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Day-Lewis M, Son MBF, Lo MS. Kawasaki disease: contemporary perspectives. THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2024; 8:781-792. [PMID: 39299749 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(24)00169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Kawasaki disease is a paediatric vasculitis that presents with fever, rash, conjunctivitis, mucositis, lymphadenopathy, and extremity changes, and primarily affects children younger than 5 years. Coronary artery aneurysms are observed in approximately 20% of patients without treatment. Giant coronary artery aneurysms are rare but can result in substantial morbidity and mortality due to the risk of thrombosis, stenosis, and myocardial infarction. Infants younger than 6 months and children with coronary artery abnormalities are at highest risk for the development of large or giant coronary artery aneurysms, necessitating swift identification and aggressive treatment. The children at high risk for coronary artery aneurysms warrant primary intensification therapy; however, what the most optimal adjunct therapy might be to reduce their risk is unclear and large-scale international trials are needed. Kawasaki disease is a clinical diagnosis that shares many features with other common febrile illnesses, including multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Identifying biomarkers that can distinguish Kawasaki disease from similar conditions and predict coronary artery aneurysm risk are needed to aid timely diagnosis, guide management, and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Day-Lewis
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary Beth F Son
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Mindy S Lo
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Loy CJ, Servellita V, Sotomayor-Gonzalez A, Bliss A, Lenz JS, Belcher E, Suslovic W, Nguyen J, Williams ME, Oseguera M, Gardiner MA, Choi JH, Hsiao HM, Wang H, Kim J, Shimizu C, Tremoulet AH, Delaney M, DeBiasi RL, Rostad CA, Burns JC, Chiu CY, De Vlaminck I. Plasma cell-free RNA signatures of inflammatory syndromes in children. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2403897121. [PMID: 39240972 PMCID: PMC11406294 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2403897121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory syndromes, including those caused by infection, are a major cause of hospital admissions among children and are often misdiagnosed because of a lack of advanced molecular diagnostic tools. In this study, we explored the utility of circulating cell-free RNA (cfRNA) in plasma as an analyte for the differential diagnosis and characterization of pediatric inflammatory syndromes. We profiled cfRNA in 370 plasma samples from pediatric patients with a range of inflammatory conditions, including Kawasaki disease (KD), multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), viral infections, and bacterial infections. We developed machine learning models based on these cfRNA profiles, which effectively differentiated KD from MIS-C-two conditions presenting with overlapping symptoms-with high performance [test area under the curve = 0.98]. We further extended this methodology into a multiclass machine learning framework that achieved 80% accuracy in distinguishing among KD, MIS-C, viral, and bacterial infections. We further demonstrated that cfRNA profiles can be used to quantify injury to specific tissues and organs, including the liver, heart, endothelium, nervous system, and the upper respiratory tract. Overall, this study identified cfRNA as a versatile analyte for the differential diagnosis and characterization of a wide range of pediatric inflammatory syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Loy
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - Venice Servellita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | | | - Andrew Bliss
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - Joan S Lenz
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - Emma Belcher
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - Will Suslovic
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Jenny Nguyen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Meagan E Williams
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Miriam Oseguera
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Michael A Gardiner
- Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Disease Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jong-Ha Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Hui-Mien Hsiao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Disease Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jihoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Chisato Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Disease Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Adriana H Tremoulet
- Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Disease Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Meghan Delaney
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Roberta L DeBiasi
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jane C Burns
- Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Disease Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Charles Y Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Iwijn De Vlaminck
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
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Wang Y, Lin Y, Zhang L, Wu D, Tang Y, Meng H, Liu H, Jiang X, Zhang G, Yang Y, Li F, Shu Y, Kang K, Si L, Gao Y. Lymphocyte-C-reactive protein ratio combined with albumin upon admission predicts coronary artery dilation and aneurysm formation in pediatric patients with Kawasaki disease: a retrospective cohort study. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2024; 20:1127-1133. [PMID: 39072430 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2024.2385765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to explore simple and effective clinical parameters or combinations to predict coronary artery dilation and aneurysm formation in pediatric patients with Kawasaki disease (KD). DESIGN AND METHODS This retrospective cohort study included pediatric patients with KD from January, 2013 to December, 2022. Multiple demographic and clinical data were collected, collated, and calculated from the medical records. Then they were divided into the coronary artery dilation and aneurysm formation group or the non-coronary artery dilation and aneurysm formation group. Lymphocyte-C-reactive protein ratio (LCR) was transformed into its natural logarithm and expressed as lnLCR. RESULTS A total of 64 pediatric patients with KD were enrolled in this cohort study after 1:3 propensity score matching (PSM). For each unit increase in lnLCR, the possibility of coronary artery dilation and aneurysm formation decreased to 0.419 times the original value. