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Lu W, Feng W, Lai J, Yuan D, Xiao W, Li Y. Role of adipokines in sarcopenia. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:1794-1804. [PMID: 37442757 PMCID: PMC10406092 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sarcopenia is an age-related disease that mainly involves decreases in muscle mass, muscle strength and muscle function. At the same time, the body fat content increases with aging, especially the visceral fat content. Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that secretes biologically active factors called adipokines, which act on local and distant tissues. Studies have revealed that some adipokines exert regulatory effects on muscle, such as higher serum leptin levels causing a decrease in muscle function and adiponectin inhibits the transcriptional activity of Forkhead box O3 (FoxO3) by activating peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-γ coactivator -1α (PGC-1α) and sensitizing cells to insulin, thereby repressing atrophy-related genes (atrogin-1 and muscle RING finger 1 [MuRF1]) to prevent the loss of muscle mass. Here, we describe the effects on muscle of adipokines produced by adipose tissue, such as leptin, adiponectin, resistin, mucin and lipocalin-2, and discuss the importance of these adipokines for understanding the development of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Wenjie Feng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jieyu Lai
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Dongliang Yuan
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Wenfeng Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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Ponzetti M, Aielli F, Ucci A, Cappariello A, Lombardi G, Teti A, Rucci N. Lipocalin 2 increases after high-intensity exercise in humans and influences muscle gene expression and differentiation in mice. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:551-565. [PMID: 34224151 PMCID: PMC9291458 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is an adipokine that accomplishes several functions in diverse organs. However, its importance in muscle and physical exercise is currently unknown. We observed that following acute high‐intensity exercise (“Gran Sasso d'Italia” vertical run), LCN2 serum levels were increased. The Wnt pathway antagonist, DKK1, was also increased after the run, positively correlating with LCN2, and the same was found for the cytokine Interleukin 6. We, therefore, investigated the involvement of LCN2 in muscle physiology employing an Lcn2 global knockout (Lcn2−/−) mouse model. Lcn2−/− mice presented with smaller muscle fibres but normal muscle performance (grip strength metre) and muscle weight. At variance with wild type (WT) mice, the inflammatory cytokine Interleukin 6 was undetectable in Lcn2−/− mice at all ages. Intriguingly, Lcn2−/− mice did not lose gastrocnemius and quadriceps muscle mass and muscle performance following hindlimb suspension, while at variance with WT, they lose soleus muscle mass. In vitro, LCN2 treatment reduced the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 and primary mouse myoblasts and influenced their gene expression. Treating myoblasts with LCN2 reduced myogenesis, suggesting that LCN2 may negatively affect muscle physiology when upregulated following high‐intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ponzetti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Federica Aielli
- Medical Oncology Department, Giuseppe Mazzini Hospital, Teramo, Italy
| | - Argia Ucci
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alfredo Cappariello
- Research Laboratories, Department of Onco-haematology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.,Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Teti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Nadia Rucci
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Licini C, Farinelli L, Cerqueni G, Hosein A, Marchi S, Gigante A, Mattioli-Belmonte M. Heterotopic ossification in a patient with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: Input from histological findings. Eur J Histochem 2020; 64. [PMID: 33272008 PMCID: PMC7731577 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2020.3176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A high incidence of heterotopic ossification (HO) has been reported in patients with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), a metabolic disease characterized by calcifications of entheses at spine and peripheral sites. We performed histological and immunohistochemical analyses in five different HO sites in a patient with DISH to study a possible mutual interaction of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and decorin, crucial for bone mass increasing, matrix calcification, and endochondral bone formation. We speculated that the surgical trauma triggered HO, inducing TGF-β release at the lesion site. TGF-β recruits osteoblast precursor cells and determines the overexpression of BMP-2 in the surrounding skeletal muscle, inducing a further osteogenic differentiation, contributing to HO onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Licini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences-DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona.
| | - Luca Farinelli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences-DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona.
| | - Giorgia Cerqueni
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences-DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona.
| | - Andrell Hosein
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences-DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona.
| | - Saverio Marchi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences-DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona.
| | - Antonio Gigante
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences-DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona.
| | - Monica Mattioli-Belmonte
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences-DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona.
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Nazempour A, Van Wie BJ. Chondrocytes, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, and Their Combination in Articular Cartilage Regenerative Medicine. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:1325-54. [PMID: 26987846 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) is a highly organized connective tissue lining, covering the ends of bones within articulating joints. Its highly ordered structure is essential for stable motion and provides a frictionless surface easing load transfer. AC is vulnerable to lesions and, because it is aneural and avascular, it has limited self-repair potential which often leads to osteoarthritis. To date, no fully successful treatment for osteoarthritis has been reported. Thus, the development of innovative therapeutic approaches is desperately needed. Autologous chondrocyte implantation, the only cell-based surgical intervention approved in the United States for treating cartilage defects, has limitations because of de-differentiation of articular chondrocytes (AChs) upon in vitro expansion. De-differentiation can be abated if initial populations of AChs are co-cultured with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which not only undergo chondrogenesis themselves but also support chondrocyte vitality. In this review we summarize studies utilizing AChs, non-AChs, and MSCs and compare associated outcomes. Moreover, a comprehensive set of recent human studies using chondrocytes to direct MSC differentiation, MSCs to support chondrocyte re-differentiation and proliferation in co-culture environments, and exploratory animal intra- and inter-species studies are systematically reviewed and discussed in an innovative manner allowing side-by-side comparisons of protocols and outcomes. Finally, a comprehensive set of recommendations are made for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nazempour
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6515, USA
| | - B J Van Wie
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6515, USA.
