1
|
Steins A, Carroll C, Choong FJ, George AJ, He JS, Parsons KM, Feng S, Man SM, Kam C, van Loon LM, Poh P, Ferreira R, Mann GJ, Gruen RL, Hannan KM, Hannan RD, Schulte KM. Cell death and barrier disruption by clinically used iodine concentrations. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201875. [PMID: 36944419 PMCID: PMC10031031 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) inactivates a broad range of pathogens. Despite its widespread use over decades, the safety of PVP-I remains controversial. Its extended use in the current SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic urges the need to clarify safety features of PVP-I on a cellular level. Our investigation in epithelial, mesothelial, endothelial, and innate immune cells revealed that the toxicity of PVP-I is caused by diatomic iodine (I2), which is rapidly released from PVP-I to fuel organic halogenation with fast first-order kinetics. Eukaryotic toxicity manifests at below clinically used concentrations with a threshold of 0.1% PVP-I (wt/vol), equalling 1 mM of total available I2 Above this threshold, membrane disruption, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and abolition of oxidative phosphorylation induce a rapid form of cell death we propose to term iodoptosis. Furthermore, PVP-I attacks lipid rafts, leading to the failure of tight junctions and thereby compromising the barrier functions of surface-lining cells. Thus, the therapeutic window of PVP-I is considerably narrower than commonly believed. Our findings urge the reappraisal of PVP-I in clinical practice to avert unwarranted toxicity whilst safeguarding its benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Steins
- Division of Genome Sciences and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Christina Carroll
- College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Fui Jiun Choong
- Division of Genome Sciences and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Amee J George
- Division of Genome Sciences and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- ANU Centre for Therapeutic Discovery, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Jin-Shu He
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Kate M Parsons
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Shouya Feng
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Si Ming Man
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Cathelijne Kam
- Division of Genome Sciences and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Lex M van Loon
- Division of Genome Sciences and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Perlita Poh
- Division of Genome Sciences and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Division of Genome Sciences and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Graham J Mann
- Division of Genome Sciences and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Russell L Gruen
- College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Katherine M Hannan
- Division of Genome Sciences and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Ross D Hannan
- Division of Genome Sciences and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Klaus-Martin Schulte
- Division of Genome Sciences and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
In vitro inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 using a povidone-iodine oral rinse. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:47. [PMID: 35216566 PMCID: PMC8876076 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare professionals, especially dentists and dental hygienists, are at increased risk for contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) through air-borne particles and splatter. This study assessed the in vitro virucidal activity of 0.5% (w/v) povidone-iodine (PVP-I) oral rinse against SARS-CoV-2 to demonstrate its utility as a professional oral rinse. METHODS A 0.5% (w/v) PVP-I oral rinse formulation, placebo oral rinse, and positive (70% [v/v] ethanol and water) and negative (water) controls were assessed using the time-kill method. SARS-CoV-2 was propagated in Vero 76 host cells. Following neutralization validation, triplicate tests were performed for each test formulation and virucidal activity measured at 15, 30, and 60 s and 5 min. RESULTS The 0.5% (w/v) PVP-I oral rinse demonstrated effective in vitro virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2 as early as 15 s after exposure; viral titer was reduced to < 0.67 log10 50% cell culture infectious dose (CCID50)/0.1 mL (log10 reduction of > 4.0) at 30 s, whereas the placebo oral rinse reduced the SARS-CoV-2 viral titer to 4.67 and 4.5 log10 CCID50/0.1 mL at the 15- and 30-s time points, with a log10 reduction of 0.63 and 0.17, respectively. No toxicity or cytotoxic effects against Vero 76 host cells were observed with the 0.5% (w/v) PVP-I oral rinse; positive and negative controls performed as expected. CONCLUSIONS In vitro virucidal activity of 0.5% (w/v) PVP-I oral rinse against SARS-CoV-2 was demonstrated. Rapid inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 was observed with 0.5% (w/v) formulation with a contact duration of 15 s. Clinical investigations are needed to assess the effectiveness of PVP-I oral rinse against SARS-CoV-2 in dental practice.
Collapse
|