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Nelson AL, Fontana G, Chubb L, Choe J, Williams K, Regan D, Huard J, Murphy W, Ehrhart N, Bahney C. Mineral coated microparticles doped with fluoride and complexed with mRNA prolong transfection in fracture healing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 11:1295313. [PMID: 38264578 PMCID: PMC10803474 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1295313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Impaired fracture healing, specifically non-union, has been found to occur up to 14% in tibial shaft fractures. The current standard of care to treat non-union often requires additional surgeries which can result in long recovery times. Injectable-based therapies to accelerate fracture healing have the potential to mitigate the need for additional surgeries. Gene therapies have recently undergone significant advancements due to developments in nanotechnology, which improve mRNA stability while reducing immunogenicity. Methods: In this study, we tested the efficacy of mineral coated microparticles (MCM) and fluoride-doped MCM (FMCM) to effectively deliver firefly luciferase (FLuc) mRNA lipoplexes (LPX) to the fracture site. Here, adult mice underwent a tibia fracture and stabilization method and all treatments were locally injected into the fracture. Level of osteogenesis and amount of bone formation were assessed using gene expression and histomorphometry respectively. Localized and systemic inflammation were measured through gene expression, histopathology scoring and measuring C-reactive protein (CRP) in the serum. Lastly, daily IVIS images were taken to track and measure transfection over time. Results: MCM-LPX-FLuc and FMCM-LPX-FLuc were not found to cause any cytotoxic effects when tested in vitro. When measuring the osteogenic potential of each mineral composition, FMCM-LPX-FLuc trended higher in osteogenic markers through qRT-PCR than the other groups tested in a murine fracture and stabilization model. Despite FMCM-LPX-FLuc showing slightly elevated il-1β and il-4 levels in the fracture callus, inflammation scoring of the fracture callus did not result in any differences. Additionally, an acute systemic inflammatory response was not observed in any of the samples tested. The concentration of MCM-LPX-FLuc and FMCM-LPX-FLuc that was used in the murine fracture model did not stimulate bone when analyzed through stereological principles. Transfection efficacy and kinetics of delivery platforms revealed that FMCM-LPX-FLuc prolongs the luciferase signal both in vitro and in vivo. Discussion: These data together reveal that FMCM-LPX-FLuc could serve as a promising mRNA delivery platform for fracture healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Laura Nelson
- Center for Regenerative and Personalized Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute (SPRI), Vail, CO, United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Gianluca Fontana
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Laura Chubb
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Josh Choe
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Katherine Williams
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Dan Regan
- Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Johnny Huard
- Center for Regenerative and Personalized Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute (SPRI), Vail, CO, United States
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - William Murphy
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nicole Ehrhart
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Chelsea Bahney
- Center for Regenerative and Personalized Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute (SPRI), Vail, CO, United States
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
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2
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Ball JR, Shelby T, Hernandez F, Mayfield CK, Lieberman JR. Delivery of Growth Factors to Enhance Bone Repair. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1252. [PMID: 38002376 PMCID: PMC10669014 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10111252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of critical-sized bone defects caused by nonunion, trauma, infection, malignancy, pseudoarthrosis, and osteolysis poses complex reconstruction challenges for orthopedic surgeons. Current treatment modalities, including autograft, allograft, and distraction osteogenesis, are insufficient for the diverse range of pathology encountered in clinical practice, with significant complications associated with each. Therefore, there is significant interest in the development of delivery vehicles for growth factors to aid in bone repair in these settings. This article reviews innovative strategies for the management of critical-sized bone loss, including novel scaffolds designed for controlled release of rhBMP, bioengineered extracellular vesicles for delivery of intracellular signaling molecules, and advances in regional gene therapy for sustained signaling strategies. Improvement in the delivery of growth factors to areas of significant bone loss has the potential to revolutionize current treatment for this complex clinical challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R. Ball
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1500 San Pablo St., Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Zhang W, Zha K, Hu W, Xiong Y, Knoedler S, Obed D, Panayi AC, Lin Z, Cao F, Mi B, Liu G. Multifunctional hydrogels: advanced therapeutic tools for osteochondral regeneration. Biomater Res 2023; 27:76. [PMID: 37542353 PMCID: PMC10403923 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Various joint pathologies such as osteochondritis dissecans, osteonecrosis, rheumatic disease, and trauma, may result in severe damage of articular cartilage and other joint structures, ranging from focal defects to osteoarthritis (OA). The osteochondral unit is one of the critical actors in this pathophysiological process. New approaches and applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine continue to drive the development of OA treatment. Hydrogel scaffolds, a component of tissue engineering, play an indispensable role in osteochondral regeneration. In this review, tissue engineering strategies regarding osteochondral regeneration were highlighted and summarized. The application of hydrogels for osteochondral regeneration within the last five years was evaluated with an emphasis on functionalized physical and chemical properties of hydrogel scaffolds, functionalized delivery hydrogel scaffolds as well as functionalized intelligent response hydrogel scaffolds. Lastly, to serve as guidance for future efforts in the creation of bioinspired hydrogel scaffolds, a succinct summary and new views for specific mechanisms, applications, and existing limitations of the newly designed functionalized hydrogel scaffolds were offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Kangkang Zha
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Weixian Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuan Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Samuel Knoedler
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02152, USA
| | - Doha Obed
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02152, USA
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Adriana C Panayi
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Microsurgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, 67071, Ludwigshafen/Rhine, Germany
| | - Ze Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Faqi Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Bobin Mi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Guohui Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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4
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Panos JA, Coenen MJ, Nagelli CV, McGlinch EB, Atasoy-Zeybek A, De Padilla CL, Coghlan RF, Johnstone B, Ferreira E, Porter RM, De la Vega RE, Evans CH. IL-1Ra gene transfer potentiates BMP2-mediated bone healing by redirecting osteogenesis toward endochondral ossification. Mol Ther 2023; 31:420-434. [PMID: 36245128 PMCID: PMC9931547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 100,000 patients each year in the United States suffer severe disability from bone defects that fail to heal, a condition where bone-regenerative therapies could provide substantial clinical benefits. Although recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP2) is an osteogenic growth factor that is clinically approved for this purpose, it is only effective when used at exceedingly high doses that incur substantial costs, induce severe inflammation, produce adverse side effects, and form morphologically abnormal bone. Using a validated rat femoral segmental defect model, we show that bone formed in response to clinically relevant doses of rhBMP2 is accompanied by elevated expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1). Local delivery of cDNA encoding the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) achieved bridging of segmental, critical size defects in bone with a 90% lower dose of rhBMP2. Unlike use of high-dose rhBMP2, bone formation in the presence of IL-1Ra occurred via the native process of endochondral ossification, resulting in improved quality without sacrificing the mechanical properties of the regenerated bone. Our results demonstrate that local immunomodulation may permit effective use of growth factors at lower doses to recapitulate more precisely the native biology of healing, leading to higher-quality tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Panos
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Musculoskeletal Gene Therapy Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael J Coenen
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Musculoskeletal Gene Therapy Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Christopher V Nagelli
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Musculoskeletal Gene Therapy Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Erin B McGlinch
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Musculoskeletal Gene Therapy Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aysegul Atasoy-Zeybek
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Musculoskeletal Gene Therapy Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Consuelo Lopez De Padilla
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Musculoskeletal Gene Therapy Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ryan F Coghlan
- Research Center, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Brian Johnstone
- Research Center, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Elisabeth Ferreira
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research, Departments of Internal Medicine and Orthopedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Ryan M Porter
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research, Departments of Internal Medicine and Orthopedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Rodolfo E De la Vega
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Musculoskeletal Gene Therapy Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher H Evans
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Musculoskeletal Gene Therapy Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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5
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Schindeler A, Lee LR, O'Donohue AK, Ginn SL, Munns CF. Curative Cell and Gene Therapy for Osteogenesis Imperfecta. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:826-836. [PMID: 35306687 PMCID: PMC9324990 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) describes a series of genetic bone fragility disorders that can have a substantive impact on patient quality of life. The multidisciplinary approach to management of children and adults with OI primarily involves the administration of antiresorptive medication, allied health (physiotherapy and occupational therapy), and orthopedic surgery. However, advances in gene editing technology and gene therapy vectors bring with them the promise of gene-targeted interventions to provide an enduring or perhaps permanent cure for OI. This review describes emergent technologies for cell- and gene-targeted therapies, major hurdles to their implementation, and the prospects of their future success with a focus on bone disorders. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Schindeler
- Bioengineering and Molecular Medicine Laboratorythe Children's Hospital at Westmead and the Westmead Institute for Medical ResearchWestmeadAustralia
- Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical SchoolUniversity of SydneyCamperdownAustralia
| | - Lucinda R Lee
- Bioengineering and Molecular Medicine Laboratorythe Children's Hospital at Westmead and the Westmead Institute for Medical ResearchWestmeadAustralia
- Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical SchoolUniversity of SydneyCamperdownAustralia
| | - Alexandra K O'Donohue
- Bioengineering and Molecular Medicine Laboratorythe Children's Hospital at Westmead and the Westmead Institute for Medical ResearchWestmeadAustralia
- Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical SchoolUniversity of SydneyCamperdownAustralia
| | - Samantha L Ginn
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals NetworkWestmeadAustralia
| | - Craig F Munns
- Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesQueensland Children's HospitalBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Child Health Research Centre and Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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6