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Guan J, Zhang J, Zhu Z, Niu X, Guo S, Wang Y, Zhang C. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 gene transduction enhances the osteogenic potential of human urine-derived stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:5. [PMID: 25567327 PMCID: PMC4417282 DOI: 10.1186/scrt539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Urine-derived stem cells (USCs) have the ability to differentiate into osteogenic lineage. Previous studies have raised the possibility that USCs could be used for bone repair. To harness the power of USCs in promoting bone regeneration, methods must be developed to induce USCs to osteogenic lineage efficiently. The present study investigates the effect of lentivirus-encoded bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) gene transduction on the osteogenic potential of USCs. METHODS USCs were isolated from voided urine and transduced with Lentiviral vector encoding BMP2. An in vitro study was performed to detect Lentiviral-BMP2 transduced USCs differentiated towards osteogenic lineage. Furthermore, Lentiviral-BMP2 transduced USCs were transplanted in vivo to examine the ectopic bone formation ability. After six weeks, retrieval samples were obtained for immunostaining and histological analysis. RESULTS The results showed that the transduction efficiencies were over 90%, and transduced USCs had high expression levels of the BMP2 gene and secreted BMP2 protein. Alkaline activity and mineral deposition staining demonstrated that transduced USCs differentiate into osteogenic lineages without the addition of osteogenic supplements. Transduced USCs also showed high expression of bone-related markers, including runt-related protein-2 (Runx2) and osteocalcin (OCN), confirming this lentiviral-BMP2 construct provides sufficient stimuli for osteogenic differentiation. Histological analysis indicated that the transduced USCs induced robust new bone formation in nude mice. Six weeks after transplantation, human derived cells were observed to participate in bone formation. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that BMP2 gene transduction provides an effective method to enhance the osteogenic potential of USCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Guan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Jieyuan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Zhenzhong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Xin Niu
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Shangchun Guo
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China. .,Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China. .,Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Platelet-rich plasma-derived growth factors promote osteogenic differentiation of rat muscle satellite cells:in vitroandin vivostudies. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:1195-205. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20110491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chuang CK, Lin KJ, Lin CY, Chang YH, Yen TC, Hwang SM, Sung LY, Chen HC, Hu YC. Xenotransplantation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Immunocompetent Rats for Calvarial Bone Repair. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:479-88. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Kuang Chuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ju Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yu Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Chang
- Department of Orthopaedic, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chen Yen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shiaw-Min Hwang
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Chi Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Elangovan S, Srinivasan S, Ayilavarapu S. Novel regenerative strategies to enhance periodontal therapy outcome. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 9:399-410. [PMID: 19344278 DOI: 10.1517/14712590902778423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic periodontitis is a widely prevalent inflammatory condition of the supporting tissues of the teeth and is characterized by loss of teeth with an associated risk of systemic complications. Regenerative therapies such as guided tissue and bone regeneration form an important armamentarium in periodontics with a high degree of outcome predictability in certain ideal clinical scenarios. OBJECTIVE/METHODS This review elaborates novel tissue regenerative treatment modalities based on sound understanding of developmental biology, tissue engineering, inflammation and wound healing. We focus on the role of biological mediators such as growth factors, gene-based therapy, cell therapy and pro-resolution lipid mediators in the regeneration of lost bone or periodontium. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS These therapies have the potential to regenerate both periodontium and bone, aiding in the treatment of even clinically challenging cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheesh Elangovan
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA-02115, USA.
