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Segal NL, Nedelec JL. Heteropaternal twinning: Unique case of opposite-sex twins with different fathers. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 327:110948. [PMID: 34428681 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A presumably rare, but naturally occurring twinning event is heteropaternal (HP) twinning. HP twinning results from superfecundation, a reproductive process in which offspring share their mothers, but not their fathers. The resulting twins share an average of 25% of their segregating genes, the same proportion as half-siblings. A recently identified case of HP opposite-sex twins was confirmed by DNA analyses available for the twins and for multiple family members. Thus, an exceptional feature of the current report is the inclusion of data for the twins' brothers, sisters, half-siblings, nieces, nephews and cousins, as well as several parent-child pairs. HP twins often go unnoticed so are typically classified as dizygotic (DZ) twins whose genetic overlap is 50%, on average, but varies across traits. As a unique category of non-identical twins, HP twinning is important to acknowledge as it may affect twins' physical resemblance, behavioral similarity, personal identity, family relations and health concerns. While including HP pairs in twin research has been shown to have minimal impact on heritability estimates, it could conceivably affect the outcomes of small-scale studies. Given a lack of consistent and known prevalence, case studies provide valuable knowledge regarding the occurrence of HP twinning. Its implications for forensic science and for twin research are considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Segal
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA.
| | - Joseph L Nedelec
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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2
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Heteropaternal Siblings Misclassified as Dizygotic Twins: A Potential Biasing Factor for Heritability Estimates? Behav Genet 2021; 51:137-143. [PMID: 33400062 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-020-10039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Heteropaternal superfecundation (HP) occurs when two or more ova are fertilized by sperm from separate males. The resulting siblings are genetically equivalent to half-siblings and share, on average, 25% of their inherited genetic material. In the absence of genetic testing HP siblings could be treated as dizygotic (DZ) twins in behavioral genetic analyses and bias heritability estimates in phenotypic decomposition models. However, the extent to which such misclassification could affect calculated estimates of heritability is currently unknown. Employing simulation analyses, the current study assessed the potential biasing impact across a variety of conditions varying by proportions of DZ twins, sample sizes, and low, moderate, and high levels of genetic and environmental contribution to phenotypic variance. Overall, the results indicated that misclassified HP siblings had minimal impact on estimates of heritability. Nonetheless, greater attention should be paid to the identification of HP siblings within existing and future twin datasets.
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3
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Evaluation of a Microhaplotype-Based Noninvasive Prenatal Test in Twin Gestations: Determination of Paternity, Zygosity, and Fetal Fraction. Genes (Basel) 2020; 12:genes12010026. [PMID: 33375453 PMCID: PMC7823673 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a novel type of genetic marker, the microhaplotype has shown promising potential in forensic research. In the present study, we analyzed maternal plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) samples from twin pregnancies to validate microhaplotype-based noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for paternity, zygosity, and fetal fraction (FF). Paternity was determined with the combined use of the relMix package, zygosity was evaluated by examining the presence of informative loci with two fetal genome complements, and FF was assessed through fetal allele ratios. Paternity was determined in 19 twin cases, among which 13 cases were considered dizygotic (DZ) twins based on the presence of 3~10 informative loci and the remaining 6 cases were considered monozygotic (MZ) twins because no informative locus was observed. With the fetal genomic genotypes as a reference, the accuracy of paternity and zygosity determination were confirmed by standard short tandem repeat (STR) analysis. Moreover, the lower FF, higher FF, and combined FF in each DZ plasma sample were closely related to the estimated value. This present preliminary study proposes that microhaplotype-based NIPT is applicable for paternity, zygosity, and FF determination in twin pregnancies, which are expected to be advantageous for both forensic and clinical settings.