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Ferreira E, Gatrell LB, Childress L, Wu H, Porter RM. A Transgenic Rat for Noninvasive Assessment of Chondrogenesis in Vivo. Cartilage 2021; 13:1720S-1733S. [PMID: 34809478 PMCID: PMC8804729 DOI: 10.1177/19476035211057243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To support the preclinical evaluation of therapeutics that target chondrogenesis, our goal was to generate a rat strain that can noninvasively report endogenous chondrogenic activity. DESIGN A transgene was constructed in which the dual expression of bioluminescent (firefly luciferase) and fluorescent (mCherry) reporters is controlled by regulatory sequences from rat Col2a1. Candidate lines were established on a Lewis background and characterized by serial bioluminescence imaging as well as ex vivo measurement of molecular reporter levels in several tissues. The sensitivity and specificity of the reporter strain were assessed in models of orthotopic and ectopic chondrogenesis. RESULTS Substantial bioluminescence signal was detected from cartilaginous regions, including the appendicular synovial joints, spine, sternum, nose, and pinnae. Bioluminescent radiance was intense at 1 month of age, rapidly declined with continued development, yet remained detectable in 2-year-old animals. Explant imaging and immunohistochemistry confirmed that both molecular reporters were localized to cartilage. Implantation of wild-type bone marrow stromal cells into osteochondral defects made in both young adult and aged reporter rats led to a time-dependent elevation of intra-articular reporter activity concurrent with cartilaginous tissue repair. To stimulate ectopic, endochondral bone formation, bone morphogenetic protein 2 was overexpressed in the gastrocnemius muscle, which led to bioluminescent signal that closely preceded heterotopic ossification. CONCLUSIONS This strain can help develop strategies to stimulate cartilage repair and endochondral bone formation or to inhibit chondrogenesis associated with heterotopic ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Ferreira
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease
Research, Departments of Internal Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of
Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Landon B. Gatrell
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease
Research, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Luke Childress
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease
Research, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Hong Wu
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease
Research, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Ryan M. Porter
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease
Research, Departments of Internal Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of
Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA,Ryan M. Porter, Center for Musculoskeletal
Disease Research, Departments of Internal Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery,
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Mail Slot
#587, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
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7
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De la Vega RE, Atasoy-Zeybek A, Panos JA, VAN Griensven M, Evans CH, Balmayor ER. Gene therapy for bone healing: lessons learned and new approaches. Transl Res 2021; 236:1-16. [PMID: 33964474 PMCID: PMC8976879 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although gene therapy has its conceptual origins in the treatment of Mendelian disorders, it has potential applications in regenerative medicine, including bone healing. Research into the use of gene therapy for bone healing began in the 1990s. Prior to this period, the highly osteogenic proteins bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and -7 were cloned, produced in their recombinant forms and approved for clinical use. Despite their promising osteogenic properties, the clinical usefulness of recombinant BMPs is hindered by delivery problems that necessitate their application in vastly supraphysiological amounts. This generates adverse side effects, some of them severe, and raises costs; moreover, the clinical efficacy of the recombinant proteins is modest. Gene delivery offers a potential strategy for overcoming these limitations. Our research has focused on delivering a cDNA encoding human BMP-2, because the recombinant protein is Food and Drug Administration approved and there is a large body of data on its effects in people with broken bones. However, there is also a sizeable literature describing experimental results obtained with other transgenes that may directly or indirectly promote bone formation. Data from experiments in small animal models confirm that intralesional delivery of BMP-2 cDNA is able to heal defects efficiently and safely while generating transient, local BMP-2 concentrations 2-3 log orders less than those needed by recombinant BMP-2. The next challenge is to translate this information into a clinically expedient technology for bone healing. Our present research focuses on the use of genetically modified, allografted cells and chemically modified messenger RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo E De la Vega
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Musculoskeletal Gene Therapy Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; cBITE, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Aysegul Atasoy-Zeybek
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Musculoskeletal Gene Therapy Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Joseph A Panos
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Musculoskeletal Gene Therapy Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Martijn VAN Griensven
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Musculoskeletal Gene Therapy Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; cBITE, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Christopher H Evans
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Musculoskeletal Gene Therapy Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| | - Elizabeth R Balmayor
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Musculoskeletal Gene Therapy Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; IBE, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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8
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Takanche JS, Kim JE, Kim JS, Yi HK. Guided bone regeneration with a gelatin layer and adenoviral delivery of c-myb enhances bone healing in rat tibia. Regen Med 2020; 15:1877-1890. [PMID: 32893751 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2019-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Bone healing becomes problematic during certain states, such as trauma. This study verifies whether the application of c-myb with gelatin promotes bone healing during bone injuries. Materials & methods: A biodegradable membrane was modified with adenoviral vector c-myb (Ad/c-myb) and gelatin and applied in the bone injury site of rat tibia. Results: c-myb enhanced osteogenic differentiation and mineralization in bone marrow stromal cells after induction with osteogenic media. In vivo examination of rat tibia after application of the biodegradable membrane with Ad/c-myb and a gelatin layer demonstrated increased bone volume, bone mineral density, new bone formation and osteogenic molecules, compared with Ad/LacZ. Conclusion: c-myb has the potential to assist bone healing and may be applicable to the treatment of bone during injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Shrestha Takanche
- Departments of Oral Biochemistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Departments of Oral Biochemistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jeong-Seok Kim
- Departments of Oral Biochemistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Ho-Keun Yi
- Departments of Oral Biochemistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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Abstract
The biologic steps involved in creating a bony fusion between adjacent segments of the spine are a complex and highly coordinated series of events. There have been significant advancements in bone grafts and bone graft substitutes in order to augment spinal fusion. While autologous bone grafting remains the gold standard, allograft bone grafting, synthetic bone graft substitutes, and bone graft enhancers are appropriate in certain clinical situations. This article provides an overview of the basic biology of spinal fusion and strategies for enhancing fusion through innovations in bone graft material.
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10
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Safarova Y, Umbayev B, Hortelano G, Askarova S. Mesenchymal stem cells modifications for enhanced bone targeting and bone regeneration. Regen Med 2020; 15:1579-1594. [PMID: 32297546 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2019-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In pathological bone conditions (e.g., osteoporotic fractures or critical size bone defects), increasing the pool of osteoblast progenitor cells is a promising therapeutic approach to facilitate bone healing. Since mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) give rise to the osteogenic lineage, a number of clinical trials investigated the potential of MSCs transplantation for bone regeneration. However, the engraftment of transplanted cells is often hindered by insufficient oxygen and nutrients supply and the tendency of MSCs to home to different sites of the body. In this review, we discuss various approaches of MSCs transplantation for bone regeneration including scaffold and hydrogel constructs, genetic modifications and surface engineering of the cell membrane aimed to improve homing and increase cell viability, proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Safarova
- Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.,School of Engineering & Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Bauyrzhan Umbayev
- Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Gonzalo Hortelano
- School of Sciences & Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Sholpan Askarova
- Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
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11
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Wang L, Xu W, Chen Y, Wang J. Alveolar bone repair of rhesus monkeys by using BMP-2 gene and mesenchymal stem cells loaded three-dimensional printed bioglass scaffold. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18175. [PMID: 31796797 PMCID: PMC6890714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, the study about bone tissue engineering in the field of regenerative medicine has been a main research topic. Using three-dimensional (3D) porous degradable scaffold complexed with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and growth factor gene to improve bone tissue repair and regeneration has raised much interest. This study mainly evaluated the osteogenesis of alveolar bone defects of animal in the following experimental groups: sham-operated (SO), 3D printed bioglass (3D-BG), 3D-BG with BMP-2 gene loaded CS (3D-BG + BMP/CS) and 3D-BG with rhesus marrow bone MSCs and BMP/CS (3D-BG + BMP/CS + rBMSCs). Simulated human bone defect with critical size of 10 × 10 × 5 mm were established in quadrumana - rhesus monkeys, and in vivo osteogenesis was characterized by X-ray, micro-Computed Tomography (mCT) and history. Our results revealed that 3D-BG + rBMSCs + BMP/CS scaffold could improve bone healing best by showing its promote osteogenic properties in vivo. Considering the great bone repair capacity of 3D-BG + BMP/CS + rBMSCs in humanoid primate rhesus monkeys, it could be a promising therapeutic strategy for surgery trauma or accidents, especially for alveolar bones defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Foshan Woman and Children's Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, China
| | - Weikang Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Key Lab of Medical Electronic Instruments and Polymer Material Products, Guangdong Institute of Medical Instruments, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510500, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First people's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, China.
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Foshan Woman and Children's Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, China.
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12
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Targeting Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors for Local Delivery to Fractures and Systemic Delivery to the Skeleton. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 15:101-111. [PMID: 31649959 PMCID: PMC6804917 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A panel of 18 recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) variants, both natural and engineered, constitutively expressing Cre recombinase under the cytomegalovirus early enhancer/chicken β actin (CAG) promoter, were screened for their ability to transduce bone in Ai9 fluorescent reporter mice. Transgenic Cre-induced tdTomato expression served as a measure of transduction efficiency and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity as an osteoblastic marker. Single injections of AAV8, AAV9, and AAV-DJ into midshaft tibial fractures yielded robust tdTomato expression in the callus. Next, the bone cell-specific promoters Sp7 and Col2.3 were tested to restrict Cre expression in an alternate model of systemic delivery by intravenous injection. Although CAG promoter constructs packaged into AAV8 produced high levels of tdTomato in the bone, liver, heart, spleen, and kidney, bone-specific promoter constructs restricted Cre expression to osseous tissues. AAV variants were further tested in vitro in a human osteoblast cell line (hFOB1.19), measuring GFP reporter expression by flow cytometry after 72 h. AAV2, AAV5, and AAV-DJ showed the highest transduction efficiency. In summary, we produced AAV vectors for selective and high-efficiency in vivo gene delivery to murine bone. The AAV8-Sp7-Cre vector has significant practical applications for inducing gene deletion postnatally in floxed mouse models.
