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Treatment of Inactive Ovaries of Holstein Dairy Cows by Epidural Injection of GnRH Analogue (Receptal) and Its Impact on the Reproductive Hormones, Oxidant/Antioxidant Profile and Micro and Macro-Elements Profile. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040653. [PMID: 36830440 PMCID: PMC9951676 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate a new therapeutic approach for inactive ovaries based on the epidural administration of a GnRH agonist (Receptal) and an investigation of the impact of this treatment on the hormonal, oxidant/antioxidant and micro- and macro-element profiles. Sixty cows with postpartum anestrus were divided into two groups: the first group (group Repid, n = 30) was administered an epidural injection of Receptal, while the second group (group Cepid, n = 30) received saline and was considered the control group. Evaluation of hormonal (progesterone, FSH, LH, testosterone, and cortisol), oxidant/antioxidant (MDA, SOD, GPx and TAC) as well as micro- and macroelement (calcium, phosphorus, manganese and magnesium) profiles was done in serum. The results showed that the epidural injection of Receptal has the potential to induce estrus response and conception incidence in treated cows. Compared to the control group, progesterone, FSH, and LH concentrations were significantly increased in the treated group, whereas testosterone and cortisol decreased (p < 0.05) following treatment. In addition, the treated group had greater TAC and GPx concentrations than the control group. Serum concentrations of magnesium increased (p < 0.05) following receptal treatment, but differences in other minerals were not detected. This research suggests a novel, effective method of treating inactive ovaries with epidural infusion of a GnRH agonist.
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PERUMAL P, DE AK, BHATTACHARYA D, ALYETHODI RR, BHOWMICK SNEHA, KUNDU A. Effect of exogenous melatonin on endocrinological profiles, biochemical and antioxidant and oxidative stress profiles in post-partum anestrus Andaman local buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in tropical island ecosystem. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v91i3.114145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Andaman local buffalo (ALB) is distributed in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. ALB is non-descriptive and represents admixture of different Indian breeds of buffaloes. ALB is suffering infertility due to anestrus in dry (summer) season. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the effect of slow release subcutaneous exogenous melatonin (MT) implant on hematological profiles, endocrinological profiles (cortisol and prolactin), biochemical profile (total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose and total cholesterol), antioxidant profiles [total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] and oxidative stress profile (malondialdehyde; MDA) in anestrus buffalo cows during summer to improve its reproductive efficiency. Experimental buffaloes (5–7 years of age) were selected and divided into two groups, Gr I: Control (n=6) and Gr II: Treatment (n=6; melatonin implant @ 18 mg/50 kg b.wt). Statistical analysis revealed that these experimental profiles differed significantly between treatment and control groups. Blood profiles revealed that anestrus buffalo suffered severe macrocytic hypochromic anemia with increased leukocytosis and MT has improved the health status of reproductive system and whole body systems. Concentration of cortisol and prolactin were lower in MT treated than in control group. Similarly, antioxidant profiles were higher and oxidative stress profile was lower in MT treated group than in control group. Biochemical profiles were increased in MT treated than in untreated buffalos. Study concludes that melatonin had significant beneficial effects in improvement of the antioxidant profiles, minimization of oxidative stress with cascading beneficial effects on hormone, biochemical and hematological profiles, which will improve the cyclicity and fertility rate in anestrus buffalo during summers in humid tropical island ecosystem.
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Li M, Hassan FU, Tang Z, Guo Y, Liang X, Peng L, Xie H, Yang C. Physiological, oxidative and metabolic responses of lactating water buffaloes to tropical climate of South China. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1696-1706. [PMID: 34273254 PMCID: PMC8464237 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat stress in tropics is generally associated with significant economic losses resulting from reduced performance, morbidity, and mortality of livestock. To avoid serious consequences of heat stress, it is imperative to better understand the physiological responses and biochemical changes under the state of altered body homeostasis during different seasons of the year. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the seasonal dynamics of physiological, oxidative and metabolic responses of lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes to the tropical climate of South China. METHODS Physiological responses including rectal temperature (RT), body surface temperature (BST) and respiratory rate (RR) along with serum biochemical and antioxidant parameters of 20 lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes were evaluated during different seasons of the year. RESULTS Higher temperature-humidity Index (THI) during the summer season (>80) resulted in a significant increases in RR and BST as compared to the winter season. Higher oxidative stress was observed in the summer season as revealed by significantly higher MDA while lower serum antioxidant enzyme (TAC, GSH-Px, SOD and CAT) contents. Moreover, serum cortisol was also significantly higher in summer and autumn. The levels of growth hormone and ACTH were also significantly (P < 0.05) lower in summer and autumn as compared to other seasons. The negative association of THI with physiological and antioxidant parameters was observed while it was positively associated with serum MDA and cortisol levels. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed moderate heat stress in lactating buffaloes in the summer season which calls for attention to avoid economic losses and animal welfare issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Faiz-Ul Hassan
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China.,Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zhenhua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Yanxia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Lijuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Huade Xie
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Chengjian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
