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Comparison of adjuvant properties of chitosan during oral and subcutaneous immunization of mice with BSA. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj94.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the best method to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, its disadvantages are side effects. Potentially safe DNA, RNA or protein molecules possess antigenic properties, but are low-immunogenic and therefore require conjugation with an adjuvant. The aim of the research was to evaluate Chitosan (CS) potency as an adjuvant and compare its effectiveness depending on the route of drug administration. The experiments were carried out on 3 groups of BALB/c mice. Mice of the first group were injected subcutaneously with 20 µl of a mixture of CS (3.3 mg/kg) and BSA (1.7 mg/kg). The mixture of CS and BSA at the same doses and volume was administered orally to mice of the second experimental group. The third group – control – unvaccinated mice. Anti-BSA antibody levels were measured by ELISA. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase activity and cholesterol, creatinine and urea levels were determined in the serum. It was found that both subcutaneous and mucosal immunizations provided a 2-fold increase in anti-BSA antibody titers against the background of maintaining all biochemical blood parameters at the level of the physiological norm. However, AST activity in the serum of oral-immunized mice was elevated as compared to subcutaneous-immunized mice. Serum cholesterol level in the group of subcutaneously immunized mice and creatinine and urea levels in both experimental groups were reduced compared to the control. It is concluded that oral immunization with CS is the optimal route for antigen-specific IgG antibody response induction.
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Oli AN, Nwankwo EJ, Umeyor CE, Umeh US, Okoyeh JN, Ofomata CM, Okoro CC, Otakagu EC, Afunwa RA, Ibeanu GC. Emergency medicine: magnesium sulphate injections and their pharmaceutical quality concerns. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07099. [PMID: 34095588 PMCID: PMC8166754 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives World Health Organization has recognized magnesium sulphate as the drug of choice for prevention and treatment of fits associated with preeclampsia and eclampsia which are amongst the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. In this study, the pharmaceutical quality of magnesium sulphate injections marketed in Anambra state was assessed. Methods Ninety samples of magnesium sulphate obtained from the 3 senatorial zones in Anambra state were subjected to identification tests, microbiological analysis consisting of Growth promotion test, sterility and endotoxin test. Content analysis using titrimetric method and pH analysis were also carried out on the samples. Results Twenty percent (20%) of samples obtained from Onitsha failed identification test as they had no Registration number in Nigeria. All samples subjected to the microbiology tests (sterility and endotoxin test) passed. Twenty percent (20%) and thirty-three percent (33.3%) of samples sourced from Onitsha and Nnewi respectively failed the pH analysis test. All the samples passed microbiological tests and had their Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) within the acceptable limit. Conclusions This study reveals that there are still some substandard magnesium sulphate injections in circulation in the locality. The supply chain of these drugs should be monitored to ensure a reduction in the incidences of substandard magnesium sulphate and positive therapeutic outcome which translates to reduced maternal mortality associated with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Nnamdi Oli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Agulu, Anambra state, Nigeria
| | - Ezinne Janefrances Nwankwo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Agulu, Anambra state, Nigeria
| | - Chukwuebuka Emmanuel Umeyor
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Agulu, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Ugochukwu Stanley Umeh
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT), Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Jude Nnaemeka Okoyeh
- Department of Biology and Clinical Laboratory Science, Division of Arts and Sciences, Neumann University, One Neumann Drive, Aston, PA, 19014-1298, USA
| | - Chijioke M Ofomata
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Agulu, Awka, P.M.B 5025, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | | | - Emmanuel Chinedum Otakagu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Agulu, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Ruth Asikiya Afunwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ChukwuemekaOdumegwuOjukwu University, Igbariam Campus, Anambra state, Nigeria
| | - Gordon C Ibeanu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
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Oli AN, Ogwaluonye UC, Onubogu CU, Ozumba AF, Agbaenyi OH, Okeke KN, Onah SK, Okoro JC, Ifezulike CC, Emechebe GO. Public Knowledge and Opinion on Childhood Routine Immunizations in Two Major Cities of Anambra State, Nigeria. J Multidiscip Healthc 2021; 14:247-257. [PMID: 33564241 PMCID: PMC7866928 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s279397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunization programs suffer recurrent setbacks in developing countries. Purpose We evaluated the knowledge and opinion of parents towards childhood immunization. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 2400 parents/guardians in two major Anambra cities. Results The male:female ratio was 1:1 and about two-third (64.3%) of respondents were aged 21-40 years. The majority were married (85.0%), Christians (88.3%), and had heard about childhood immunization (92.3%) mainly from formal settings (56.5%). A little above half (56.2%) of them correctly cited "disease prevention" as reason for childhood immunization. A larger proportion of those that gave this correct response worked in tertiary institutions and had post-secondary school education (p<0.001). The majority of the respondents appropriately agreed or disagreed with opinions that can influence immunization uptake. However, some of them did not agree that immunization was important during the first year of life (16.7%) or afterwards (23.1%); to ensure full immunization (22.8%) or maintain proper immunization records (25.6%) of their children; and to actively support childhood immunization (33.9%). Likewise, some respondents would withhold immunization for perceived fear of adverse reactions (30.7%) or if naturally acquired infection was perceived to confer better protection (28.2%). Respondents who worked in tertiary institutions, and had higher education or family income were more likely to agree or disagree appropriately to opinions. Males had comparable opinions with females although females seemed to do better in opinions that reflect actual vaccination practice. Conclusion Awareness of the term "immunization" was high although knowledge of its indication did not measure up with this awareness, especially among the less educated. Most parents, especially those who worked in tertiary institutions,r had higher income, or education, were favorably disposed towards opinions that could positively influence immunization uptake. Efforts should be intensified at improving awareness on the indication, benefits and safety of immunization, and improving public opinions in order to optimize childhood immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Nnamdi Oli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Agulu, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Uchenna Chukwunonso Ogwaluonye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Agulu, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Chinyere Ukamaka Onubogu
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nnewi, Anambra State, 435101, Nigeria
| | - Abraham Faith Ozumba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Agulu, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Obinna Henry Agbaenyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Agulu, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Kenneth Nchekwube Okeke
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nnewi, Anambra State, 435101, Nigeria
| | - Stanley Kenechukwu Onah
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nnewi, Anambra State, 435101, Nigeria
| | - Jude C Okoro
- Department of Paediatrics, Imo State University Teaching Hospital, Orlu, Imo State, 473271, Nigeria
| | - Christian Chukwuemeka Ifezulike
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Awka Campus, Awka, Anambra State, 420108, Nigeria
| | - George O Emechebe
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Awka Campus, Awka, Anambra State, 420108, Nigeria
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Onochie AU, Oli AH, Oli AN, Ezeigwe OC, Nwaka AC, Okani CO, Okam PC, Ihekwereme CP, Okoyeh JN. The Pharmacobiochemical Effects of Ethanol Extract of Justicia secunda Vahl Leaves in Rattus Norvegicus. J Exp Pharmacol 2020; 12:423-437. [PMID: 33173354 PMCID: PMC7646487 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s267443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated the biochemical effects of ethanol leaves extract on Wistar rats and also shed light on its constituents and phytonutrients. METHODS The ethanolic extract of J. secunda leaves was prepared using conventional methods. Then, proximate and phytochemical analyses of the extracts were carried out using several methods previously reported in the literatures. The biochemical studies were also carried out as reported in previous literatures. RESULTS The ethanolic leaves extract contains appreciable quantities of phytonutrients and micronutrients as well as phytochemical constituents. The LD50 of the extract was determined to be 3800mg/kg body weight. There was a dose-dependent elevation of the blood sugar in comparison with the control. There was no significant increase on the bilirubin and liver enzymes levels or on the haematological parameters of the lab animals. The extract significantly elevated the lipid profile (P value < 0.0001), the glomerular filtration rate (increased creatinine and blood urea levels - P value < 0.0001), the serum electrolytes and the animals' weight. There was a significant decrease in the anion gap (P value < 0.01). CONCLUSION The ethanol leaf extract of Justicia secunda has negative cardiac and renal effects on Wistar rats, causing increased lipid profile values, creatinine and blood urea levels in the experimental animals compared with control. The LD50 is below the safety level. Caution should be exercised as the biochemical profiles of cardiac and renal effects do not seem to be promising and the LD50 is below the safety level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony U Onochie
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Adaobi Helen Oli
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria
- HIV Lab, HIV Care Unit, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Angus Nnamdi Oli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Agulu, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Obiajulu Christian Ezeigwe
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Andrew C Nwaka
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Chukwudi O Okani
- Department of Histopathology, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital Amaku, Awka420108, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Princeston Chukwuemeka Okam
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Chibueze P Ihekwereme
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Jude Nnaemeka Okoyeh
- Department of Biology and Clinical Laboratory Science, Division of Arts and Sciences, Neumann University, Aston, PA19014-1298, USA
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