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Liu R, Ginn SL, Lek M, North KN, Alexander IE, Little DG, Schindeler A. Myoblast sensitivity and fibroblast insensitivity to osteogenic conversion by BMP-2 correlates with the expression of Bmpr-1a. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2009; 10:51. [PMID: 19442313 PMCID: PMC2685768 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-10-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoblasts are considered to primarily arise from osseous progenitors within the periosteum or bone marrow. We have speculated that cells from local soft tissues may also take on an osteogenic phenotype. Myoblasts are known to adopt a bone gene program upon treatment with the osteogenic bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP-2,-4,-6,-7,-9), but their osteogenic capacity relative to other progenitor types is unclear. We further hypothesized that the sensitivity of cells to BMP-2 would correlate with BMP receptor expression. Methods We directly compared the BMP-2 sensitivity of myoblastic murine cell lines and primary cells with osteoprogenitors from osseous tissues and fibroblasts. Fibroblasts forced to undergo myogenic conversion by transduction with a MyoD-expressing lentiviral vector (LV-MyoD) were also examined. Outcome measures included alkaline phosphatase expression, matrix mineralization, and expression of osteogenic genes (alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and bone morphogenetic protein receptor-1A) as measured by quantitative PCR. Results BMP-2 induced a rapid and robust osteogenic response in myoblasts and osteoprogenitors, but not in fibroblasts. Myoblasts and osteoprogenitors grown in osteogenic media rapidly upregulated Bmpr-1a expression. Chronic BMP-2 treatment resulted in peak Bmpr-1a expression at day 6 before declining, suggestive of a negative feedback mechanism. In contrast, fibroblasts expressed low levels of Bmpr-1a that was only weakly up-regulated by BMP-2 treatment. Bioinformatics analysis confirmed the presence of myogenic responsive elements in the proximal promoter region of human and murine BMPR-1A/Bmpr-1a. Forced myogenic gene expression in fibroblasts was associated with a significant increase in Bmpr-1a expression and a synergistic increase in the osteogenic response to BMP-2. Conclusion These data demonstrate the osteogenic sensitivity of muscle progenitors and provide a mechanistic insight into the variable response of different cell lineages to BMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjing Liu
- Orthopaedic Research & Biotechnology Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Schindeler A, Liu R, Little DG. The contribution of different cell lineages to bone repair: exploring a role for muscle stem cells. Differentiation 2008; 77:12-8. [PMID: 19281760 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An anabolic response driven by osteoblasts is critical for the process of bone healing. Current evidence suggests that these osteoblasts may arise from multiple tissue types and cell lineages. Stem cells present in the bone marrow, periosteum, local soft tissues, vasculature, and/or circulation have been shown to have osteogenic potential. Transplanted cells from these sources have also been shown to incorporate into induced ectopic bone or repaired bone. While these experiments demonstrate the latent capacity of different lineages to assume an osteoblastic phenotype under pro-osteogenic conditions, the actual contribution of the different lineages to various repair situations in vivo remains unclear. This review explores the data arising from different bone formation and repair models. We propose a model suggesting that cells arising from the local tissues, particularly muscle cells, may play an important role in fracture repair under situations where the periosteal and/or bone marrow progenitor populations are depleted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Schindeler
- Department of Orthopaedic Research & Biotechnology, Research Building, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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Usas A, Huard J. Muscle-derived stem cells for tissue engineering and regenerative therapy. Biomaterials 2008; 28:5401-6. [PMID: 17915311 PMCID: PMC2095130 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has been recognized as an essential source of progenitor or satellite cells, which are primarily responsible for muscle regeneration. Recently, muscle has also been identified as a valuable source of postnatal stem cells that appear to be distinct from satellite cells and possess the ability to differentiate into other cell lineages. These cells, named muscle-derived stem cells, possess a high myogenic capacity and effectively regenerate both skeletal and cardiac muscle. Remarkably, when genetically modified ex vivo to express growth factors, these cells can differentiate into osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages and have been shown to promote the repair of bone and cartilage. Muscle stem cell-based regenerative therapy and tissue engineering using ex vivo gene therapy, are promising approaches for the treatment of various musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and urological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvydas Usas
- Stem Cell Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Johnny Huard
- Stem Cell Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Molecular Genetic and Biochemistry, and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- *Corresponding author. phone: 412-692-7807; fax: 412-692-7095. E-mail address:
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Pescatori M, Broccolini A, Minetti C, Bertini E, Bruno C, D'amico A, Bernardini C, Mirabella M, Silvestri G, Giglio V, Modoni A, Pedemonte M, Tasca G, Galluzzi G, Mercuri E, Tonali PA, Ricci E. Gene expression profiling in the early phases of DMD: a constant molecular signature characterizes DMD muscle from early postnatal life throughout disease progression. FASEB J 2007; 21:1210-26. [PMID: 17264171 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-7285com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide gene expression profiling of skeletal muscle from Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients has been used to describe muscle tissue alterations in DMD children older than 5 years. By studying the expression profile of 19 patients younger than 2 years, we describe with high resolution the gene expression signature that characterizes DMD muscle during the initial or "presymptomatic" phase of the disease. We show that in the first 2 years of the disease, DMD muscle is already set to express a distinctive gene expression pattern considerably different from the one expressed by normal, age-matched muscle. This "dystrophic" molecular signature is characterized by a coordinate induction of genes involved in the inflammatory response, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and muscle regeneration, and the reduced transcription of those involved in energy metabolism. Despite the lower degree of muscle dysfunction experienced, our younger patients showed abnormal expression of most of the genes reported as differentially expressed in more advanced stages of the disease. By analyzing our patients as a time series, we provide evidence that some genes, including members of three pathways involved in morphogenetic signaling-Wnt, Notch, and BMP-are progressively induced or repressed in the natural history of DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Pescatori
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 0018, Rome, Italy.