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13
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Raghuram A, Singh A, Chang DK, Nunez M, Reece EM, Schultz BE. The Evolving Landscape of Gene Therapy in Plastic Surgery. Semin Plast Surg 2019; 33:167-172. [PMID: 31384232 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1693131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid rise of personalized genomic sequencing and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) technology, previous gaps in gene therapy are beginning to be bridged, paving the way for increasing clinical applicability. This article aims to provide an overview of the fundamentals of gene therapy and discuss future potential interventions relevant to plastic surgeons. These interventions include enhancing tissue regeneration and healing, as well as modifying disease processes in congenital anomalies. Though clinical applications are still on the horizon, a deeper understanding of these new advances will help plastic surgeons understand the current landscape of gene therapy and stay abreast of future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aspinder Singh
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Daniel K Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mervin Nunez
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Edward M Reece
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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14
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Huynh NPT, Brunger JM, Gloss CC, Moutos FT, Gersbach CA, Guilak F. Genetic Engineering of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Differential Matrix Deposition on 3D Woven Scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:1531-1544. [PMID: 29756533 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering approaches for the repair of osteochondral defects using biomaterial scaffolds and stem cells have remained challenging due to the inherent complexities of inducing cartilage-like matrix and bone-like matrix within the same local environment. Members of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family have been extensively utilized in the engineering of skeletal tissues, but have distinct effects on chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of progenitor cells. The goal of this study was to develop a method to direct human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to deposit either mineralized matrix or a cartilaginous matrix rich in glycosaminoglycan and type II collagen within the same biochemical environment. This differential induction was performed by culturing cells on engineered three-dimensionally woven poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds in a chondrogenic environment for cartilage-like matrix production while inhibiting TGFβ3 signaling through Mothers against DPP homolog 3 (SMAD3) knockdown, in combination with overexpressing RUNX2, to achieve mineralization. The highest levels of mineral deposition and alkaline phosphatase activity were observed on scaffolds with genetically engineered MSCs and exhibited a synergistic effect in response to SMAD3 knockdown and RUNX2 expression. Meanwhile, unmodified MSCs on PCL scaffolds exhibited accumulation of an extracellular matrix rich in glycosaminoglycan and type II collagen in the same biochemical environment. This ability to derive differential matrix deposition in a single culture condition opens new avenues for developing complex tissue replacements for chondral or osteochondral defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen P T Huynh
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis , Saint Louis, Missouri.,2 Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri.,3 Department of Cell Biology, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Catherine C Gloss
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis , Saint Louis, Missouri.,2 Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Charles A Gersbach
- 6 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Farshid Guilak
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis , Saint Louis, Missouri.,2 Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri.,5 Cytex Therapeutics, Inc. , Durham, North Carolina
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15
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Grol MW, Lee BH. Gene therapy for repair and regeneration of bone and cartilage. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 40:59-66. [PMID: 29621661 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy refers to the use of viral and non-viral vectors to deliver nucleic acids to tissues of interest using direct (in vivo) or transduced cell-mediated (ex vivo) approaches. Over the past few decades, strategies have been adopted to express therapeutic transgenes at sites of injury to promote or facilitate repair of bone and cartilage. Targets of interest have typically included secreted proteins such as growth factors and anti-inflammatory mediators; however, work has also begun to focus intracellularly on signaling components, transcription factors and small, regulatory nucleic acids such as microRNAs (miRNAs). In recent years, a number of single therapeutic gene approaches (termed 'monotherapies') have proven effective in preclinical models of disease, and several are being evaluated in clinical trials. In particular, an ex vivo TGF-β1 gene therapy was approved in Korea in 2017 for treatment of moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis (OA). The ability to utilize viral vectors for context-specific and combinatorial gene therapy is also being investigated, and these strategies are likely to be important in more robustly addressing the complexities of tissue repair and regeneration in skeletal disease. In this review, we provide an overview of viral gene therapies being developed for treatment of bone and cartilage pathologies, with an emphasis on emerging combinatorial strategies as well as those targeting intracellular mediators such as miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Grol
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brendan H Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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16
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Park SY, Kim KH, Park CH, Shin SY, Rhyu IC, Lee YM, Seol YJ. Enhanced Bone Regeneration by Diabetic Cell-Based Adenoviral BMP-2 Gene Therapy in Diabetic Animals. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:930-942. [PMID: 29160182 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) has been extensively investigated to improve diabetes-impaired bone healing; however, the delivery of BMP-2 by gene therapy for bone regeneration has rarely been investigated in diabetic animals. In this study, we aimed to evaluate which cells induce more new bone formation in diabetic animals when cell-based BMP2 gene therapy is applied. For this purpose, we harvested bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) twice in the same animal before (non-diabetic BMSCs; nBMSCs) and after diabetes induction (diabetic BMSCs; dBMSCs) using modified bone marrow ablation methods. And then, cells were transduced by adenoviral vectors carrying the BMP2 gene (AdBMP2). In in vitro, AdBMP2-transfected dBMSCs (B2/dBMSCs) produced higher BMP-2 mRNA levels over 48 h, whereas AdBMP2-transfected nBMSCs (B2/nBMSCs) exhibited a transient increase in BMP-2 mRNA followed by a decrease to the baseline level within 48 h. Both B2/dBMSCs and B2/nBMSCs induced secretion of BMP-2 for 3 weeks. However, B2/dBMSC BMP-2 secretion peaked from day 3 to 10, whereas B2/nBMSC BMP-2 secretion peaked from day 1 to 7. The analysis of osteogenic activity revealed that mineralization nodule formation and the expression levels of osteogenic genes were significantly higher in B2/dBMSCs than B2/nBMSCs and were accompanied by upregulation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin and Smad signaling. AdBMP2-transfected autologous cells were implanted into critical-sized calvarial defects in diabetic animals and induced significantly more bone regeneration than non-AdBMP2-transfected cells. In addition, B2/dBMSCs led to significantly more new bone formation than B2/nBMSCs. Thus, BMP2 gene therapy using diabetic cells effectively supported diabetic bone healing and it was related to the enhanced responses to AdBMP2 of dBMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Young Park
- 1 Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea.,2 Section of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hwa Kim
- 1 Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan-Ho Park
- 3 Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Yun Shin
- 4 Department of Periodontology, Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University , Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Chul Rhyu
- 1 Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Moo Lee
- 1 Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang-Jo Seol
- 1 Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
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17
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De La Vega RE, De Padilla CL, Trujillo M, Quirk N, Porter RM, Evans CH, Ferreira E. Contribution of Implanted, Genetically Modified Muscle Progenitor Cells Expressing BMP-2 to New Bone Formation in a Rat Osseous Defect. Mol Ther 2017; 26:208-218. [PMID: 29107477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Because muscle contains osteoprogenitor cells and has a propensity to form bone, we have explored its utility in healing large osseous defects. Healing is achieved by the insertion of muscle fragments transduced with adenovirus encoding BMP-2 (Ad.BMP-2). However, it is not known whether the genetically modified muscle contributes osteoprogenitor cells to healing defects or merely serves as a local source of BMP-2. This question is part of the larger debate on the fate of progenitor cells introduced into sites of tissue damage to promote regeneration. To address this issue, we harvested fragments of muscle from rats constitutively expressing GFP, transduced them with Ad.BMP-2, and implanted them into femoral defects in wild-type rats under various conditions. GFP+ cells persisted within defects for the entire 8 weeks of the experiments. In the absence of bone formation, these cells presented as fibroblasts. When bone was formed, GFP+ cells were present as osteoblasts and osteocytes and also among the lining cells of new blood vessels. The genetically modified muscle thus contributed progenitor cells as well as BMP-2 to the healing defect, a property of great significance in light of the extensive damage to soft tissue and consequent loss of endogenous progenitors in problematic fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo E De La Vega
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, BIDMC, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Miguel Trujillo
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nicholas Quirk
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ryan M Porter
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, BIDMC, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christopher H Evans
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, BIDMC, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Collaborative Research Center, AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland.