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Ou X, Bai Z. A case of heteropaternal superfecundation identified by microhap sequencing of maternal plasma cell-free DNA: A case of HS identified by microhap sequencing. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2020; 51:102458. [PMID: 33373912 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heteropaternal superfecundation (HS) refers to the fertilization of two or more oocytes by spermatozoa from different male partners during the polyovulatory period. The present study reported a newly discovered case of HS in the 10th week of gestation, in a case of disputed paternity involving a pair of female twins and two alleged fathers (AF1 and AF2), based on a custom-designed microhap sequencing assay and R package relMix for data interpretation. The results suggested that the twins had different biological fathers, e.g., HS, and indicated the paternity of AF1 in relation to one of the twins while excluding AF2 with regard to both twins. Standard short tandem repeat (STR) analysis was employed to confirm the paternity of the heteropaternal twins. The reported case indicates that HS may occur in paternity cases with dizygotic twins, and microhap, as a novel type of highly polymorphic marker proved to be suitable for mixture deconvolution, should be able to resolve this question effectively and noninvasively at the early stage of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Ou
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
| | - Zhaochen Bai
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
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5
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Twins from different fathers: A heteropaternal superfecundation case report in Colombia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 40:604-608. [PMID: 33275339 PMCID: PMC7808779 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heteropaternal superfecundation is an extremely rare phenomenon that occurs when a second ova released during the same menstrual cycle is additionally fertilized by the sperm cells of a different man in separate sexual intercourse. In August, 2018, the Grupo de Genética de Poblaciones e Identificación at Universidad Nacional de Colombia received a request to establish the paternity of a pair of male twins with genetic markers. The following analyses were performed: amelogenin gene, autosomal short tandem repeat (STR), and Y-STR analyses by means of human identification commercial kits, paternity index, and the probability of paternity calculation and interpretation. A paternity index of 2.5134E+7 and a probability of paternity of 99.9999% for twin 2 were obtained while 14 out of 17 Y-chromosome markers and 14 out of 21 autosomal short tandem repeats were excluded for twin 1. The results indicated that the twins have different biological fathers. Although heteropaternal superfecundation is rarely observed among humans given its low frequency, in paternity disputes for dizygotic twins it is mandatory to demand the presence of the two twins in the testing to avoid wrong conclusions.
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Xie Y, Qu N, Lin S, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liang H, Chen F, Ou X. Noninvasive prenatal paternity testing by maternal plasma DNA sequencing in twin pregnancies. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1095-1102. [PMID: 32249439 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SNPs, combined with massively parallel sequencing technology, have proven applicability in noninvasive prenatal paternity testing (NIPPT) for singleton pregnancies in our previous research, using circulating cell-free DNA in maternal plasma. However, the feasibility of NIPPT in twin pregnancies has remained uncertain. As a pilot study, we developed a practical method to noninvasively determine the paternity of twin pregnancies by maternal plasma DNA sequencing based on a massively parallel sequencing platform. Blood samples were collected from 15 pregnant women (twin pregnancies at 9-18 weeks of gestation). Parental DNA and maternal plasma cell-free DNA were analyzed with custom-designed probes covering 5226 polymorphic SNP loci. A mathematical model for data interpretation was established, including the zygosity determination and paternity index calculations. Each plasma sample was independently tested against the alleged father and 90 unrelated males. As a result, the zygosity in each twin case was correctly determined, prior to paternity analysis. Further, the correct biological father was successfully identified, and the paternity of all 90 unrelated males was excluded in each case. Our study demonstrates that NIPPT can be performed for twin pregnancies. This finding may contribute to development in NIPPT and diagnosis of certain genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xie
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,MGI Tech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Ning Qu
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shaobin Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fetal Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | - Hao Liang
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fang Chen
- MGI Tech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xueling Ou
