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Qin Y, Lei C, Lin T, Han X, Wang D. Identification of Potential Drug Targets for Myopia Through Mendelian Randomization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:13. [PMID: 39110588 PMCID: PMC11314700 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.10.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify potential drug targets for myopia and explore underlying mechanisms. Methods Mendelian randomization (MR) was implemented to assess the effect of 2684 pharmacologically targetable genes in the blood and retina on the risk of myopia from a genomewide association study (GWAS) for age-at-onset of spectacle wearing-inferred mean spherical equivalent (MSE; discovery cohort, N = 287,448, European), which was further validated in a GWAS for autorefraction-measured MSE (replication cohort, N = 95,619, European). The reliability of the identified significant potential targets was strengthened by colocalization analysis. Additionally, enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction network, and molecular docking were performed to explore the functional roles and the druggability of these targets. Results This systematic drug target identification has unveiled 6 putative genetically causal targets for myopia-CD34, CD55, Wnt3, LCAT, BTN3A1, and TSSK6-each backed by colocalization evidence in adult blood eQTL datasets. Functional analysis found that dopaminergic neuron differentiation, cell adhesion, Wnt signaling pathway, and plasma lipoprotein-associated pathways may be involved in myopia pathogenesis. Finally, drug prediction and molecular docking corroborated the pharmacological value of these targets with LCAT demonstrating the strongest binding affinity. Conclusions Our study not only opens new avenues for the development of therapeutic interventions for myopia but may also help to understand the underlying mechanisms of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengcheng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Decai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
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Gagnon E, Girard A, Bourgault J, Abner E, Gill D, Thériault S, Vohl MC, Tchernof A, Esko T, Mathieu P, Arsenault BJ. Genetic assessment of efficacy and safety profiles of coagulation cascade proteins identifies Factors II and XI as actionable anticoagulant targets. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL OPEN 2024; 4:oeae043. [PMID: 38933427 PMCID: PMC11200102 DOI: 10.1093/ehjopen/oeae043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Aims Anticoagulants are routinely used by millions of patients worldwide to prevent blood clots. Yet, problems with anticoagulant therapy remain, including a persistent and cumulative bleeding risk in patients undergoing prolonged anticoagulation. New safer anticoagulant targets are needed. Methods and results To prioritize anticoagulant targets with the strongest efficacy [venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention] and safety (low bleeding risk) profiles, we performed two-sample Mendelian randomization and genetic colocalization. We leveraged three large-scale plasma protein data sets (deCODE as discovery data set and Fenland and Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities as replication data sets] and one liver gene expression data set (Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec bariatric biobank) to evaluate evidence for a causal effect of 26 coagulation cascade proteins on VTE from a new genome-wide association meta-analysis of 44 232 VTE cases and 847 152 controls, stroke subtypes, bleeding outcomes, and parental lifespan as an overall measure of efficacy/safety ratio. A 1 SD genetically predicted reduction in F2 blood levels was associated with lower risk of VTE [odds ratio (OR) = 0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.38-0.51, P = 2.6e-28] and cardioembolic stroke risk (OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.39-0.76, P = 4.2e-04) but not with bleeding (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.93-1.36, P = 2.2e-01). Genetically predicted F11 reduction was associated with lower risk of VTE (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.58-0.64, P = 4.1e-85) and cardioembolic stroke (OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.69-0.86, P = 4.1e-06) but not with bleeding (OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.95-1.08, P = 7.5e-01). These Mendelian randomization associations were concordant across the three blood protein data sets and the hepatic gene expression data set as well as colocalization analyses. Conclusion These results provide strong genetic evidence that F2 and F11 may represent safe and efficacious therapeutic targets to prevent VTE and cardioembolic strokes without substantially increasing bleeding risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi Gagnon
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Y-3106, Pavillon Marguerite D'Youville, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5
| | - Arnaud Girard
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Y-3106, Pavillon Marguerite D'Youville, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5
| | - Jérôme Bourgault
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Y-3106, Pavillon Marguerite D'Youville, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5
| | - Erik Abner
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Y-3106, Pavillon Marguerite D'Youville, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5
| | - Dipender Gill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sébastien Thériault
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Y-3106, Pavillon Marguerite D'Youville, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Y-3106, Pavillon Marguerite D'Youville, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Y-3106, Pavillon Marguerite D'Youville, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit J Arsenault
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Y-3106, Pavillon Marguerite D'Youville, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, 1050 Av. de la Médecine, Québec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
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Gagnon E, Daghlas I, Zagkos L, Sargurupremraj M, Georgakis MK, Anderson CD, Cronje HT, Burgess S, Arsenault BJ, Gill D. Mendelian Randomization Applied to Neurology: Promises and Challenges. Neurology 2024; 102:e209128. [PMID: 38261980 PMCID: PMC7615637 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Mendelian randomization (MR) paradigm allows for causal inferences to be drawn using genetic data. In recent years, the expansion of well-powered publicly available genetic association data related to phenotypes such as brain tissue gene expression, brain imaging, and neurologic diseases offers exciting opportunities for the application of MR in the field of neurology. In this review, we discuss the basic principles of MR, its myriad applications to research in neurology, and potential pitfalls of injudicious applications. Throughout, we provide examples where MR-informed findings have shed light on long-standing epidemiologic controversies, provided insights into the pathophysiology of neurologic conditions, prioritized drug targets, and informed drug repurposing opportunities. With the ever-expanding availability of genome-wide association data, we project MR to become a key driver of progress in the field of neurology. It is therefore paramount that academics and clinicians within the field are familiar with the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi Gagnon
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (E.G., B.J.A.), Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.Z., D.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (M.K.G., C.D.A.), Cambridge, MA; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) (M.K.G.), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Center for Genomic Medicine (C.D.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.D.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Public Health (H.T.C.), Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Biostatistics Unit (S.B.), and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit (S.B.), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine (B.J.A.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Iyas Daghlas
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (E.G., B.J.A.), Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.Z., D.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (M.K.G., C.D.A.), Cambridge, MA; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) (M.K.G.), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Center for Genomic Medicine (C.D.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.D.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Public Health (H.T.C.), Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Biostatistics Unit (S.B.), and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit (S.B.), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine (B.J.A.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Loukas Zagkos