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18
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Marasini S, Chang DY, Jung JH, Lee SJ, Cha HL, Suh-Kim H, Kim SS. Effects of Adenoviral Gene Transduction on the Stemness of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Mol Cells 2017; 40:598-605. [PMID: 28835020 PMCID: PMC5582306 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently being evaluated as a cell-based therapy for tissue injury and degenerative diseases. Recently, several methods have been suggested to further enhance the therapeutic functions of MSCs, including genetic modifications with tissue- and/or disease-specific genes. The objective of this study was to examine the efficiency and stability of transduction using an adenoviral vector in human MSCs. Additionally, we aimed to assess the effects of transduction on the proliferation and multipotency of MSCs. The results indicate that MSCs can be transduced by adenoviruses in vitro, but high viral titers are necessary to achieve high efficiency. In addition, transduction at a higher multiplicity of infection (MOI) was associated with attenuated proliferation and senescence-like morphology. Furthermore, transduced MSCs showed a diminished capacity for adipogenic differentiation while retaining their potential to differentiate into osteocytes and chondrocytes. This work could contribute significantly to clinical trials of MSCs modified with therapeutic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash Marasini
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499,
Korea
| | - Da-Young Chang
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499,
Korea
| | - Jin-Hwa Jung
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499,
Korea
| | - Su-Jung Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499,
Korea
| | - Hye Lim Cha
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499,
Korea
| | - Haeyoung Suh-Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499,
Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499,
Korea
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19
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Itoi T, Harada Y, Irie H, Sakamoto M, Tamura K, Yogo T, Soeta S, Amasaki H, Hara Y, Tagawa M. Escherichia coli-derived recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 combined with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells improves bone regeneration in canine segmental ulnar defects. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:201. [PMID: 27619812 PMCID: PMC5020464 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0829-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large bone defects in canines usually require assistance to achieve healing. Implantation of osteoinductive factors can promote bone healing, while transplantation of osteoprogenitor cells can enhance bone regeneration. We hypothesized that implantation of an osteoinductive factor, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2), combined with osteoprogenitor cells, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs), would synergistically promote bone healing. In this study, we examined the combined effects of Escherichia coli-derived rhBMP-2 and BMSCs on bone healing after implantation into canine ulnar defects. RESULTS Critical-sized osteoperiosteal segmental defects (2.5 cm) were created in the ulnae of healthy female beagle dogs, and implanted with combinations of E. coli-derived rhBMP-2 (560 or 140 μg) and autologous BMSCs (10(7), 10(5), or 0 cells). In the present study,18 forelimbs of nine healthy purpose-bred female beagles were used. All six treatment groups contained three forelimbs, and the animals were euthanized after 12 weeks. The control groups (560 and 140 μg/0 cells) were cited from our previous study to reduce the number of experimental animals. Radiographically, the regenerated bone width was significantly increased in the 560 or 140 μg with 10(7) and 10(5) cells groups compared with the 0 cells groups. By quantitative CT, the bone mineral density was higher in the 560 μg with 10(7) and 10(5) cells groups, while non-uniformity of the bone mineral density was improved in the 560 μg with 10(7) and 10(5) cells groups and 140 μg/10(7) cells group. Mechanically, the maximum loads at failure were significantly higher in the 560 μg with 10(7) and 10(5) cells groups. Histologically, the regenerated bone was well-developed and contained osteocyte-like cells marrow cavities, and vessels. However, the osteoclasts and osteoblasts were hardly observed. The osteocyte-like cell numbers were significantly higher in the 560 μg with 10(7) and 10(5) cells and 140 μg with 10(7) and 10(5) cells groups. CONCLUSIONS Implantation of E. coli-derived rhBMP-2 and BMSCs led to significantly enhanced bone formation, with improved bone mineral density and reduced non-uniformity of the regenerated bone. Combined implantation of rhBMP-2 and BMSCs may be useful for promotion of bone healing in critical-sized defects in canines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Itoi
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Yasuji Harada
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Irie
- HOYA Technosurgical Corporation, 1-1-110 Tsutsujigaoka, Akishima, Tokyo, 196-0012, Japan
| | - Michiko Sakamoto
- HOYA Technosurgical Corporation, 1-1-110 Tsutsujigaoka, Akishima, Tokyo, 196-0012, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Tamura
- Division of Animal and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, Kurashiki University of Science and Arts, 2640 Nishinoura, Tsurajima-machi, Kurashiki, Okayama, 712-8505, Japan
| | - Takuya Yogo
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Satoshi Soeta
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Hajime Amasaki
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hara
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tagawa
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
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20
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Kim YD, Pofali P, Park TE, Singh B, Cho K, Maharjan S, Dandekar P, Jain R, Choi YJ, Arote R, Cho CS. Gene therapy for bone tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 13:111-125. [PMID: 30603391 PMCID: PMC6170855 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-016-9063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy holds a great promise and has been extensively investigated to improve bone formation and regeneration therapies in bone tissue engineering. A variety of osteogenic genes can be delivered by combining different vectors (viral or non-viral), scaffolds and delivery methodologies. Ex vivo & in vivo gene enhanced tissue engineering approaches have led to successful osteogenic differentiation and bone formation. In this article, we review recent advances of gene therapy-based bone tissue engineering discussing strengths and weaknesses of various strategies as well as general overview of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Dong Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Prasad Pofali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Tae-Eun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kihyun Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sushila Maharjan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Rohidas Arote
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Yu X, Suárez-González D, Khalil AS, Murphy WL. How does the pathophysiological context influence delivery of bone growth factors? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 84:68-84. [PMID: 25453269 PMCID: PMC4401584 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
"Orthobiologics" represents an important category of therapeutics for the regeneration of bone defects caused by injuries or diseases, and bone growth factors are a particularly rapidly growing sub-category. Clinical application of bone growth factors has accelerated in the last two decades with the introduction of BMPs into clinical bone repair. Optimal use of growth factor-mediated treatments heavily relies on controlled delivery, which can substantially influence the local growth factor dose, release kinetics, and biological activity. The characteristics of the surrounding environment, or "context", during delivery can dictate growth factor loading efficiency, release and biological activity. This review discusses the influence of the surrounding environment on therapeutic delivery of bone growth factors. We specifically focus on pathophysiological components, including soluble components and cells, and how they can actively influence the therapeutic delivery and perhaps efficacy of bone growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Darilis Suárez-González
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Andrew S Khalil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - William L Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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22
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Park SY, Kim KH, Gwak EH, Rhee SH, Lee JC, Shin SY, Koo KT, Lee YM, Seol YJ. Ex vivo bone morphogenetic protein 2 gene delivery using periodontal ligament stem cells for enhanced re-osseointegration in the regenerative treatment of peri-implantitis. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:38-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Young Park
- Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry, Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Department of Periodontology; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital; Seongnam Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hwa Kim
- Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry, Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Gwak
- Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry, Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Rhee
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science; Dental Research Institute and BK21 Plus, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Jeong-Cheol Lee
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science; Dental Research Institute and BK21 Plus, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Seung-Yun Shin
- Department of Periodontology; Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University; Seoul Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Koo
- Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry, Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Yong-Moo Lee
- Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry, Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Yang-Jo Seol
- Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry, Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
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23
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Abstract
Despite advances in systemic osteoporosis therapeutic outcomes, management of fragility fractures and implant fixation in osteoporotic bone remain difficult clinical challenges. Low initial bone density and a prolonged healing response can lead to fracture nonunion and aseptic implant loosening. Local treatment strategies could be used to prevent fracture, accelerate healing, and increase implant fixation by locally stimulating anabolic pathways or inhibiting catabolic pathways. Local strategies under investigation include direct drug release from injectable materials or implant surface coatings. Common locally delivered drugs include bisphosphonates, parathyroid hormone, and bone morphogenetic proteins, yet additional compounds targeting novel pathways in bone biology are also being actively explored. Mechanical stimulation via low intensity pulsed ultrasound, alone or in combination with drug therapy, may also prove effective to promote local bone healing and implant fixation within osteoporotic bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Brennan Torstrick
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
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24
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Jang JH, Houchin TL, Shea LD. Gene delivery from polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering. Expert Rev Med Devices 2014; 1:127-38. [PMID: 16293016 DOI: 10.1586/17434440.1.1.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The combination of gene therapy with tissue engineering offers the potential to direct progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation into functional tissue replacements. Many approaches to engineering tissue replacements feature a polymer scaffold to create and maintain a space, support cell adhesion, and organize tissue formation. Polymer scaffolds, either natural, synthetic, or a combination of the two, have also been adapted to serve as delivery vehicles for viral and nonviral vectors, which can induce the expression of tissue inductive factors. Gene delivery is a versatile approach, capable of targeting any cellular process through localized expression of tissue inductive factors. The design and application of tissue engineering scaffolds for localized gene transfer are reviewed. Scaffolds are designed either to release the vector into the local tissue environment or maintain the vector at the polymer surface, which is regulated by the effective affinity of the vector for the polymer. Polymeric delivery can enhance gene transfer locally, promote and extend transgene expression, avoid vector distribution to distant tissues, and reduce the immune response to the vector. Scaffolds capable of controlled DNA delivery can provide a fundamental tool for directing progenitor cell function, which has applications with the engineering of numerous types of tissue. The utility of this approach will increase with the development of design parameters that correlate release and transgene expression, and with continued research into the biology of tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyung Jang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd E156 Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
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25
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Sonnet C, Simpson CL, Olabisi RM, Sullivan K, Lazard Z, Gugala Z, Peroni JF, Weh JM, Davis AR, West JL, Olmsted-Davis EA. Rapid healing of femoral defects in rats with low dose sustained BMP2 expression from PEGDA hydrogel microspheres. J Orthop Res 2013; 31:1597-604. [PMID: 23832813 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Current strategies for bone regeneration after traumatic injury often fail to provide adequate healing and integration. Here, we combined the poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel with allogeneic "carrier" cells transduced with an adenovirus expressing BMP2. The system is unique in that the biomaterial encapsulates the cells, shielding them and thus suppressing destructive inflammatory processes. Using this system, complete healing of a 5 mm-long femur defect in a rat model occurs in under 3 weeks, through secretion of 100-fold lower levels of protein as compared to doses of recombinant BMP2 protein used in studies which lead to healing in 2-3 months. New bone formation was evaluated radiographically, histologically, and biomechanically at 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after surgery. Rapid bone formation bridged the defect area and reliably integrated into the adjacent skeletal bone as early as 2 weeks. At 3 weeks, biomechanical analysis showed the new bone to possess 79% of torsional strength of the intact contralateral femur. Histological evaluation showed normal bone healing, with no infiltration of inflammatory cells with the bone being stable approximately 1 year later. We propose that these osteoinductive microspheres offer a more efficacious and safer clinical option over the use of rhBMP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Sonnet
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Alkek Building, Room N1010, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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26
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past two decades, regenerative surgeons have focused increasing attention on the potential of gene therapy for treatment of local disorders and injuries. Gene transfer techniques may provide an effective local and short-term induction of growth factors without the limits of other topical therapies. In 2002, Tepper and Mehrara accurately reviewed the topic: given the substantial advancement of research on this issue, an updated review is provided. METHODS Literature indexed in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database (PubMed) has been reviewed using variable combinations of keywords ("gene therapy," "regenerative medicine," "tissue regeneration," and "gene medicine"). Articles investigating the association between gene therapies and local pathologic conditions have been considered. Attention has been focused on articles published after 2002. Further literature has been obtained by analysis of references listed in reviewed articles. RESULTS Gene therapy approaches have been successfully adopted in preclinical models for treatment of a large variety of local diseases affecting almost every type of tissue. Experiences in abnormalities involving skin (e.g., chronic wounds, burn injuries, pathologic scars), bone, cartilage, endothelia, and nerves have been reviewed. In addition, the supporting role of gene therapies to other tissue-engineering approaches has been discussed. Despite initial reports, clinical evidence has been provided only for treatment of diabetic ulcers, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. CONCLUSIONS Translation of gene therapy strategies into human clinical trials is still a lengthy, difficult, and expensive process. Even so, cutting-edge gene therapy-based strategies in reconstructive procedures could soon set valuable milestones for development of efficient treatments in a growing number of local diseases and injuries.