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Li M, Hassan FU, Guo Y, Tang Z, Liang X, Xie F, Peng L, Yang C. Seasonal Dynamics of Physiological, Oxidative and Metabolic Responses in Non-lactating Nili-Ravi Buffaloes Under Hot and Humid Climate. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:622. [PMID: 33102557 PMCID: PMC7506138 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hot and humid weather exposes animals to high temperature and relative humidity that ultimately reduce their ability to disperse body heat. To avoid serious consequences of heat stress, it is imperative to understand animal physiological responses and biochemical changes during a state of altered body homeostasis across different seasons of the year. This study evaluated seasonal dynamics of physiological, oxidative, and metabolic responses of Nili-Ravi buffaloes to hot and humid climate. Twenty non-lactating multiparous buffaloes were enrolled for this 1-year study. Meteorological data were recorded twice daily to calculate temperature humidity index (THI). Physiological parameters including rectal temperature (RT), body surface temperature (BST), and respiratory rate (RR) were measured weekly. Blood samples were collected once in each season (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) to analyze biochemical and antioxidant parameters. We also measured activities of liver enzymes including alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The results revealed a significantly higher THI value (82) during summer which resulted in a significant increase in RR and BST as compared to winter. Higher oxidative stress was observed in summer owing to significantly higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content and lower levels of serum antioxidant enzymes (GPx, SOD, and CAT) as compared to other seasons. Moreover, serum cortisol was also significantly higher while adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Triiodothyronine (T3), insulin, and growth hormone contents were significantly lower in summer. Contrarily, plasma thyroxin (T4) level was higher in summer. THI showed a positive correlation with physiological responses but a negative correlation with antioxidant parameters. Our study provides practical insights on the adaptive physiology of buffaloes and has several implications regarding the alleviation of heat stress in buffaloes to enhance the efficiency of production and reproduction under tropical climate. Our study suggests the use of appropriate cooling strategies to effectively manage the non-lactating buffaloes to avoid performance losses and animal welfare issues in summer season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Faiz-Ul Hassan
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China.,Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yanxia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Zhenhua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Fang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Lijuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Chengjian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
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D'Occhio MJ, Ghuman SS, Neglia G, Della Valle G, Baruselli PS, Zicarelli L, Visintin JA, Sarkar M, Campanile G. Exogenous and endogenous factors in seasonality of reproduction in buffalo: A review. Theriogenology 2020; 150:186-192. [PMID: 32000994 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal breeding in buffalo is influenced by exogenous (photoperiod, climate, nutrition, management) and endogenous (hormones, genotype) factors. Buffalo are negatively photoperiodic and show a natural increase in fertility during decreasing day length. The hormone melatonin is produced by the pineal gland and has a fundamental role in photoperiodic time measurement within the brain. This drives annual cycles of gonadotropin secretion and gonadal function in buffaloes. Some melatonin is released into the systemic circulation and, together with peripherally produced melatonin, acts at somatic tissues. In the ovaries and testes of buffalo, melatonin acts as an antioxidant and scavenges oxygen free radicals to reduce both oxidative stress and apoptosis. This has beneficial effects on gametogenesis and steroidogenesis. Female buffalo treated with melatonin show an improved response to estrus synchronization protocols in out-of-season breeding. Melatonin acts through melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 and the gene for MT1 (MTNR1A) is polymorphic in buffaloes. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in gene MTNR1A have been associated with fertility in female buffalo. The knowledge and tools are available to lift the reproductive performance of buffalo. This is highly important as the global demand for nutritious buffalo food products has undergone a sharp rise, and continues to grow. Buffalo can make an important contribution to affordable, nutritious animal protein. This will help address global nutritional security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J D'Occhio
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarvpreet S Ghuman
- Department of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Gianluca Neglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Della Valle
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro S Baruselli
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luigi Zicarelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - José A Visintin
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mihir Sarkar
- Physiology and Climatology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Giuseppe Campanile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Amin YA, Abu El-Naga EM, Noseer EA, Fouad SS, Ali RA. Synchronization with controlled internal drug release (CIDR) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) influences oxidant/antioxidant biomarkers and mineral profile in summer-stressed anoestrous buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Theriogenology 2019; 134:34-41. [PMID: 31129479 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During the summer season, high ambient temperature in tropical and subtropical countries exposes buffaloes to oxidative stress that have antigonadotropic and antisteroidogenic effects. Uses of hormonal therapy can improve the state of ovarian inactivity caused by heat stress and cause anoestrous buffaloes to come into oestrus and successfully achieve pregnancy. Therefore, this study was designed to detect the role of oxidative stress in production of the anoestrous state in summer heat stressed buffaloes and the effects of treatment by Controlled internal drug release (CIDR) in solving of this problem. Also it monitored the changes in Oxidant/antioxidant biomarkers and mineral profile before and after the treatment. Forty buffaloes with no signs of oestrus for more than 120 days after calving were selected. The animals were divided into two groups: the first group (group I, n = 25) was subjected to treatment with CIDR, while the second group (group II) received no treatment and was considered the control group (n = 25). Blood samples were collected before treatment, after treatment and after 45 days of oestrus. The serum level of TAC, MDA, NO, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), P, Cu and Zn were measured. The results showed that 80% of treated buffaloes came into oestrus. The conception rate was 75%. TAC concentrations were significantly higher in group I than in group II. There were significant decreases in the mean values of MDA, NO and ascorbic acid in the buffaloes in oestrus, but these values increased when the buffaloes became pregnant. In contrast there were no significant differences in the mean values of MDA, NO or ascorbic acid in the buffaloes that came into oestrus but failed to conceive. The mean serum P, Cu and Zn values were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the buffaloes that came into oestrus compared to the control animals. The levels of P and Zn significantly increased when the buffaloes became pregnant and remained unchanged when they failed to conceive. In conclusion, known physiological and pathological variations in the oxidant/antioxidant parameters and mineral profile of summer anoestrous buffaloes may help to understand this problem of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahia A Amin
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt.