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Phillips JE, Gersbach CA, García AJ. Virus-based gene therapy strategies for bone regeneration. Biomaterials 2007; 28:211-29. [PMID: 16928397 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has emerged as a promising strategy for the repair and regeneration of damaged musculoskeletal tissues. Application of this paradigm to bone healing has shown enhanced efficacy in preclinical animal studies compared to conventional bone grafting approaches. This review discusses current and emerging virus-based genetic engineering strategies for the delivery of therapeutic molecules which promote skeletal regeneration. Viral gene delivery vectors are discussed in the context of bone repair in order to illustrate the challenges and applications of these methods with tissue-specific examples. Moreover the concepts discussed can be broadly applied to promote healing in a wide range of tissues. We also present important considerations involved in the application of these gene therapy techniques to a variety of osteogenic (e.g. bone marrow-derived cells) and non-osteogenic (e.g. fibroblasts and skeletal myoblasts) cell types. Criteria for the selection of regenerative molecules with soluble versus intracellular modes of action and emerging combinatorial approaches are also discussed. Overall, gene transfer technologies have the potential to overcome limitations associated with existing bone grafting approaches and may enable investigators to design therapies which more closely mimic the complex spatial and temporal cascade of proteins involved in endogenous bone development and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Phillips
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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Chen WJ, Jingushi S, Jingushi K, Iwamoto Y. In vivo banking for vascularized autograft bone by intramuscular inoculation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 and beta-tricalcium phosphate. J Orthop Sci 2006; 11:283-8. [PMID: 16721531 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-006-1017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gold standard of bone graft substitutes is vascularized autologous bone. Our strategy to acquire this bone substitute is using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP)-2 with beta-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) as carrier to induce bone tissue in muscle and grafting as a muscle-pedicled bone flap. In our previous studies, morphologically controlled living bone was successfully induced in a rat muscular pedicle. Moreover, concurrent administration of bisphosphonate controlled the subsequent resorption of the induced bone. This study was conducted (1) to confirm that when the size of carrier is increased, the induced bone can form the same in the center as well as on the periphery of the carrier, and (2) to simulate in vivo banking for vascularized autograft bone. METHODS In experiment 1200 microg rhBMP-2 and 10(-5) M bisphosphonate (Minodronate) were applied to a 1-cm-diameter sphere of beta-TCP. This sphere was then inoculated into rabbit quadriceps and harvested 5 weeks later (n = 3). In experiment 2, beta-TCP was generated as a one-third hollow cylinder with 4-mm outer radius, 2-mm inner radius, and 10-mm length. After 50 microg rhBMP-2 and 10(-5) M Minodronate were applied, this structure was then inoculated into rat quadriceps. Four weeks later, the induced bone was transplanted as a muscle-pedicled flap onto the adjacent femur and harvested after 4 and 8 weeks more (n = 3). RESULTS In experiment 1, good bone formation was observed at the central as well as the peripheral region of the sphere. In experiment 2, good bone formation and bony union to the femur at both 4 and 8 weeks were detected on the X-ray film. The presence of new bone formation around the screw was observed. CONCLUSIONS Transplantation of the beta-TCP carrier treated with rhBMP-2 and bisphosphonate into the muscular tissue may have clinical potential for in vivo banking for muscle-pedicled bone flaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jia Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Avila T, Andrade A, Felix R. Transforming growth factor-β1 and bone morphogenetic protein-2 downregulate CaV3.1 channel expression in mouse C2C12 myoblasts. J Cell Physiol 2006; 209:448-56. [PMID: 16883604 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the developing skeletal muscle, fusion of myoblasts and myotube formation is a process that involves Ca2+ influx through T-type (CaV3) channels. Treatment of myoblasts with transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) decreases the number of CaV3 channels in the plasma membrane and reduces myotube formation. In the current report, we examined whether the inhibitory actions of TGF-beta1 and BMP-2 involve alterations in CaV3 mRNA expression in the myoblast C2C12 cell line. Using RT-PCR, we found that CaV3.1 but not CaV3.2 and CaV3.3 transcripts are present in either undifferentiated or fusion competent C2C12 myoblasts. Semi-quantitative analysis revealed a significant decrease of CaV3.1 mRNA expression in cells treated with TGF-beta1 and BMP-2. In contrast, patch-clamp recordings on HEK-293 cells stably expressing recombinant CaV3.1 channels showed that T-type currents were not affected by chronic exposure to the growth factors. These results suggest that muscle T-channel downregulation by TGF-beta1 and BMP-2 may be mediated by reduced transcription rather than through post-transcriptional modifications of CaV3.1 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traudy Avila
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
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Nie X. Apoptosis, proliferation and gene expression patterns in mouse developing tongue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 210:125-32. [PMID: 16151852 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-005-0009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Fgf/Fgfr (Fgf receptor) and Bmp signal pathways are critical for embryonic development and postnatal growth. In order to address their roles in tongue development, preliminary study of expression patterns of some important members in the two families, as well as of apoptosis and proliferation, were carried out in mouse developing tongue. Apoptosis in tongue is a very late event in embryogenesis, restricted to the upper layer of the epithelium whereas proliferation is very vigorous at the early stage of tongue development and remains active throughout embryogenesis. Bmp2, -4 and -5 were localized within the mesenchyme at the early embryonic stage of tongue development (E12 to E13), whereas Bmp3 and Bmp7 were mainly expressed in the epithelium. Most of these molecules were also seen in the tongue muscles at postnatal stages. Among Fgfr isoforms, Fgfr1c, -2b, and -2c were detected in embryogenesis with peak expression at E11 to E13. Fgfr1c and Fgfr2c were localized within the mesenchyme, while Fgfr2b was mainly expressed in the epithelium. High expression of Fgf7 and Fgf10 was also detected in the mesenchyme at the early embryonic stage of tongue development, corresponding to the Fgfr expression, suggesting that they are among the principal ligands functioning at the early embryonic expanding stage. Fgf2 was seen in the tongue muscles at the late embryonic and postnatal stages. These results suggest that Bmp and Fgf signalling regulates tongue development at multiple stages, possibly related to proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Nie
- Section of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies V91, 5009, Bergen, Norway.