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of lnLCR combined with albumin (ALB), ALB, and lnLCR to classify pediatric patients with KD into the coronary artery dilation and aneurysm formation group were 0.781, 0.692, and 0.743, respectively. CONCLUSION LCR combined with ALB upon admission is a promising predictor of coronary artery dilation and aneurysm formation in pediatric patients with KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilu Lin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Meng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiying Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Jiang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoli Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengmei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Shu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Kang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ligang Si
- Department of Pediatrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Kuo HC, Lin MC, Kao CC, Weng KP, Ding Y, Chen CJ, Jan SL, Chien KJ, Ko CH, Lin CY, Lei WT, Chang LS, Guo MMH, Yang KD, Sylvester KG, Han Z, Whitin JC, Tian L, Chubb H, Ceresnak SR, McElhinney D, Cohen HJ, Ling XB. EFFICACY OF INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALONE ON CORONARY ARTERY LESION REDUCTION IN KAWASAKI DISEASE. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.07.11.24310310. [PMID: 39040184 PMCID: PMC11261943 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.11.24310310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Background Though Aspirin and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) remain the standard treatments for Kawasaki Disease (KD) to minimize coronary artery damage, the duration and dosage of aspirin are inconsistent across hospitals. However, the lack of multi-center randomized trials prevents definitive answers to the impact of high-dose aspirin. Methods This clinical trial was structured as a prospective, evaluator-blinded, multi-center randomized controlled trial with two parallel arms, aiming to assess the effectiveness of IVIG as a standalone primary therapy of KD in comparison to the combination of IVIG with high-dose aspirin therapy. KD patients were enrolled between September, 2016 and August, 2019. A final cohort of 134 patients were randomly assigned to the standard and test groups with 69 and 65 patients, respectively. The Standard group received IVIG (2 g/kg) along with aspirin (80-100 mg/kg/day) until fever subsided for 48 hours. The test group received IVIG (2 g/kg) alone. Following the initial treatment, both groups received a daily aspirin dose (3-5 mg/kg) for six weeks. The primary outcome measure was the occurrence of coronary artery lesions (CAL) at the 6-8 weeks mark. The secondary outcome is IVIG resistance. Results The overall rate of CAL in test group decreased from 10.8% at diagnosis to 1.5% and 3.1% at 6 weeks and 6 months, respectively. The CAL rate of standard group declined from 13.0% to 2.9% and 1.4%, with no statistically significant difference (P>0.1) in the frequency of CAL between the two groups. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were found for treatment (P>0.1) and prevention (P>0.1) effect between the two groups. Conclusions This marks the first prospective multi-center randomized controlled trial comparing the standard treatment of KD using IVIG plus high-dose aspirin against IVIG alone. Our analysis indicates that addition of high-dose aspirin during initial IVIG treatment is neither statistically significant nor clinically meaningful for CAL reduction. Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; identifier: NCT02951234. What is New? This study represents the first multi-center randomized controlled trial investigating the efficacy of high-dose aspirin or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) during the acute stage of KD. This study assessed the impact of discontinuing high-dose aspirin (80-100 mg/kg/day) on the occurrence of CAL during the acute phase treatment of Kawasaki Disease.No significant differences were observed between high-dose aspirin plus IVIG treatment and IVIG alone treatment in terms of the frequency of abnormal coronary artery abnormalities. Additionally, our analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in either the treatment effect (the number of cases successfully treated) or prevention effect (the prevention of new cases) between these two treatments. What Are the Clinical Implications? Comparison analysis indicated the non-inferiority between two groups with or without high-dose aspirin.Administering the standard 2 g/kg/day IVIG without high-dose aspirin (80-100 mg/kg/day) during the acute phase therapy for KD does not increase the risk of coronary artery lesions, which are a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in KD patients.Addition of high-dose aspirin during initial IVIG treatment is not statistically significant or clinically meaningful.
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Burns JC. The etiologies of Kawasaki disease. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e176938. [PMID: 38426498 PMCID: PMC10904046 DOI: 10.1172/jci176938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis that affects young children and can result in coronary artery aneurysms. The etiology is currently unknown, but new clues from the epidemiology of KD in Japan, the country of highest incidence, are beginning to shed light on what may trigger this acute inflammatory condition. Additional clues from the global changes in KD incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic, coupled with a new birth cohort study from Japan, point to the potential role of person-to-person transmission of an infectious agent. However, the rising incidence of KD in Japan, with coherent waves across the entire country, points to an increasing intensity of exposure that cannot be explained by person-to-person spread. This Review discusses new and historical observations that guide us toward a better understanding of KD etiology and explores hypotheses and interpretations that can provide direction for future investigations. Once the etiology of KD is determined, accurate diagnostic tests will become available, and new, less expensive, and more effective targeted therapies will likely be possible. Clearly, solving the mystery of the etiologies of KD remains a priority for pediatric research.