| | - Eman M Abu El-Naga
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Enas A Noseer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Samer S Fouad
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Rana A Ali
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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Barbato O, Chiaradia E, Barile VL, Pierri F, de Sousa NM, Terracina L, Canali C, Avellini L. Investigation into homocysteine [corrected], vitamin E and malondialdehyde as indicators of successful artificial insemination in synchronized buffalo cows (Bubalus bubalis). Res Vet Sci 2015; 104:100-5. [PMID: 26850546 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe modifications in plasma homocysteine (Hcy), vitamin E (VitE) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in the first 56 days after artificial insemination (AI) in buffalo. Thirty-five buffalo cows were divided, ex post, into three groups on the basis of pregnancy diagnosis: pregnant, not pregnant, with embryonic mortality. Pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasonography and plasma concentrations of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs). Our results showed that, in pregnant buffaloes, included those with embryonic mortality, MDA increased progressively while VitE decreased. In non-pregnant buffaloes, MDA and Vit E were unchanged. Hcy concentrations also remained unchanged within each group throughout the study period, but were lower in non-pregnant buffaloes than in the pregnant ones and in those with embryonic mortality. In conclusion, present data suggest that successful pregnancy in buffalo cows might be linked to Hcy metabolism and oxidative stress involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia Barbato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Chiaradia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vittoria Lucia Barile
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Animal Production Research Centre (CRA-PCM), Via Salaria, 31, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pierri
- Department of Economics, Statistical Section University of Perugia, Via A. Pascoli 20, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Noelita Melo de Sousa
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Laboratory of Animal Endocrinology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Luigi Terracina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudio Canali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Avellini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
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Kumar A, Mehrotra S, Singh G, Narayanan K, Das G, Soni Y, Singh M, Mahla A, Srivastava N, Verma M. Sustained delivery of exogenous melatonin influences biomarkers of oxidative stress and total antioxidant capacity in summer-stressed anestrous water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Theriogenology 2015; 83:1402-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Blount JD, Vitikainen EIK, Stott I, Cant MA. Oxidative shielding and the cost of reproduction. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 91:483-97. [PMID: 25765468 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Life-history theory assumes that reproduction and lifespan are constrained by trade-offs which prevent their simultaneous increase. Recently, there has been considerable interest in the possibility that this cost of reproduction is mediated by oxidative stress. However, empirical tests of this theory have yielded equivocal support. We carried out a meta-analysis to examine associations between reproduction and oxidative damage across markers and tissues. We show that oxidative damage is positively associated with reproductive effort across females of various species. Yet paradoxically, categorical comparisons of breeders versus non-breeders reveal that transition to the reproductive state is associated with a step-change reduction in oxidative damage in certain tissues and markers. Developing offspring may be particularly sensitive to harm caused by oxidative damage in mothers. Therefore, such reductions could potentially function to shield reproducing mothers, gametes and developing offspring from oxidative insults that inevitably increase as a consequence of reproductive effort. According to this perspective, we hypothesise that the cost of reproduction is mediated by dual impacts of maternally-derived oxidative damage on mothers and offspring, and that mothers may be selected to diminish such damage. Such oxidative shielding may explain why many existing studies have concluded that reproduction has little or no oxidative cost. Future advance in life-history theory therefore needs to take account of potential transgenerational impacts of the mechanisms underlying life-history trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Blount
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, U.K
| | - Emma I K Vitikainen
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, U.K
| | - Iain Stott
- Environment & Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, U.K
| | - Michael A Cant
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, U.K
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