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17
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Sugiyama O, An DS, Kung SPK, Feeley BT, Gamradt S, Liu NQ, Chen ISY, Lieberman JR. Lentivirus-mediated gene transfer induces long-term transgene expression of BMP-2 in vitro and new bone formation in vivo. Mol Ther 2005; 11:390-8. [PMID: 15727935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2004] [Accepted: 10/28/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the potential of ex vivo gene therapy to enhance bone repair using lentiviral vectors encoding either enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) as a reporter gene or bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) downstream of either the cytomegalovirus immediate early (CMV) promoter or the murine leukemia virus long terminal repeat (RhMLV) promoter derived from a murine retrovirus adapted to replicate in a rhesus macaque. In vitro, rat bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) transduced with Lenti-CMV-EGFP or Lenti-RhMLV-EGFP demonstrated over 90% transduction efficiency at 1 week and continued to demonstrate stable expression for 8 weeks. ELISA results demonstrated that lentivirus-mediated gene transfer into BMSCs induced stable BMP-2 production in vitro for 8 weeks. Increased EGFP and BMP-2 production was noted with the RhMLV promoter. In addition, we implanted BMSCs transduced with Lenti-RhMLV-BMP-2 into a muscle pouch in the hind limbs of severe combined immune deficient mice. Robust bone formation was noted in animals that received Lenti-RhMLV-BMP-2 cells at 3 weeks. These results demonstrate that lentiviral vectors expressing BMP-2 can induce long-term gene expression in vitro and new bone formation in vivo under the control of the RhMLV promoter. Prolonged gene expression may be advantageous when developing tissue engineering strategies to repair large bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Sugiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Degat MC, Ferreira E, Logeart-Avramoglou D. Utilisation de facteurs de croissance pour la réparation osseuse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 53:131-41. [PMID: 15781371 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2004.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2004] [Accepted: 03/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoformation is induced by numerous growth factors that play an important role in bone repair such as fracture healing. They may serve as therapeutic agent in the treatment of squeletal injuries in the orthopeadic and maxillo-facial fields. Among these proteins, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP) are the only known osteoinductive growth factors. Unfortunately, they are highly susceptible to proteolysis in vivo and require a suitable delivery system to potentiate their biological activity in a local, controlled and durable manner. In this aim, three options are under investigations: (i) osteoinductive materials made of appropriate carrier to release the protein in situ, (ii) in vivo gene therapy in which the gene is directly transfected in cells of the patient or (iii) ex vivo gene therapy in which cells are harvested from the patient, transfected with DNA in culture and then implanted in the defect. These different kinds of BMP delivery will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-C Degat
- Laboratoire de recherches orthopédiques, CNRS UMR 7052, UFR Lariboisière-Saint-Louis, 10, avenue de Verdun, 75010 Paris, France
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Hicok KC, Du Laney TV, Zhou YS, Halvorsen YDC, Hitt DC, Cooper LF, Gimble JM. Human adipose-derived adult stem cells produce osteoid in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 10:371-80. [PMID: 15165454 DOI: 10.1089/107632704323061735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adult subcutaneous fat tissue is an abundant source of multipotent cells. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that, in vitro, adipose-derived adult stem (ADAS) cells express bone marker proteins including alkaline phosphatase, type I collagen, osteopontin, and osteocalcin and produce a mineralized matrix as shown by alizarin red staining. In the current study, the ADAS cell ability to form osteoid in vivo was determined. ADAS cells were isolated from liposuction waste of three individual donors and expanded in vitro before implantation. Equal numbers of cells (3 x 10(6)) were loaded onto either hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA-TCP) cubes or the collagen/HA-TCP composite matrix, Collagraft, and then implanted subcutaneously into SCID mice. After 6 weeks, implants were removed, fixed, and demineralized and sectioned for hematoxylin and eosin staining. Osteoid formation was observed in 80% of HA-TCP implants loaded with ADAS cells. Only 20% of Collagraft implants were positive for the presence of osteoid matrix. Whereas 100% of HA-TCP implants loaded with hFOB 1.19 cells formed osteoid, Collagraft loaded with hFOB 1.19 cells displayed a high degree of adipose tissue within the matrix. Immunostaining of serial sections for human nuclear antigen demonstrated that the osteoid contained human cells. Osteoid formation was not observed in control HA-TCP or Collagraft matrices implanted without cells. In summary, the data demonstrate the ability of ADAS cells to form osteoid matrix in vivo. Because of their abundance and accessibility, ADAS cells may prove to be a novel cell therapeutic for bone repair and regeneration.