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (E.G., B.J.A.), Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.Z., D.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (M.K.G., C.D.A.), Cambridge, MA; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) (M.K.G.), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Center for Genomic Medicine (C.D.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.D.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Public Health (H.T.C.), Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Biostatistics Unit (S.B.), and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit (S.B.), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine (B.J.A.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Muralidharan Sargurupremraj
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (E.G., B.J.A.), Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.Z., D.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (M.K.G., C.D.A.), Cambridge, MA; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) (M.K.G.), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Center for Genomic Medicine (C.D.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.D.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Public Health (H.T.C.), Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Biostatistics Unit (S.B.), and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit (S.B.), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine (B.J.A.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marios K Georgakis
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (E.G., B.J.A.), Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.Z., D.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (M.K.G., C.D.A.), Cambridge, MA; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) (M.K.G.), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Center for Genomic Medicine (C.D.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.D.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Public Health (H.T.C.), Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Biostatistics Unit (S.B.), and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit (S.B.), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine (B.J.A.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Christopher D Anderson
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (E.G., B.J.A.), Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.Z., D.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (M.K.G., C.D.A.), Cambridge, MA; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) (M.K.G.), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Center for Genomic Medicine (C.D.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.D.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Public Health (H.T.C.), Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Biostatistics Unit (S.B.), and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit (S.B.), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine (B.J.A.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Helene T Cronje
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (E.G., B.J.A.), Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.Z., D.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (M.K.G., C.D.A.), Cambridge, MA; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) (M.K.G.), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Center for Genomic Medicine (C.D.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.D.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Public Health (H.T.C.), Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Biostatistics Unit (S.B.), and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit (S.B.), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine (B.J.A.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Stephen Burgess
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (E.G., B.J.A.), Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.Z., D.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (M.K.G., C.D.A.), Cambridge, MA; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) (M.K.G.), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Center for Genomic Medicine (C.D.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.D.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Public Health (H.T.C.), Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Biostatistics Unit (S.B.), and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit (S.B.), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine (B.J.A.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Benoit J Arsenault
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (E.G., B.J.A.), Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.Z., D.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (M.K.G., C.D.A.), Cambridge, MA; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) (M.K.G.), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Center for Genomic Medicine (C.D.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.D.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Public Health (H.T.C.), Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Biostatistics Unit (S.B.), and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit (S.B.), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine (B.J.A.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Dipender Gill
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (E.G., B.J.A.), Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.Z., D.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (M.K.G., C.D.A.), Cambridge, MA; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) (M.K.G.), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Center for Genomic Medicine (C.D.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.D.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Public Health (H.T.C.), Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Biostatistics Unit (S.B.), and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit (S.B.), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine (B.J.A.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Zagkos L, Dib MJ, Cronjé HT, Elliott P, Dehghan A, Tzoulaki I, Gill D, Daghlas I. Cerebrospinal Fluid C1-Esterase Inhibitor and Tie-1 Levels Affect Cognitive Performance: Evidence from Proteome-Wide Mendelian Randomization. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:71. [PMID: 38254961 PMCID: PMC10815381 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein levels with cognitive function in the general population remains largely unexplored. We performed Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to query which CSF proteins may have potential causal effects on cognitive performance. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Genetic associations with CSF proteins were obtained from a genome-wide association study conducted in up to 835 European-ancestry individuals and for cognitive performance from a meta-analysis of GWAS including 257,841 European-ancestry individuals. We performed Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to test the effect of randomly allocated variation in 154 genetically predicted CSF protein levels on cognitive performance. Findings were validated by performing colocalization analyses and considering cognition-related phenotypes. RESULTS Genetically predicted C1-esterase inhibitor levels in the CSF were associated with a better cognitive performance (SD units of cognitive performance per 1 log-relative fluorescence unit (RFU): 0.23, 95% confidence interval: 0.12 to 0.35, p = 7.91 × 10-5), while tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Tie-1 (sTie-1) levels were associated with a worse cognitive performance (-0.43, -0.62 to -0.23, p = 2.08 × 10-5). These findings were supported by colocalization analyses and by concordant effects on distinct cognition-related and brain-volume measures. CONCLUSIONS Human genetics supports a role for the C1-esterase inhibitor and sTie-1 in cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukas Zagkos
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK; (P.E.); (A.D.); (I.T.); (D.G.)
| | - Marie-Joe Dib
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Héléne T. Cronjé
- Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK; (P.E.); (A.D.); (I.T.); (D.G.)
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W1T 7NF, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK; (P.E.); (A.D.); (I.T.); (D.G.)
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W1T 7NF, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ioanna Tzoulaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK; (P.E.); (A.D.); (I.T.); (D.G.)
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W1T 7NF, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Centre for Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Dipender Gill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK; (P.E.); (A.D.); (I.T.); (D.G.)
| | - Iyas Daghlas
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
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