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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Berry DP, Bohan A, O'Brien AC, Campion FC, McHugh N, Wall E. Heteropaternal superfecundation frequently occurs in multiple-bearing mob-mated sheep. Anim Genet 2020; 51:579-583. [PMID: 32343851 DOI: 10.1111/age.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heteropaternal superfecundation may be defined as the fertilisation of two or more ova during the same oestrus cycle as a result of more than one coital act from different males; this results in foetuses being born in the same litter of the same age but different paternity. Heteropaternal superfecundation is more likely to occur in poly-ovulatory species like sheep; moreover, female sheep are often mob-mated with several rams concurrently, thus providing an opportunity for a given female to be served by multiple males during the same oestrus cycle. The objective of the present study was to determine the frequency of heteropaternal superfecundation in six sheep flocks where most of the ewes, lambs and rams were genotyped. A total of 685 multiple-birth litters were available where the sire, dam and all lambs were genotyped. Of the 539 pairs of twins included in the analysis, 160 (i.e. 30%) were sired by two different rams. Of the 137 sets of triplets included in the analysis, 73 (i.e. 53%) were sired by more than one ram. Of the nine sets of quadruplets, eight were sired by two rams with the remaining litter being mono-paternal. The overall incidence of heteropaternal superfecundation among litters was therefore 35%. Given that the incidence of multiple births in these flocks was 65%, heteropaternal superfecundation is expected to be relatively common in sheep; this is especially true as all but two of the litter-mates were polyzygotic. Genotyping of progeny is one practical solution to identity such individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Berry
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy Co. Cork, P61 P302, Ireland
| | - A Bohan
- Sheep Ireland, Highfield House, Shinagh, Bandon Co. Cork, P72 X050, Ireland
| | - A C O'Brien
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy Co. Cork, P61 P302, Ireland
| | - F C Campion
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Mellows Campus, Athenry, Co. Galway, H65 R718, Ireland
| | - N McHugh
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy Co. Cork, P61 P302, Ireland
| | - E Wall
- Sheep Ireland, Highfield House, Shinagh, Bandon Co. Cork, P72 X050, Ireland
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8
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Segal NL, Craig JM, Umstad MP. Challenge to the assumed rarity of heteropaternal superfecundation: findings from a case report. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2019.1616821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L. Segal
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | | | - Mark P. Umstad
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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9
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Parga JA, Nansen SC. Heteropaternity of twins in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:270-278. [PMID: 30951607 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This project investigated paternity among 14 sets of twins born into a colony of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) on St. Catherines Island, GA. Female L. catta commonly mate with >1 male, and twins of different sexes confirm that dizygotic twinning can occur in this species. However, no study has previously evaluated twins using genetic data to measure the proportion of mono versus dizygotic twinning in L. catta, and no study has tested for heteropaternity (sirehood by two different males) in this species. We predicted that L. catta would show a predominance of dizygosity and evidence for heteropaternity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Paternity was determined for 28 infants (14 sets of twins) via paternity exclusion analyses using 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers, and data were collected on sexual behavior across four mating seasons during the first cycle of mating in each year, which overlapped with the conceptive periods of these infants. RESULTS All twins were found to be dizygotic, as evidenced by dissimilar multilocus genotypes between the two infants of each twin pair. Heteropaternity was found in 3 of 14 (21% of) twin pairs, whereas the remaining 11 pairs of twins (79%) shared the same sire. In one case of heteropaternity, one sire was a resident male, and one sire was an extra-group male. An extra-group male also sired one of the same-sire twin pairs. All other sires of twins were group residents. DISCUSSION Female multiple mating, which is common to many primates including L. catta, can be viewed as an adaptive reproductive strategy whose function-in addition to fertility assurance or stimulating sperm competition-may be to increase the genetic diversity of a female's offspring, even among infants born in the same birth event. Therefore, during the course of primate evolution, the adaptive benefits of heteropaternity would be expected to have contributed to positive selection for female promiscuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce A Parga
- Department of Anthropology, California State University-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shira C Nansen
- Department of Anthropology, California State University-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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10
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Wenk RE. A review of the biology and classification of human chimeras. Transfusion 2018; 58:2054-2067. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.14791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Wenk
- Relationship Testing Accreditation Program Unit; Baltimore Maryland
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11
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Ayoub M, Briley DA, Grotzinger A, Patterson MW, Engelhardt LE, Tackett JL, Harden KP, Tucker-Drob EM. Genetic and Environmental Associations Between Child Personality and Parenting. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2018; 10:711-721. [PMID: 31807233 DOI: 10.1177/1948550618784890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parenting is often conceptualized in terms of its effects on offspring. However, children may also play an active role in influencing the parenting they receive. Simple correlations between parenting and child outcomes may be due to parent-to-child causation, child-to-parent causation, or some combination of the two. We use a multi-rater, genetically informative, large sample (n = 1411 twin sets) to gain traction on this issue as it relates to parental warmth and stress in the context of child Big Five personality. Considerable variance in parental warmth (27%) and stress (45%) was attributable to child genetic influences on parenting. Incorporating child Big Five personality into the model explained roughly half of this variance. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that parents mold their parenting in response to their child's personality. Residual heritability of parenting is likely due to child characteristics beyond the Big Five.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Ayoub