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Beederman M, Lamplot JD, Nan G, Wang J, Liu X, Yin L, Li R, Shui W, Zhang H, Kim SH, Zhang W, Zhang J, Kong Y, Denduluri S, Rogers MR, Pratt A, Haydon RC, Luu HH, Angeles J, Shi LL, He TC. BMP signaling in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and bone formation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2013; 6:32-52. [PMID: 26819651 PMCID: PMC4725591 DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2013.68a1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGF-β superfamily and have diverse functions during development and organogenesis. BMPs play a major role in skeletal development and bone formation, and disruptions in BMP signaling cause a variety of skeletal and extraskeletal anomalies. Several knockout models have provided insight into the mechanisms responsible for these phenotypes. Proper bone formation requires the differentiation of osteoblasts from mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) precursors, a process mediated in part by BMP signaling. Multiple BMPs, including BMP2, BMP6, BMP7 and BMP9, promote osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs both in vitro and in vivo. BMP9 is one of the most osteogenic BMPs yet is a poorly characterized member of the BMP family. Several studies demonstrate that the mechanisms controlling BMP9-mediated osteogenesis differ from other osteogenic BMPs, but little is known about these specific mechanisms. Several pathways critical to BMP9-mediated osteogenesis are also important in the differentiation of other cell lineages, including adipocytes and chondrocytes. BMP9 has also demonstrated translational promise in spinal fusion and bone fracture repair. This review will summarize our current knowledge of BMP-mediated osteogenesis, with a focus on BMP9, by presenting recently completed work which may help us to further elucidate these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Beederman
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Joseph D Lamplot
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Guoxin Nan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory of the Key Laboratory for Pediatrics Co-Designated by Chinese Ministry of Education, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory of the Key Laboratory for Pediatrics Co-Designated by Chinese Ministry of Education, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangjun Yin
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruidong Li
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Shui
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Stephanie H Kim
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiye Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhan Kong
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sahitya Denduluri
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Mary Rose Rogers
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Abdullah Pratt
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Rex C Haydon
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Hue H Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Jovito Angeles
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Lewis L Shi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory of the Key Laboratory for Pediatrics Co-Designated by Chinese Ministry of Education, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Zwingenberger S, Yao Z, Jacobi A, Vater C, Valladares RD, Li C, Nich C, Rao AJ, Christman JE, Antonios JK, Gibon E, Schambach A, Mätzig T, Günther KP, Goodman SB, Stiehler M. Stem cell attraction via SDF-1α expressing fat tissue grafts. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 101:2067-74. [PMID: 23281045 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSCs) are key cellular components for site-specific tissue regeneration. The chemokine stromal derived factor 1 alpha (SDF-1α) is known to attract stem cells via the C-X-C chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) receptor. The aim of the study was to develop a model for stem cell attraction using SDF-1α overexpressing fat tissue grafts. Murine MSCs were lentiviral transduced to express the genes for enhanced green fluorescent protein, firefly luciferace, and human CXCR4 (hCXCR4). Murine fat tissue was adenoviral transduced to express SDF-1α and red fluorescent protein transgenes. MSCs were cultured on transwells with SDF-1α containing supernatants from transduced fat tissue. The numbers of migrated MSCs in four groups (with hCXCR4 positive (+) or hCXCR4 negative (-) MSCs with or without SDF-1α containing supernatant) were investigated. After 36 h of culture, 9025 ± 925 cells migrated through the membrane of the transwells in group 1 (CXCR4+/SDF-1α+), 4817 ± 940 cells in group 2 (CXCR4-/SDF-1α+), 2050 ± 766 cells in group 3 (CXCR4+/SDF-1α-), and 2108 ± 426 cells in group 4 (CXCR4-/SDF-1α-). Both, the presence of SDF-1α and the expression of hCXCR4 significantly increased the migration rates (p < 0.0001). MSCs overexpressing the CXCR4 receptor by lentiviral transduction are highly attracted by medium from SDF-1α expressing fat tissue in vitro. Thus, SDF-1α activated tissue grafts may be a strategy to enhance site-specific musculoskeletal tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Zwingenberger
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
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29
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Schwabe P, Greiner S, Ganzert R, Eberhart J, Dähn K, Stemberger A, Plank C, Schmidmaier G, Wildemann B. Effect of a novel nonviral gene delivery of BMP-2 on bone healing. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:560142. [PMID: 23213289 PMCID: PMC3504401 DOI: 10.1100/2012/560142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene therapeutic drug delivery approaches have been introduced to improve the efficiency of growth factors at the site of interest. This study investigated the efficacy and safety of a new nonviral copolymer-protected gene vector (COPROG) for the stimulation of bone healing. METHODS In vitro, rat osteoblasts were transfected with COPROG + luciferase plasmid or COPROG + hBMP-2 plasmid. In vivo, rat tibial fractures were intramedullary stabilized with uncoated versus COPROG+hBMP-2-plasmid-coated titanium K-wires. The tibiae were prepared for biomechanical and histological analyses at days 28 and 42 and for transfection/safety study at days 2, 4, 7, 28, and 42. RESULTS In vitro results showed luciferase expression until day 21, and hBMP-2-protein was measured from day 2 - day 10. In vivo, the local application of hBMP-2-plasmid showed a significantly higher maximum load after 42 days compared to that in the control. The histomorphometric analysis revealed a significantly less mineralized periosteal callus area in the BMP-2 group compared to the control at day 28. The rt-PCR showed no systemic biodistribution of luciferase RNA. CONCLUSION A positive effect on fracture healing by nonviral BMP-2 plasmid application from COPROG-coated implants could be shown in this study; however, the effect of the vector may be improved with higher plasmid concentrations. Transfection showed no biodistribution to distant organs and was considered to be safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schwabe
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery and Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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30
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Gene therapy approaches to regenerating bone. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1320-30. [PMID: 22429662 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone formation and regeneration therapies continue to require optimization and improvement because many skeletal disorders remain undertreated. Clinical solutions to nonunion fractures and osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, for example, remain suboptimal and better therapeutic approaches must be created. The widespread use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMPs) for spine fusion was recently questioned by a series of reports in a special issue of The Spine Journal, which elucidated the side effects and complications of direct rhBMP treatments. Gene therapy - both direct (in vivo) and cell-mediated (ex vivo) - has long been studied extensively to provide much needed improvements in bone regeneration. In this article, we review recent advances in gene therapy research whose aims are in vivo or ex vivo bone regeneration or formation. We examine appropriate vectors, safety issues, and rates of bone formation. The use of animal models and their relevance for translation of research results to the clinical setting are also discussed in order to provide the reader with a critical view. Finally, we elucidate the main challenges and hurdles faced by gene therapy aimed at bone regeneration as well as expected future trends in this field.
