, the concept presented here is flexible and necessitate volumes of samples and reagents in the range of just a few microliters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc M Pham
- ETH Zürich, Mobile Health Systems Lab, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BAA, Lengghalde 5, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Rusch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersgraben 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.,Kantonsspital Aarau AG, Institut für Labormedizin, Medizinische Genetik, Tellstrasse 25, CH-5001, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Yuksel Temiz
- IBM Research - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, CH-8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Robert D Lovchik
- IBM Research - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, CH-8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Beck
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersgraben 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Walter Karlen
- ETH Zürich, Mobile Health Systems Lab, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BAA, Lengghalde 5, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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Rattanarat P, Suea-Ngam A, Ruecha N, Siangproh W, Henry CS, Srisa-Art M, Chailapakul O. Graphene-polyaniline modified electrochemical droplet-based microfluidic sensor for high-throughput determination of 4-aminophenol. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 925:51-60. [PMID: 27188317 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We report herein the first development of graphene-polyaniline modified carbon paste electrode (G-PANI/CPE) coupled with droplet-based microfluidic sensor for high-throughput detection of 4-aminophenol (4-AP) in pharmaceutical paracetamol (PA) formulations. A simple T-junction microfluidic platform using an oil flow rate of 1.8 μL/min and an aqueous flow rate of 0.8 μL/min was used to produce aqueous testing microdroplets continuously. The microchannel was designed to extend the aqueous droplet to cover all 3 electrodes, allowing for electrochemical measurements in a single droplet. Parameters including flow rate, water fraction, and applied detection potential (Edet) were investigated to obtain optimal conditions. Using G-PANI/CPE significantly increased the current response for both cyclic voltammetric detections of ferri/ferrocyanide [Fe(CN)6](3-/4-) (10 times) and 4-AP (2 times), compared to an unmodified electrode. Using the optimized conditions in the droplet system, 4-AP in the presence of PA was selectively determined. The linear range of 4-AP was 50-500 μM (R(2) = 0.99), limit of detection (LOD, S/N = 3) was 15.68 μM, and limit of quantification (LOQ, S/N = 10) was 52.28 μM. Finally, the system was used to determine 4-AP spiked in commercial PA liquid samples and the amounts of 4-AP were found in good agreement with those obtained from the conventional capillary zone electrophoresis/UV-Visible spectrophotometry (CZE/UV-Vis). The proposed microfluidic device could be employed for a high-throughput screening (at least 60 samples h(-1)) of pharmaceutical purity requiring low sample and reagent consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poomrat Rattanarat
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Research Unit (EOSRU), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Akkapol Suea-Ngam
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Research Unit (EOSRU), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Chromatography and Separation Research Unit (ChSRU), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nipapan Ruecha
- Program in Macromolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Weena Siangproh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States; School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Monpichar Srisa-Art
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Research Unit (EOSRU), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Chromatography and Separation Research Unit (ChSRU), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Research Unit (EOSRU), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; National Center of Excellent of Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Advanced Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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11
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Lian DS, Zhao SJ. Capillary electrophoresis based on the nucleic acid detection in the application of cancer diagnosis and therapy. Analyst 2014; 139:3492-506. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00400k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on capillary electrophoresis-based nucleic acid detection as it is applied to cancer diagnosis and therapy, and provides an introduction to the drawbacks and future developments of analysis with CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sheng Lian
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shu-Jin Zhao
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006, China
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