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Daniel A Briley
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | | | | | | | | | - K Paige Harden
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin.,Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Elliot M Tucker-Drob
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin.,Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin
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12
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The Contributions of ‘Diet’, ‘Genes’, and Physical Activity to the Etiology of Obesity: Contrary Evidence and Consilience. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 61:89-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Sun M, Zhang XN, Wu D, Liu QB, Wu YM. A case study of heteropaternal superfecundation in a pair of Chinese twins. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2016.1236291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mao Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Center for DNA Typing, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiao Nan Zhang
- Center for DNA Typing, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Center for DNA Typing, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qing Bo Liu
- Center for DNA Typing, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuan Ming Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Center for DNA Typing, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
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14
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Panza NM, Wright AA, Selgrade JF. A delay differential equation model of follicle waves in women. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2016; 10:200-221. [PMID: 26674178 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2015.1115564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a mathematical model for hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle which predicts the occurrence of follicle waves in normally cycling women. Several follicles of ovulatory size that develop sequentially during one menstrual cycle are referred to as follicle waves. The model consists of 13 nonlinear, delay differential equations with 51 parameters. Model simulations exhibit a unique stable periodic cycle and this menstrual cycle accurately approximates blood levels of ovarian and pituitary hormones found in the biological literature. Numerical experiments illustrate that the number of follicle waves corresponds to the number of rises in pituitary follicle stimulating hormone. Modifications of the model equations result in simulations which predict the possibility of two ovulations at different times during the same menstrual cycle and, hence, the occurrence of dizygotic twins via a phenomenon referred to as superfecundation. Sensitive parameters are identified and bifurcations in model behaviour with respect to parameter changes are discussed. Studying follicle waves may be helpful for improving female fertility and for understanding some aspects of female reproductive ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Panza
- a Department of Mathematics , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA
| | - Andrew A Wright
- b Biomathematics Graduate Program , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA
| | - James F Selgrade
- c Department of Mathematics and Biomathematics Program , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA
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15
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García MG, Bolontrade AJ, Penacino GA, Chiesa IJ, Pérez MS. Heteropaternal superfecundation: Implicancies in forensic genetics. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL GENETICS SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Physicians and other medical professionals do not always provide new parents with an accurate diagnosis of their twins' zygosity. An overview of this problem is presented, supplemented by an interview with a mother who recently learned that her 2-year-old 'dizygotic (DZ)' twin girls are actually 'monozygotic (MZ)'. Reviews of two case studies, one of twins with sex-discordance and chimerism and the other of twins with congenital amegakaryotic thrombocytopenia, follow. Two additional studies, one a twin analysis of attractiveness to mosquitoes and the other a study of twins coping with crisis, are also described. Several articles and letters from the popular media, concerning less favored twins, paternity issues surrounding superfecundation, twins with late-onset Tay-Sachs disease, and triplets admitted to MIT are informative and insightful.
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17
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About the power of biostatistics in sibling analysis—comparison of empirical and simulated data. Int J Legal Med 2015; 129:1201-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-015-1252-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Albinism is an autosomal recessive disorder that is caused by a defective synthesis of melanin, resulting in a generalized reduction of pigmentation in the skin, hair and eyes, and leading to an increased risk of skin cancer and vision problems. We report a case of a 22-year-old primigravida of Negroid origin who delivered dichorial diamniotic twins: two daughters were born with a totally different appearance. The first child had a light brown skin, black curly hair and brown eyes, whereas the second had a striking white skin, red-blond curly hair and blue eyes. Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) and heteropaternal superfecundation were considered in the differential diagnosis. Genetic testing confirmed the diagnosis of OCA type 2 in the second child. The diagnosis of albinism has clinical implications and must be considered when a black and white twin is born.