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31
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Abstract
Gene delivery to bone is useful both as an experimental tool and as a potential therapeutic strategy. Among its advantages over protein delivery are the potential for directed, sustained and regulated expression of authentically processed, nascent proteins. Although no clinical trials have been initiated, there is a substantial pre-clinical literature documenting the successful transfer of genes to bone, and their intraosseous expression. Recombinant vectors derived from adenovirus, retrovirus and lentivirus, as well as non-viral vectors, have been used for this purpose. Both ex vivo and in vivo strategies, including gene-activated matrices, have been explored. Ex vivo delivery has often employed mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), partly because of their ability to differentiate into osteoblasts. MSCs also have the potential to home to bone after systemic administration, which could serve as a useful way to deliver transgenes in a disseminated fashion for the treatment of diseases affecting the whole skeleton, such as osteoporosis or osteogenesis imperfecta. Local delivery of osteogenic transgenes, particularly those encoding bone morphogenetic proteins, has shown great promise in a number of applications where it is necessary to regenerate bone. These include healing large segmental defects in long bones and the cranium, as well as spinal fusion and treating avascular necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Evans
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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32
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Jhin MJ, Kim KH, Kim SH, Kim YS, Kim ST, Koo KT, Kim TI, Seol YJ, Ku Y, Rhyu IC, Lee YM. Ex vivo bone morphogenetic protein-2 gene delivery using bone marrow stem cells in rabbit maxillary sinus augmentation in conjunction with implant placement. J Periodontol 2012; 84:985-94. [PMID: 22897653 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluates the potential of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) gene-transduced bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) to facilitate osseous healing after rabbit maxillary sinus augmentation in conjunction with implant placement. METHODS Autologous BMSCs derived from New Zealand white rabbits were cultured and transduced with BMP-2 using an adenovirus vector. Transduced BMSCs (BMP-2/BMSCs) were then combined with a deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) scaffold. Twenty-seven animals were randomly allocated into three groups: 1) control, sinus grafted with DBBM alone; 2) BMSC, sinus grafted with non-transduced BMSCs and DBBM; and 3) BMP-2/BMSC, sinus grafted with BMP-2/BMSCs and DBBM. During these procedures, a mini-implant was placed in the floor of the sinus. Animals were sacrificed at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery. New bone area and bone-to-implant contact (BIC) were evaluated histomorphometrically. RESULTS At 2 and 4 weeks, the BMP-2/BMSC group showed more new bone area and higher BIC than the other two groups. BMP-2/BMSCs were detected with confocal microscopy for up to 4 weeks, which indicates that transduced cells contributed to new bone formation. However, at 8 weeks, there was no difference in new bone area or BIC among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that BMP-2 delivery using BMSCs may result in earlier and increased bone formation in the maxillary sinus. This finding may offer more stable bone support to implants and reduce healing times. However, this study also revealed limitations in the stimulatory effect of BMP-2/BMSCs, such as diminished activity over time in later healing stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ju Jhin
- Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Hosseinkhani H, Hong PD, Yu DS, Chen YR, Ickowicz D, Farber IY, Domb AJ. Development of 3D in vitro platform technology to engineer mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:3035-43. [PMID: 22802680 PMCID: PMC3396353 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s30434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to develop a three-dimensional in vitro culture system to genetically engineer mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to express bone morphogenic protein-2. We employed nanofabrication technologies borrowed from the spinning industry, such as electrospinning, to mass-produce identical building blocks in a variety of shapes and sizes to fabricate electrospun nanofiber sheets comprised of composites of poly (glycolic acid) and collagen. Homogenous nanoparticles of cationic biodegradable natural polymer were formed by simple mixing of an aqueous solution of plasmid DNA encoded bone morphogenic protein-2 with the same volume of cationic polysaccharide, dextran-spermine. Rat bone marrow MSC were cultured on electrospun nanofiber sheets comprised of composites of poly (glycolic acid) and collagen prior to the incorporation of the nanoparticles into the nanofiber sheets. Bone morphogenic protein-2 was significantly detected in MSC cultured on nanofiber sheets incorporated with nanoparticles after 2 days compared with MSC cultured on nanofiber sheets incorporated with naked plasmid DNA. We conclude that the incorporation of nanoparticles into nanofiber sheets is a very promising strategy to genetically engineer MSC and can be used for further applications in regenerative medicine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Hosseinkhani
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (TAIWANTECH), Taipei, Taiwan.
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Ramseier CA, Rasperini G, Batia S, Giannobile WV. Advanced reconstructive technologies for periodontal tissue repair. Periodontol 2000 2012; 59:185-202. [PMID: 22507066 PMCID: PMC3335769 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2011.00432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Reconstructive therapies to promote the regeneration of lost periodontal support have been investigated through both preclinical and clinical studies. Advanced regenerative technologies using new barrier-membrane techniques, cell-growth-stimulating proteins or gene-delivery applications have entered the clinical arena. Wound-healing approaches using growth factors to target the restoration of tooth-supporting bone, periodontal ligament and cementum are shown to significantly advance the field of periodontal-regenerative medicine. Topical delivery of growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor or bone morphogenetic proteins, to periodontal wounds has demonstrated promising results. Future directions in the delivery of growth factors or other signaling models involve the development of innovative scaffolding matrices, cell therapy and gene transfer, and these issues are discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A. Ramseier
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giulio Rasperini
- Unit of Periodontology, department of Surgical, Regenerative and Diagnostic Science, Foundation IRCCS Cà Granda Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan Italy
| | - Salvatore Batia
- Unit of Periodontology, department of Surgical, Regenerative and Diagnostic Science, Foundation IRCCS Cà Granda Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan Italy
| | - William V. Giannobile
- Deptartment of Periodontics and Oral Medicine and Michigan Center for Oral Health Research, University of Michigan, 1011 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, 1011 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
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35
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Mesenchymal stem cells as a potent cell source for bone regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:980353. [PMID: 22448175 PMCID: PMC3289837 DOI: 10.1155/2012/980353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While small bone defects heal spontaneously, large bone defects need surgical intervention for bone transplantation. Autologous bone grafts are the best and safest strategy for bone repair. An alternative method is to use allogenic bone graft. Both methods have limitations, particularly when bone defects are of a critical size. In these cases, bone constructs created by tissue engineering technologies are of utmost importance. Cells are one main component in the manufacture of bone construct. A few cell types, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), adult osteoblast, and adult stem cells, can be used for this purpose. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as adult stem cells, possess characteristics that make them good candidate for bone repair. This paper discusses different aspects of MSCs that render them an appropriate cell type for clinical use to promote bone regeneration.
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Southwood LL, Kawcak CE, Hidaka C, McIlwraith CW, Werpy N, Macleay J, Frisbie DD. Evaluation of direct in vivo gene transfer in an equine metacarpal IV ostectomy model using an adenoviral vector encoding the bone morphogenetic protein-2 and protein-7 gene. Vet Surg 2012; 41:345-54. [PMID: 22308976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2011.00947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate gene transfer in an equine metacarpal IV (MCIV) ostectomy model using adenoviral vectors encoding the human bone morphogenetic protein-2 and protein-7 gene (Ad-BMP-2/-7). STUDY DESIGN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS Healthy adult horses (n = 15). METHODS A plate stabilized, critical size 1.5 cm ostectomy was created in left and right MCIV. The ostectomy site was injected with either Ad-green fluorescent protein (Ad-GFP) or Ad-hBMP-2/-7 at completion of surgery; the same treatment was assigned to both the left and right forelimb of each horse (n = 5 horses/group). Bone healing was evaluated radiographically every 2 weeks for 16 weeks. Horses in a pilot study (n = 5) were used as untreated controls for radiographic evaluation to 8 weeks. After euthanasia at 16 weeks bone healing was evaluated using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and histomorphometry. Data were analyzed using an ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test. Level of significance was P < .05. RESULTS At 4 and 6 weeks, the Ad-GFP group had a significantly lower percentage defect ossification compared with the untreated control group. There was no significant difference between untreated and Ad-hBMP-2/-7 groups at any time point and no significant difference in bone healing radiographically, histologically, or using DEXA between any groups at 16 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Ad-hBMP-2/-7 did not improve bone healing in horses at 16 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise L Southwood
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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37
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Borovjagin AV, Dong J, Passineau MJ, Ren C, Lamani E, Mamaeva OA, Wu H, Keyser E, Murakami M, Chen S, MacDougall M. Adenovirus gene transfer to amelogenesis imperfecta ameloblast-like cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24281. [PMID: 22003382 PMCID: PMC3189176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore gene therapy strategies for amelogenesis imperfecta (AI), a human ameloblast-like cell population was established from third molars of an AI-affected patient. These cells were characterized by expression of cytokeratin 14, major enamel proteins and alkaline phosphatase staining. Suboptimal transduction of the ameloblast-like cells by an adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vector was consistent with lower levels of the coxsackie-and-adenovirus receptor (CAR) on those cells relative to CAR-positive A549 cells. To overcome CAR -deficiency, we evaluated capsid-modified Ad5 vectors with various genetic capsid modifications including “pK7” and/or “RGD” motif-containing short peptides incorporated in the capsid protein fiber as well as fiber chimera with the Ad serotype 3 (Ad3) fiber “knob” domain. All fiber modifications provided an augmented transduction of AI-ameloblasts, revealed following vector dose normalization in A549 cells with a superior effect (up to 404-fold) of pK7/RGD double modification. This robust infectivity enhancement occurred through vector binding to both αvβ3/αvβ5 integrins and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) highly expressed by AI-ameloblasts as revealed by gene transfer blocking experiments. This work thus not only pioneers establishment of human AI ameloblast-like cell population as a model for in vitro studies but also reveals an optimal infectivity-enhancement strategy for a potential Ad5 vector-mediated gene therapy for AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V. Borovjagin
- Department of Periodontics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Juan Dong
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Passineau
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, West-Penn Allegheny Health System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Changchun Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ejvis Lamani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Olga A. Mamaeva
- Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Hongju Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, The Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Enid Keyser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Miho Murakami
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, The Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mary MacDougall
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mandibular alveolar bony defect repair using bone morphogenetic protein 2-expressing autologous mesenchymal stem cells. J Craniofac Surg 2011; 22:450-4. [PMID: 21403565 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e3182077de9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mandibular bone regeneration is stepped up by human recombinant bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) whose application is also related to limited cementum and periodontal ligament regeneration, local root resorption, and ankylosis. The alveolar bone grafting without traditional autologous bone grafts remains a challenge for plastic surgeons. METHODS Bilateral mandibular alveolar and periodontal defects were created over the premolar areas in 9 mature male beagles. The defects were randomly assigned for either the adenovirus BMP-2 (advBMP-2) group with BMP-2-expressing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or the control with MSCs alone. The regenerated periodontal attachment apparatus was evaluated histologically, and the whole regenerated bone volume was scrutinized from three-dimensional computed tomography analysis. RESULTS Periodontal apparatus regeneration was significantly better in the advBMP-2 group. New cementum and Sharpey fibers were observed on the denuded root surfaces in the advBMP-2 group, whereas incomplete healing with localized root surface resorption was noted in the control group. Eight weeks after implantation, the advBMP-2 group showed significant increase in bone regeneration than the control one. CONCLUSIONS Thus, the use of ex vivo BMP-2-engineered autologous MSCs boosted bone and periodontal apparatus regeneration in mandibular periodontal defects. This de novo approach might be suitable for clinical mandibular bone repair and periodontal apparatus repair.