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Cooley BC, Daley RA, Toth JM. Long-term BMP-2-induced bone formation in rat island and free flaps. Microsurgery 2005; 25:167-73. [PMID: 15696516 DOI: 10.1002/micr.20092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ectopic osteoinduction by exogenous bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) is rapid but heretofore characterized as transient. A rat model of carrier-free recombinant human BMP-2 intramuscular implantation was used, followed by creation of either an island flap or transplantation of a free flap. BMP-2 injection into an unaltered gastrocnemius, thigh adductor, or cutaneous trunci (thoracic wall) muscle site led to bone resorption at 4 weeks. In contrast, creation of an island or free flap of the muscle/injection site caused the newly formed ossicle to maintain its bony composition with active osteoblastic presence, from 3-8 weeks. Muscle denervation or sectioning of the Achilles tendon (for gastrocnemius injections) did not prevent bone resorption at 4 weeks. There was little osteoclastic activity within de novo bone sites of island- and free flap-injected muscles at 4 and 8 weeks. These data demonstrate that simple injection of BMP-2 into a surgically isolated flap site results in the prolonged presence of de novo bone. These findings suggest that BMP-injected island or free muscle flaps may be used to generate new bone for reconstruction of a bony defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Cooley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watetrtown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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21
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Southwood LL, Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW. Delivery of Growth Factors Using Gene Therapy to Enhance Bone Healing. Vet Surg 2004; 33:565-78. [PMID: 15659011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2004.04080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the delivery of growth factors using gene therapy for enhancing long-bone fracture healing. STUDY DESIGN Literature review. METHODS MEDLINE and CAB Abstracts literature search (1980-2004). RESULTS Non-union and infected non-union are relatively common complications of long-bone fractures in human and veterinary patients. Growth factors are cytokines that regulate many cell functions important in fracture healing. Exogenous growth factors can be delivered to the fracture site as recombinant proteins or using gene therapy. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 and -7 (rhBMP-2 and -7), in particular, enhance fracture healing in numerous experimental and clinical studies. Some limitations with use of recombinant proteins may be overcome by use of gene therapy. Gene therapy involves delivery of the growth factor gene to cells at the fracture site using a viral or non-viral vector. The gene is then expressed (protein synthesis) by cells at the fracture site. Delivery of the BMP gene to the fracture site using gene therapy has been evaluated in laboratory animal models of non-union, with favorable results and without complications. CONCLUSION Delivery of growth factors, particularly members of BMP family, to the fracture site using gene therapy may be a method to enhance fracture healing. Use of this technology may improve the prognosis for patients with long-bone fractures. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Clinical application of gene therapy could improve the prognosis for human and veterinary patients with long-bone fractures, but has not been evaluated clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise L Southwood
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Chen WJ, Jingushi S, Hirata G, Matsumoto Y, Iwamoto Y. Intramuscular Bone Induction by the Simultaneous Administration of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 and Bisphosphonate for Autobone Graft. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 10:1652-61. [PMID: 15684674 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2004.10.1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An ideal substitute for bone graft is autobone tissue, of which there is an ample supply of the required form and with vascularity. Our strategy is to generate intramuscular autogenous bone by administering recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) with beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) as a carrier, and to transplant this bone as a muscle-pedicled autograft. However, in a previous study (Jingushi et al., J. Orthop. Sci. 7, 490, 2002), bone resorption occurred early after bone induction. This study was conducted to determine whether rhBMP-2-induced bone tissue could be maintained by simultaneous administration of bisphosphonate, and to investigate whether the induced bone could be used for bone grafting. In this study, we first applied rhBMP-2 alone to a beta-TCP disk and inoculated it into rat quadriceps muscle. Bone area and the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells in the induced bone disk peaked at 2 weeks, and induced bone resorption occurred later. Bisphosphonate and rhBMP-2 were then simultaneously applied to a beta-TCP disk and inoculated as in the first experiment. The addition of bisphosphonate decreased the number of TRAP-positive cells and increased the bone area and compression strength at 4 weeks. In the last experiment, a rhBMP-2 applied beta-TCP disk treated with or without bisphosphonate was free-grafted to parietal bone 4 weeks after inoculation. Both bone disks united similarly. We concluded that the concurrent use of bisphosphonate prevented bone absorption attributed to osteoclast activity after bone induction by rhBMP-2. The bisphosphonate application did not disturb the union of induced bone to host bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jia Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Partridge KA, Oreffo ROC. Gene delivery in bone tissue engineering: progress and prospects using viral and nonviral strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 10:295-307. [PMID: 15009954 DOI: 10.1089/107632704322791934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue loss as a consequence of the natural aging process or as a result of trauma and degenerative disease has led to the need for procedures to generate cartilage and bone for a variety of orthopedic applications. The ability to transfer genes into multipotential mesenchymal stem cells, while still in its infancy, offers considerable therapeutic hope in a variety of musculoskeletal disorders. However, the choice of gene delivery method is key. This review examines the various techniques and methods currently available to enable gene transfer into a target population from viral methods (transduction) to nonviral (transfection) methods and the limitations associated with each method. The potential applications and current understanding of each method are presented. Given the demographic challenge of an aging population, the ultimate goal remains the development of simple, safe, and reproducible strategies for gene delivery that will address the pressing orthopedic clinical imperatives of many.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris A Partridge