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Zhao R, Li X, Wang J, Zhang L, Gao Z. Evaluation of physical fitness and health of young children aged between 3 and 6 based on cluster and factor analyses. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:420. [PMID: 38336673 PMCID: PMC10854155 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As life improves and sedentary time increases, young children's physical fitness gradually declines. METHODS Multi-stage stratified whole cluster sampling was utilized to sample 5584 preschoolers. Young infants' morphology, function, and quality were revealed using cluster and factor analysis. RESULTS The cluster analysis separated 3-6-year-olds into two genders: 1,551 men in group A "high physical fitness" 1,499 men in group B "low physical fitness"; 1,213 women in group A and 1,321 women in group B. Young children's fitness was measured by standing long jump(1.00), weight(1.00), and height(1.00). A cluster analysis of 3-4-year-olds classified them into three groups: 272 "muscular strength," 75 "average physical fitness," and 250 "low agility." Young children's health depends on weight (1.00), height (0.57), and chest circumference (0.54). A cluster analysis of the 4-5-year-olds classified them into two groups: 1070 "balance" and 806 "muscular strength." Young children's health depends on weight (1.00), height (0.74), and chest circumference (0.71). A cluster analysis of the 5-6-year-olds divided them into three groups: 1762 "high physical fitness," 384 "obese," and 105 "low physical fitness." Young children's physical health depends on BMI (1.00), weight (1.00), and chest circumference (1.00). Factor analysis demonstrated that muscle strength, body shape, cardiovascular variables, and physical fitness composite components affected young children's health. CONCLUSION Women should focus on motor function and strength, while men on flexibility. Male group B "low physical fitness" should focus on strength, motor function, and balance, whereas male group A "high physical fitness" should focus on flexibility. Then, female group A "high physical fitness" should emphasize variety.2) For 3-4-year-olds, group A "muscular strength" should focus on flexibility, and group C "low agility" on motor function. 3) For 4-5-year-olds, group A "balanced" should focus on strength and motor function; 4) For 5-6-year-olds, group B "obese" should emphasize weight loss, and group C "low fitness" should emphasize strength, motor function, and flexibility; 5) Young children's physical fitness depends on muscle strength, body shape, cardiovascular factors, and physical fitness composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, #2, Tiyuan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, #2, Tiyuan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Junwei Wang
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, #2, Tiyuan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lanchuan Zhang
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, #2, Tiyuan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhanle Gao
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, #2, Tiyuan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Zhang M, Wang C, Li Q, Wang H, Li X. Risk factors and an early predictive model for Kawasaki disease shock syndrome in Chinese children. Ital J Pediatr 2024; 50:22. [PMID: 38310292 PMCID: PMC10837898 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-024-01597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kawasaki disease shock syndrome (KDSS), though rare, has increased risk for cardiovascular complications. Early diagnosis is crucial to improve the prognosis of KDSS patients. Our study aimed to identify risk factors and construct a predictive model for KDSS. METHODS This case-control study was conducted from June, 2015 to July, 2023 in two children's hospitals in China. Children initially diagnosed with KDSS and children with Kawasaki disease (KD) without shock were matched at a ratio of 1:4 by using the propensity score method. Laboratory results obtained prior to shock syndrome and treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin were recorded to predict the onset of KDSS. Univariable logistic regression and forward stepwise logistic regression were used to select significant and independent risk factors associated with KDSS. RESULTS After matching by age and gender, 73 KDSS and 292 KD patients without shock formed the development dataset; 40 KDSS and 160 KD patients without shock formed the validation dataset. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) > reference value, platelet counts (PLT) < 260 × 109/L, C-reactive protein (CRP) > 80 mg/ml, procalcitonin (PCT) > 1ng/ml, and albumin (Alb) < 35 g/L were independent risk factors for KDSS. The nomogram model including the above five indicators had area under the curves (AUCs) of 0.91(95% CI: 0.87-0.94) and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.71-0.86) in the development and validation datasets, with a specificity and sensitivity of 80% and 86%, 66% and 77%, respectively. Calibration curves showed good predictive accuracy of the nomogram. Decision curve analyses revealed the predictive model has application value. CONCLUSIONS This study identified IL-10, PLT, CRP, PCT and Alb as risk factors for KDSS. The nomogram model can effectively predict the occurrence of KDSS in Chinese children. It will facilitate pediatricians in early diagnosis, which is essential to the prevention of cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 10020, China
| | - Congying Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 10020, China
- Department of Cardiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics-Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qirui Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Centre for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 10020, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 10020, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics-Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China.
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