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Myon L, Ferri J, Chai F, Blanchemain N, Raoul G. [Oro-maxillofacial bone tissue engineering combining biomaterials, stem cells, and gene therapy]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 112:201-11. [PMID: 21798570 DOI: 10.1016/j.stomax.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Improvements have been made in regenerative medicine, due to the development of tissue engineering and cellular therapy. Bone regeneration is an ambitious project, leading to many applications involving skull, maxillofacial, and orthopaedic surgery. Scaffolds, stem cells, and signals support bone tissue engineering. The scaffold physical and chemical properties promote cell invasion, guide their differentiation, and enable signal transmission. Scaffold may be inorganic or organic. Their conception was improved by the use of new techniques: self-assembled nanofibres, electrospinning, solution-phase separation, micropatterned hydrogels, bioprinting, and rapid prototyping. Cellular biology processes allow us to choose between embryonic stem cells or adult stem cells for regenerative medicine. Finally, communication between cells and their environment is essential; they use various signals to do so. The study of signals and their transmission led to the discovery and the use of Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP). The development of cellular therapy led to the emergence of a specific field: gene therapy. It relies on viral vectors, which include: retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated vectors (AAV). Non-viral vectors include plasmids and lipoplex. Some BMP genes have successfully been transfected. The ability to control transfected cells and the capacity to combine and transfect many genes involved in osseous healing will improve gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Myon
- Université Lille Nord de France, UDSL, 59000 Lille, France
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Future of local bone regeneration - Protein versus gene therapy. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2011; 39:54-64. [PMID: 20434921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2010.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The most promising attempts to achieve bone regeneration artificially are based on the application of mediators such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) directly to the deficient tissue site. BMPs, as promoters of the regenerative process, have the ability to induce de novo bone formation in various tissues, and many animal models have demonstrated their high potential for ectopic and orthotopic bone formation. However, the biological activity of the soluble factors that promote bone formation in vivo is limited by diffusion and degradation, leading to a short half-life. Local delivery remains a problem in clinical applications. Several materials, including hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, demineralised bone matrices, poly-lactic acid homo- and heterodimers, and collagen have been tested as carriers and delivery systems for these factors in a sustained and appropriate manner. Unfortunately these delivery vehicles often have limitations in terms of biodegradability, inflammatory and immunological rejection, disease transmission, and most importantly, an inability to provide a sustained, continuous release of these factors at the region of interest. In coping with these problems, new approaches have been established: genes encoding these growth factor proteins can be delivered to the target cells. In this way the transfected cells serve as local "bioreactors", as they express the exogenous genes and secrete the synthesised proteins into their vicinity. The purpose of this review is to present the different methods of gene versus growth factor delivery in tissue engineering. Our review focuses on these promising and innovative methods that are defined as regional gene therapy and provide an alternative to the direct application of growth factors. Various advantages and disadvantages of non-viral and viral vectors are discussed. This review identifies potential candidate genes and target cells, and in vivo as well as ex vivo approaches for cell transduction and transfection. In explaining the biological basis, this paper also refers to current experimental and clinical applications.
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Osawa K, Okubo Y, Nakao K, Koyama N, Bessho K. Osteoinduction by repeat plasmid injection of human bone morphogenetic protein-2. J Gene Med 2011; 12:937-44. [PMID: 21069645 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is an osteoinductive protein and is considered useful for the treatment of skeletal disorders. Previous studies using BMP-2 in clinical applications have encountered difficulties, including the lack of an efficient, safe, inexpensive and simple delivery system. The gene transfer approach is a promising option for utilizing BMP-2. Although viral vector-mediated gene transfer is efficient, safety concerns prevent its clinical application for common diseases. On the other hand, plasmid-based gene transfer is a safe method and can be harnessed for practical applications. METHODS A plasmid encoding human BMP-2 (pCAGGS-BMP-2) was used and injected repeatedly (one to eight times) into the skeletal muscle of mice at a divided dose. We compared the capability of osteoinduction in the skeletal muscle of mice after gene transfer by repeat injection. BMP-2 production was assessed via immunohistochemistry, and osteoinduction was evaluated using radiography, histology and biochemical assays. RESULTS The BMP-2 gene was transferred into the skeletal muscle of mice by repeat injection using pCAGGS-BMP-2. Mature bone was frequently observed in mice injected repeatedly with pCAGGS-BMP-2 at a divided dose. This confirms that, if the total dose is fixed, repeat injection with pCAGGS-BMP-2 at a divided dose causes osteoinduction more frequently in the skeletal muscle of mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the possibility of the effective clinical use of human BMP-2 gene therapy by direct DNA injection, and facilitate the clinical application of BMP-2 gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Osawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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Wang L, Zou D, Zhang S, Zhao J, Pan K, Huang Y. Repair of bone defects around dental implants with bone morphogenetic protein/fibroblast growth factor-loaded porous calcium phosphate cement: a pilot study in a canine model. Clin Oral Implants Res 2011; 22:173-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2010.01976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Li W, Lee M, Whang J, Siu RK, Zhang X, Liu C, Wu BM, Wang JC, Ting K, Soo C. Delivery of lyophilized Nell-1 in a rat spinal fusion model. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:2861-70. [PMID: 20528102 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nell-1 (Nel-like molecule-1; Nel: protein strongly expressed in neural tissue containing epidermal growth factor-like domain) is a promising osteoblast-specific growth factor for osteoinductive therapies that may circumvent adverse effects, such as nonspecific function and ectopic bone formation, associated with more established osteogenic growth factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins. Beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP), an osteoconductive, biodegradable ceramic biomaterial, has been used successfully to deliver osteoinducers for bone regeneration. The aim of this study was to develop a carrier system for efficiently delivering biologically active Nell-1 protein. After a 40% initial burst release, beta-TCP particles retained the majority of adsorbed Nell-1 protein in vitro. To test this system in vivo, L4/L5 spinal fusion was performed in three groups of rats (n = 8 each): (1) 5 microg Nell-1 in beta-TCP/demineralized bone matrix putty (DBX); (2) 2.5 microg Nell-1 in beta-TCP/DBX; (3) beta-TCP/DBX only. Fusion was assessed by radiography, palpation, microcomputed tomography, and histological analysis. After 4 weeks, 75% of Nell-1-treated animals exhibited fusion, with a significant increase in new bone volume, whereas only 25% of Nell-free control animals exhibited fusion. Our findings suggest that beta-TCP/DBX can increase both the biochemical stability and biological efficiency of Nell-1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Li
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Carpenter RS, Goodrich LR, Frisbie DD, Kisiday JD, Carbone B, McIlwraith CW, Centeno CJ, Hidaka C. Osteoblastic differentiation of human and equine adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells when BMP-2 or BMP-7 homodimer genetic modification is compared to BMP-2/7 heterodimer genetic modification in the presence and absence of dexamethasone. J Orthop Res 2010; 28:1330-7. [PMID: 20309952 PMCID: PMC3200399 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMDMSCs) have been targeted for use in enhancement of bone healing; and their osteogenic potential may be further augmented by genes encoding bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP's). The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of genetic modification of human and equine BMDMSCs with BMP-2 or -7 or BMP-2 and -7 on their osteoblastogenic differentiation in the presence or absence of dexamethasone. The BMDMSCs were harvested from the iliac crest of three human donors and tuber coxae of three equine donors. Monolayer cells were genetically modified using adenovirus vectors encoding BMP-2, -7 or both and cultured in the presence or absence of dexamethasone. Expression of BMPs was confirmed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To evaluate osteoblastic differentiation, cellular morphology was assessed every other day and expression and secretion of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as expression levels of osteonectin (OSTN), osteocalcin (OCN), and runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2) were measured for up to 14 days. Human and equine BMDMSCs showed a capacity for osteogenic differentiation regardless of genetic modification or dexamethasone supplementation. Dexamethasone supplementation was more important for osteoblastogenic differentiation of equine BMDMSCs than human BMDMSCs. Genetic modification of BMDMSCs increased ALP secretion with AdBMP-2 homodimer having the greatest effect in both human and equine cells compared to AdBMP 7 or AdBMP 2/7. BMP protein elution rates reached their maximal concentration between day 4 and 8 and remained relatively stable thereafter, suggesting that genetically modified BMDMSCs could be useful for cell-based delivery of BMPs to a site of bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Carpenter