- University Orthopaedics, Bone and Joint Research Group, University of Southampton, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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Re: Prefabrication of Muscular Flaps for the Treatment of Bony Defects by Transduction With Bone Morphogenetic Protein 9. J Craniofac Surg 2004. [DOI: 10.1097/00001665-200409000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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25
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Seeherman H, Li R, Wozney J. A review of preclinical program development for evaluating injectable carriers for osteogenic factors. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003; 85-A Suppl 3:96-108. [PMID: 12925616 DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200300003-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Kofron MD, Zhang JX, Lieberman JR, Laurencin CT. Genetically modified mesodermal-derived cells for bone tissue engineering - Alternatives to autografts and allografts for accelerated healing of skeletal defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 22:57-64. [PMID: 14699937 DOI: 10.1109/memb.2003.1256273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Delgado I, Huang X, Jones S, Zhang L, Hatcher R, Gao B, Zhang P. Dynamic gene expression during the onset of myoblast differentiation in vitro. Genomics 2003; 82:109-21. [PMID: 12837262 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal myogenesis is a well-studied differentiation process. However, despite the identification and functional characterization of the myogenic basic HLH transcription factors, molecular details are still lacking. With the advent of microarray technology, it has become possible to look at changes in gene expression profiles in a biological process on an unprecedented scale. In this study, we applied this technology to profile gene expression during the in vitro differentiation of an established myoblast cell line, C2C12. We report over 1500 genes whose expression is altered when these cells differentiate, including 624, or about 40% of the total number of genes, with unknown functions. This analysis reveals the existence of 12 groups of coordinately regulated genes that are expressed in temporal waves of gene expression prior to the transcriptional induction of myogenin. Among these are multiple families of transcription factors that are important for the process of myogenesis. In addition, the induction of the Notch signaling pathway suggests that previously unappreciated intercellular signaling occurs during myogenic differentiation. These results provide a molecular description of the skeletal myogenesis up to the activation of myogenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Delgado
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Lu HH, Kofron MD, El-Amin SF, Attawia MA, Laurencin CT. In vitro bone formation using muscle-derived cells: a new paradigm for bone tissue engineering using polymer-bone morphogenetic protein matrices. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 305:882-9. [PMID: 12767913 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00858-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Over 800,000 bone grafting procedures are performed in the United States annually, creating a demand for viable alternatives to autogenous bone, the grafting standard in osseous repair. The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of a BMP-polymer matrix in inducing the expression of the osteoblastic phenotype and in vitro bone formation by muscle-derived cells. Specifically, we evaluated the ability of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7), delivered from a poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLAGA) matrix, to induce the differentiation of cells derived from rabbit skeletal muscle into osteoblast-like cells and subsequently form mineralized tissue. Results confirmed that muscle-derived cells attached and proliferated on the PLAGA substrates. BMP-7 released from PLAGA induced the muscle-derived cells to increase bone marker expression and form mineralized cultures. These results demonstrate the efficacy of a BMP-polymer matrix in inducing the expression of the osteoblastic phenotype by muscle-derived cells and present a new paradigm for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen H Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Abstract
Failed fracture healing is a significant problem in orthopaedics, often seen in patients with scaphoid fractures, high-energy injuries, and osteoporosis. Current treatments often result in poor outcomes and donor site morbidity. Gene therapy has been the focus of much recent research to improve bone healing. In the current review, the authors specifically evaluate the use of muscle-derived cells as a gene delivery vehicle and inducible osteoprogenitor cell that can enhance bone regeneration. Muscle-derived cells have been used to deliver bone morphogenetic protein-2 and produce ectopic bone. These cells express osteocalcin and have been found within newly generated bone in locations normally occupied by osteoblasts and osteocytes. Finally, it is shown that muscle-derived cells coupled with ex vivo gene therapy can heal critical-sized calvarial defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett H Young