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19
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Hoffman JI, Forcada J. Genetic Analysis of Twinning in Antarctic Fur Seals (Arctocephalus gazella). J Mammal 2009. [DOI: 10.1644/08-mamm-a-264r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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20
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Pape O, Winer N, Paumier A, Philippe HJ, Flatrès B, Boog G. Superfœtation : à propos d’un cas et revue de la littérature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 37:791-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Hansen HE, Simonsen BT. A case of heteropaternal superfecundation in a pair of Danish twins. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL GENETICS SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Ely JJ, Frels WI, Howell S, Izard MK, Keeling ME, Lee DR. Twinning and heteropaternity in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2006; 130:96-102. [PMID: 16353220 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Unlike monozygotic (MZ) twins, dizygotic (DZ) twins develop from separate ova. The resulting twins can have different sires if the fertilizing sperm comes from different males. Routine paternity testing of a pair of same-sexed chimpanzee twins born to a female housed with two males indicated that the twins were sired by two different males. DNA typing of 22 short-tandem repeat (STR) loci demonstrated that these twins were not MZ twins but heteropaternal DZ twins. Reproductive data from 1926-2002 at five domestic chimpanzee colonies, including 52 twins and two triplets in 1,865 maternities, were used to estimate total twinning rates and the MZ and DZ components. The average chimpanzee MZ twinning rate (0.43%) equaled the average human MZ rate (0.48%). However, the chimpanzee DZ twinning rate (2.36%) was over twice the human average, and higher than all but the fertility-enhanced human populations of Nigeria. Similarly high twinning rates among African chimpanzees indicated that these estimates were not artifacts of captivity. Log-linear analyses of maternal and paternal effects on recurrent twinning indicated that females who twinned previously had recurrence risks five times greater than average, while evidence for a paternal twinning effect was weak. Chimpanzee twinning rates appear to be elevated relative to corresponding estimated human rates, making twinning and possibly heteropaternity more important features of chimpanzee reproductive biology than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Ely
- Alamogordo Primate Facility, Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico 88330-0956, USA.
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Pretty IA, Hildebrand DP. The Forensic and Investigative Significance of Reverse Paternity Testing With Absent Maternal Sample. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2005; 26:340-2. [PMID: 16304467 DOI: 10.1097/01.paf.0000188092.30544.5d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The authors are involved in the extraction of DNA material from calcified tissues, oftentimes teeth, and analysis of such material to assist the investigative process, frequently by confirming the identity of the victim. Biologic or molecular techniques for the purposes of human identification have evolved to allow increasingly discriminating tests for use in criminal and noncriminal death investigations, as well as paternity disputes. The goal of such tests is to either include 2 samples (ie, they are from the same person, or in the case of paternity, they are from related individuals) or exclude 2 samples (ie, they are from different people or from unrelated individuals). Regardless of the system used and when data error has been eliminated, an exclusionary conclusion is irrefutable. The probability of excluding the falsely accused has steadily increased over the years as new methods are developed. Conventional ABO blood typing, for example, has a probability of exclusion (PE) of only 17%. This value increases to 53% with the inclusion of the Rh and MN systems. Additional serological markers can provide a probability of exclusion of greater than 99%. Today, the current method of choice for human identification is the polymerase chain reaction for the amplification of short tandem repeat (STR) multiplexes. This paper discusses the implications of nonpaternity in reverse paternity testing when only paternal DNA is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain A Pretty
- Dental School and Hospital, University of Manchester, UK.