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Li J, Li Y, Ma S, Gao Y, Zuo Y, Hu J. Enhancement of bone formation by BMP-7 transduced MSCs on biomimetic nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide composite scaffolds in repair of mandibular defects. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 95:973-81. [PMID: 20845497 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 12/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study was to evaluate enhanced bone formation by bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) transduced MSCs on nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide (n-HA/PA) composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering in repair of mandibular defect. n-HA/PA scaffolds were prepared and rabbit MSCs were separated and expanded; and then infected with adenoviral-mediated BMP-7 in vitro. The MSCs-BMP-7 and MSCs were seeded on the porous scaffolds. Scaffold/MSCs-BMP-7 constructs and scaffold/MSCs constructs were implanted in the defects of rabbits' mandible as the experimental groups A (n = 18) and groups B (n = 18), respectively, the pure scaffolds were implanted as controls (group C, n = 18). Six animals were sacrificed at 4-, 8-, and 16-week postimplantation, respectively. Their mandibles were removed and processed for radiographic, biomechanical tests, histological, and histomorphometric analysis. Group A animals showed greater bone formation and earlier mineralization than group B at 4- and 8-week postimplantation and similarly group B more than group C. However, no difference was found among three groups at 16-week postimplantation. The results of this study suggest that BMP-7 transduced MSCs-n-HA/PA composite could significantly accelerate bone formation in the implant at early stage. BMP-7 mediated ex vivo gene transfer based on MSCs as seed cells, combined with porous n-HA/PA as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering might be an alternative or supplemental approach to repair the mandibular defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sichuan University West China College of Stomatology, Chengdu, China
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Molecular pathology of vertebral deformities in hyperthermic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 10:12. [PMID: 20604915 PMCID: PMC2914708 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-10-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Hyperthermia has been shown in a number of organisms to induce developmental defects as a result of changes in cell proliferation, differentiation and gene expression. In spite of this, salmon aquaculture commonly uses high water temperature to speed up developmental rate in intensive production systems, resulting in an increased frequency of skeletal deformities. In order to study the molecular pathology of vertebral deformities, Atlantic salmon was subjected to hyperthermic conditions from fertilization until after the juvenile stage. Results Fish exposed to the high temperature regime showed a markedly higher growth rate and a significant higher percentage of deformities in the spinal column than fish reared at low temperatures. By analyzing phenotypically normal spinal columns from the two temperature regimes, we found that the increased risk of developing vertebral deformities was linked to an altered gene transcription. In particular, down-regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) genes such as col1a1, osteocalcin, osteonectin and decorin, indicated that maturation and mineralization of osteoblasts were restrained. Moreover, histological staining and in situ hybridization visualized areas with distorted chondrocytes and an increased population of hypertrophic cells. These findings were further confirmed by an up-regulation of mef2c and col10a, genes involved in chondrocyte hypertrophy. Conclusion The presented data strongly indicates that temperature induced fast growth is severely affecting gene transcription in osteoblasts and chondrocytes; hence change in the vertebral tissue structure and composition. A disrupted bone and cartilage production was detected, which most likely is involved in the higher rate of deformities developed in the high intensive group. Our results are of basic interest for bone metabolism and contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms involved in development of temperature induced vertebral pathology. The findings may further conduce to future molecular tools for assessing fish welfare in practical farming.
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Intini G. Future approaches in periodontal regeneration: gene therapy, stem cells, and RNA interference. Dent Clin North Am 2010; 54:141-55. [PMID: 20103477 DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a major public health issue and the development of effective therapies to treat the disease and regenerate periodontal tissue is an important goal of today's medicine. This article highlights recent scientific advancements in gene therapy, stem cell biology, and RNA interference with the intent of identifying their potential in periodontal tissue regeneration. Results from basic research, preclinical, and clinical studies indicate that these fields of research may soon contribute to more effective regenerative therapies for periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Intini
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, REB 513, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Sun XJ, Xia LG, Chou LL, Zhong W, Zhang XL, Wang SY, Zhao J, Jiang XQ, Zhang ZY. Maxillary sinus floor elevation using a tissue engineered bone complex with BMP-2 gene modified bMSCs and a novel porous ceramic scaffold in rabbits. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55:195-202. [PMID: 20144455 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the effects of maxillary sinus floor elevation by a tissue engineered bone complex with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) gene modified bone marrow stromal cells (bMSCs) and a novel porous ceramic scaffold (OsteoBone) in rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS bMSCs derived from New Zealand rabbit bone marrow were cultured and transduced with adenovirus AdBMP-2 and with AdEGFP gene (without BMP-2 gene sequence) as a control, respectively, in vitro. These bMSCs were then combined with OsteoBone scaffold at a concentration of 2 x 10(7)cells/ml and used to elevate the maxillary sinus floor in rabbits. Eight rabbits were randomly allocated into groups and sacrificed at weeks 2 and 4. For each time point, 8 maxillary sinus floor elevation surgeries were made bilaterally in 4 rabbits for the two groups (n=4 per group): group A (AdBMP-2-bMSCs/material) and group B (AdEGFP-bMSCs/material). All samples were evaluated by histologic and histomorphometric analysis. RESULTS The augmented maxillary sinus height was maintained for both groups over the entire experimental period, while new bone area increased over time for group A. At week 4 after operation, bone area in group A was significantly more than that in group B (P<0.05), and was more obviously detected in the center of the elevated space. Under a confocal microscope, green fluorescence in newly formed bone was observed in the EGFP group, which suggests that those implanted bMSCs had contributed to the new bone formation. CONCLUSION bMSCs modified with AdBMP-2 gene can promote new bone formation in elevating the rabbit maxillary sinus. OsteoBone scaffold could be an ideal carrier for gene enhanced bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-Juan Sun
- Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China.
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Wijdicks CA, Virdi AS, Sena K, Sumner DR, Leven RM. Ultrasound enhances recombinant human BMP-2 induced ectopic bone formation in a rat model. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2009; 35:1629-1637. [PMID: 19632764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2009.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Two methods to improve bone repair include the use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS). The present study was designed to determine if LIPUS enhances the effect of rhBMP-2-induced bone formation in a well characterized ectopic implant model. Absorbable collagen sponges loaded with 0-, 1-, 2.5- or 5-microg doses of rhBMP-2 were implanted subcutaneously in 11-week-old, male Long Evans rats, followed by daily 20-min LIPUS or sham LIPUS treatment beginning 1 d after surgery. Explanted sponges were assessed for bone volume, mineral density and mineral content by microcomputed tomography (microCT). At two weeks, LIPUS had no effect on rhBMP-2-induced bone formation, but at four weeks, LIPUS increased bone volume in the 1-microg rhBMP-2-treated implants 117.7-fold (0.02 +/- 0.04 mm(3)vs. 2.07(S.E.M.) +/- 1.67 mm(3);p = 0.028), and 2.3-fold in the 5-microg dose implants (5.96 +/- 3.68 mm(3)vs. 13.52 +/- 6.81 mm(3);p = 0.077) compared with sham LIPUS. Bone mineral density was not affected by LIPUS treatment. Total mineral content followed the same pattern as bone volume. Histologic staining for mineralized tissue was consistent with the microCT observations. The present study is the first to demonstrate that LIPUS enhances bone formation induced by rhBMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coen A Wijdicks
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Zhao J, Hu J, Wang S, Sun X, Xia L, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Jiang X. Combination of beta-TCP and BMP-2 gene-modified bMSCs to heal critical size mandibular defects in rats. Oral Dis 2009; 16:46-54. [PMID: 19619194 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of mandibular defects repaired by a tissue engineered bone complex with beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) and bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) gene-modified bone marrow stromal cells (bMSCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS bMSCs derived from Fisher 344 rats were cultured and transduced with adenovirus AdBMP-2, AdEGFP gene in vitro. Osteogenic differentiation of bMSCs was determined by alkaline phosphatase staining, von Kossa assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Gene transduced or untransduced bMSCs were seeded on beta-TCP scaffolds to repair mandibular full thickness defects with a diameter of 5 mm. Eight weeks post-operation, X-ray examination, micro-computerized tomography and histological and histomorphological analysis were used to evaluate the bone healing effects. RESULTS Alkaline phosphatase staining and mineralized nodules formation were more pronounced in AdBMP-2 group 14 days after gene transduction when compared with that of AdEGFP or untransduced group. The mRNA expression of osteopontin and osteocalcin also significantly increased 9 days after AdBMP-2 gene transduction. Mandibular defects were successfully repaired with AdBMP-2-transduced bMSCs/beta-TCP constructs. The percentage of new bone formation in AdBMP-2 group was significantly higher than that of other control groups. CONCLUSIONS Bone morphogenic protein-2 regional gene therapy together with beta-TCP scaffold could be used to promote mandibular repairing and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200011 Shanghai, China
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