- Growth and Development Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh, 3705 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A review was conducted. OBJECTIVES To review the rationale for the use of carrier systems to deliver bone morphogenetic proteins to sites of orthopedic repair, and to discuss commonly used carriers. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Carriers for bone morphogenetic protein in spine fusion are used to increase the retention of these osteogenic factors at the treatment site, and to serve as an osteoconductive matrix for bone forming cells while maintaining a space or volume in which bone formation can occur. METHODS The literature is reviewed and discussed. RESULTS Although bone morphogenetic proteins can induce bone formation when delivered in formulation buffer in small animal models, carriers often are used in larger animal models and human clinical trials to maintain the concentration of osteogenic factors at the treatment site for a sufficient period to allow bone-forming cells to migrate to the area of injury and to proliferate and differentiate. For spine fusion, carriers also are required to serve as an osteoconductive matrix for bone-forming cells while maintaining a space or volume in which bone formation can occur. Four major categories of carrier materials are used for osteogenic factor delivery: inorganic materials, synthetic polymers, natural polymers, and composites of the first three materials. In addition, allograft bone has been used to deliver osteogenic factors to the site of orthopedic repairs. The efficacy of osteogenic carrier combinations often is site specific and species specific. The requirement for supraphysiologic concentrations of osteogenic factors may be related to the ability of the delivery system to increase the retention time at the treatment site and overcome tight regulation of these factors by their inhibitors. Dose escalation in large animal models also may be related to a decrease in the number of responding cells and a slower rate of bone formation. New delivery systems being evaluated include depot delivery systems, viral vector systems, conjugated osteogenic factor delivery systems, and oral small molecule targets. CONCLUSIONS Delivery systems play an important role in the use of osteogenic factors to augment spine fusions and other orthopedic repairs.
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Wright V, Peng H, Usas A, Young B, Gearhart B, Cummins J, Huard J. BMP4-expressing muscle-derived stem cells differentiate into osteogenic lineage and improve bone healing in immunocompetent mice. Mol Ther 2002; 6:169-78. [PMID: 12161183 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2002.0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular biology have led the way for novel approaches to improve bone healing. The ideal growth factor, vector, and delivery systems for producing bone in an immune competent animal model, however, have yet to be identified. Using a retrovirus encoding BMP4 and recently isolated muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs), we demonstrated the following: MDSCs undergo osteogenic differentiation in response to BMP4 in a dose-dependent manner; retrovirus encoding BMP4 can efficiently transduce MDSCs, both enhancing osteogenic differentiation and inhibiting myogenic differentiation; transduced MDSCs can produce high levels of functional BMP4 as they differentiate toward an osteogenic lineage; allogeneic transduced MDSCs can induce robust de novo bone formation in immunocompetent mice despite the presence of an immune reaction, demonstrating the ability of this retroviral-BMP4-muscle construct to provide sufficient stimuli for osteoinduction in vivo; MDSCs appear to deliver BMP4, respond to the human BMP4 in an autocrine manner, and actively participate in bone formation, thus serving both osteoinductive and osteoproductive roles; and the BMP4-expressing MDSCs can induce bone formation and improve bone healing in a critical-sized skull defect in immunocompetent mice. Therefore, we believe that technology based on the MDSCs and vector system has great potential for promoting bone healing in a variety of musculoskeletal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vonda Wright
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213-2582, USA
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Abstract
Tissue engineering, by necessity, encompasses a wide array of experimental directions and scientific disciplines. In vitro tissue engineering involves the manipulation of cells in vitro, prior to implantation into the in vivo environment. In contrast, in vivo tissue engineering relies on the body's natural ability to regenerate over non-cell-seeded biomaterials. Cells, biomaterials, and controlled incubation conditions all play important roles in the construction and use of modern in vitro systems for tissue engineering. Gene delivery is also an important factor for controlling or supporting the function of engineered cells both in vitro and post implantation, where appropriate. In this review, systems involved in the context of in vitro tissue engineering are addressed, including bioreactors, cell-seeded constructs, cell encapsulation, and gene delivery. Emphasis is placed upon investigations that are more directly linked to the treatment of clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Godbey
- Laboratory for Tissue Engineering, Harvard Medical School/The Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Bldg. #461, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Wright VJ, Peng H, Huard J. Muscle-based gene therapy and tissue engineering for the musculoskeletal system. Drug Discov Today 2001; 6:728-733. [PMID: 11445464 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(01)01810-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The recent expansion of molecular biology techniques has opened the gates for a rapid advancement in our knowledge of disease mechanisms. These techniques, in addition to advances in cell biology and polymer chemistry, are resulting in novel approaches to treating musculoskeletal disorders. Surgeons, who have traditionally used the tools of excision and reconstruction to treat patients, might now serve as surgical 'gardeners', who create microenvironments that are conducive for tissue regeneration. This review will update readers on the principles and current advances in muscle-based gene therapy and tissue engineering for the musculoskeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J. Wright
- Growth and Development Laboratory, 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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