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24
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Huck M, Löttker P, Böhle UR, Heymann EW. Paternity and kinship patterns in polyandrous moustached tamarins (Saguinus mystax). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2005; 127:449-64. [PMID: 15624210 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We studied patterns of genetic relatedness and paternity in moustached tamarins, small Neotropical primates living in groups of 1-4 adult males and 1-4 adult females. Generally only one female per group breeds, mating with more than one male. Twin birth are the norm. In order to examine the genetic consequences of this mating pattern, DNA was extracted from fecal samples collected from two principal and six neighboring groups. DNA was characterized at twelve microsatellite loci (average: seven alleles/locus). We addressed the following questions: Do all adult males have mating access to the reproductive female of the group? How is paternity distributed across males in a group? Can polyandrous mating lead to multiple paternity? Are nonparental animals more closely related to the breeders than to the population mean? And, are mating partners unrelated? Breeding females mated with all nonrelated males. In at least one group the father of the older offspring did not sire the youngest infant although he was still resident in the group. We also found evidence for multiple paternity in a supposed twin pair. Yet, within each group the majority (67-100%) of infants had the same father, suggesting reproductive skew. Relatedness within groups was generally high (average R = 0.31), although both nonrelated males and females occurred, i.e., immigrations of both sexes are possible. Mating partners were never found to be related, hence inbreeding seems to be uncommon. The results suggest that while the social mating system is polyandry, paternity is often monopolized by a single male per group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Huck
- Abteilung für Sozbiologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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25
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Gallup GG, Burch RL. Semen Displacement as a Sperm Competition Strategy in Humans. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1177/147470490400200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine some of the implications of the possibility that the human penis may have evolved to compete with sperm from other males by displacing rival semen from the cervical end of the vagina prior to ejaculation. The semen displacement hypothesis integrates considerable information about genital morphology and human reproductive behavior, and can be used to generate a number of interesting predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon G. Gallup
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Burch
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY 13126, USA
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Geada H, Ribeiro T, Brito RM, Espinheira R, Rolf B, Hohoff C, Brinkmann B. A STR mutation in a heteropaternal twin case. Forensic Sci Int 2001; 123:239-42. [PMID: 11728756 DOI: 10.1016/s0379-0738(01)00494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A heteropaternal male twin case with two men being alleged fathers was investigated as requested by the Court. Up to 37 PCR-based polymorphic DNA systems were studied in this case which was complicated by a paternal ACTBP2 mutation detected in one twin. This is the first report on a STR mutation in a double paternity case where both biological fathers were indisputably identified. The STR systems enable the resolution of these complex genetic relationships even in a case where a mutation in one STR locus was encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Geada
- Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal.
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27
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Superfecundation and Dual Paternity in a Twin Pregnancy Ending with Placental Abruption. J Forensic Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs14656j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Girela E, Lorente JA, Alvarez JC, Rodrigo MD, Lorente M, Villanueva E. Indisputable double paternity in dizygous twins. Fertil Steril 1997; 67:1159-61. [PMID: 9176461 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(97)81456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report a case of heteropaternal superfecundation. DESIGN Case report. SETTING University paternity laboratory. PATIENT(S) Father, mother, and a set of twins. INTERVENTION(S) Blood typing conventional markers, as well as polymerase chain reaction loci and restriction fragment length polymorphism loci of DNA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Heteropaternal superfecundation was demonstrated after paternity investigation. RESULT(S) The probability of paternity for twin 1 was 99.9999998%, whereas that for twin 2 was excluded on the basis of the following tests: Fy, Pi, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQA1, D1S80, D17S5, HBGG, D5S110, D2S44, and D10S28. CONCLUSION(S) Dizygous twins can have different biologic fathers, as demonstrated in this case. According to published data, the frequency of twins with different fathers is probably underestimated, at least in small selected populations such as those of paternity suits.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Girela
- Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain.
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James WH. The incidence of superfecundation and of double paternity in the general population. ACTA GENETICAE MEDICAE ET GEMELLOLOGIAE 1993; 42:257-62. [PMID: 7871943 DOI: 10.1017/s0001566000003263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It is estimated that at least one dizygotic (DZ) twin maternity in twelve is preceded by superfecundation (the fertilization of two ova by sperm from different coitions). Presumably this parameter varies from population to population eg. with coital rates and rates of double ovulation. Sometimes superfecundation occurs by two different men. The frequency with which this occurs must depend on rates of infidelity (promiscuity). It is suggested that among DZ twins born to married white women in the U.S., about one pair in 400 is bipaternal. The incidence may be substantially higher in small selected groups of dizygotic twin maternities, eg. those of women engaged in prostitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H James
- Galton Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Biometry, University College, London
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