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Jia M, Bai W, Deng J, Li W, Lin Q, Zhong F, Luo F. Enhancing solubility and bioavailability of octacosanol: Development of a green O/W nanoemulsion synthesis process. Int J Pharm 2024; 651:123726. [PMID: 38135259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Octacosanol, a naturally occurring higher fatty alcohol, possessed numerous biological effects. However, octacosanol limited solubility in water due to its lipophilic nature and large structure, resulting in poor absorption and low bioavailability. To overcome this challenge, we developed a simple, environmentally friendly, and energy-efficient O/W nanoemulsion synthesis process. The nanoemulsion achieved an average droplet size of approximately 30 nm, exhibited excellent dispersibility and stability at room temperature for 60 days, and showcased robust storage properties insensitive to ambient temperature, pH, NaCl, and sucrose. Remarkably, the preparation process of the nanoemulsion maintained the biological activity of octacosanol while demonstrating significantly enhancing antioxidant activity compared to octacosanol suspension. Additionally, the nanoemulsion displayed negligible cytotoxic effects on Caco-2 cells. Significantly, the octacosanol nanoemulsion exhibited a 5.4-fold enhancement in transmembrane transport efficiency when compared to the suspension in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Additionally, in an in vivo experiment, there was a notable 2.9-fold increase in rat intestinal absorption. These findings could provide valuable insights into the development of octacosanol nanoemulsion, supporting its future applications and paving the way for the design of stable nanoemulsion systems for other lipophilic and sparingly soluble substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxi Jia
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China; College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, JiangSu, China
| | - Weidong Bai
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Deng
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Wen Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, JiangSu, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seasonings Green Manufacturing, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Qinlu Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, JiangSu, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seasonings Green Manufacturing, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Feifei Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China; Changsha Institute for Food and Drug Control, Changsha 410016, Hunan, China
| | - Feijun Luo
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
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Safari S, Mirazi N, Ahmadi N, Asadbegi M, Nourian A, Rashno M, Komaki A. Policosanol protects against Alzheimer's disease-associated spatial cognitive decline in male rats: possible involved mechanisms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:755-767. [PMID: 36723631 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and synaptic failure. OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to explore the possible protective effects of policosanol (PCO) on spatial cognitive capacity, long-term potentiation (LTP) induction, oxidant/antioxidant status, and Aβ plaques formation in an AD rat model induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of Aβ1-40. METHODS Healthy adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, sham (ICV injection of 5 µl phosphate-buffered saline), AG (50 mg/kg; P.O., as PCO vehicle), PCO (50 mg/kg; P.O.), AD model (ICV injection of 5 µl Aβ), AD + AG (50 mg/kg; P.O.), and AD + PCO (50 mg/kg; P.O.). Treatments were performed for eight consecutive weeks. At the end of the treatment course, spatial learning and memory functions, hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) induction, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total thiol group (TTG) levels, as well as the formation of Aβ plaques, were examined. RESULTS The results showed that injection of Aβ reduced spatial learning and memory abilities in the Barnes maze test, which was accompanied by decreases in field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) slope, population spike (PS) amplitude, and TTG level and increases in Aβ plaque accumulation and MDA content. In contrast, PCO treatment improved all the above-mentioned changes in the Aβ-infused rats. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that amelioration of hippocampal synaptic plasticity impairment, modulation of oxidant/antioxidant status, and inhibition of Aβ plaque formation by PCO may be the mechanisms behind its protective effect against AD-associated spatial cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Safari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Naser Mirazi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Nesa Ahmadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Masoumeh Asadbegi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Nourian
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Masome Rashno
- Student Research Committee, Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Vergallo C. Nutraceutical Vegetable Oil Nanoformulations for Prevention and Management of Diseases. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1232. [PMID: 32599957 PMCID: PMC7353093 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The scientific community is becoming increasingly interested in identifying, characterizing, and delivering nutraceuticals, which constitutes a multi-billion-dollar business. These bioactive agents are claimed to exhibit several health benefits, including the prevention and treatment of diseases such as arthritis, cancer, osteoporosis, cataracts, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases, heart, brain and metabolic disorders, etc. Nutraceuticals are typically consumed as part of a regular human diet and are usually present within foods, comprising vegetable oil, although at low levels and variable composition. Thus, it is difficult to control the type, amount and frequency of their ingestion by individuals. Nanoformulations about vegetable oil-based bioactive compounds with nutraceutical properties are useful for overcoming these issues, while improving the uptake, absorption, and bioavailability in the body. The purpose of this current study is to review papers on such nanoformulations, particularly those relevant for health benefits and the prevention and management of diseases, as well as bioactives extracted from vegetable oils enhancing the drug effectiveness, retrieved through bibliographic databases by setting a timespan from January 2000 to April 2020 (about 1758 records).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Vergallo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73010 Lecce, Italy
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Cuban Sugar Cane Wax Acid and Policosanol Showed Similar Atheroprotective Effects with Inhibition of LDL Oxidation and Cholesteryl Ester Transfer via Enhancement of High-Density Lipoproteins Functionality. Cardiovasc Ther 2019; 2019:8496409. [PMID: 31772618 PMCID: PMC6739770 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8496409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cuban sugarcane wax acids (SCWA) and policosanol (PCO) are mixtures of higher aliphatic acids and alcohols, respectively, purified from sugarcane wax with different chief components. Although it has been known that they have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, physiological properties on molecular mechanism of SCWA have been less studied than PCO. Methods In this study, we compared antiatherogenic activities of SCWA and PCO via encapsulation with reconstituted high-density lipoproteins (rHDL). Results After reconstitution, SCWA-rHDL showed smaller particle size than PCO-rHDL with increase of content. PCO-rHDL or SCWA-rHDL showed distinct inhibition of glycation with similar extent in the presence of fructose. PCO-rHDL or SCWA-rHDL showed strong antioxidant activity against cupric ion-mediated oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and inhibition of oxLDL uptake into macrophages. Although PCO-rHDL showed 1.2-fold stronger inhibition against cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity than SCWA-rHDL, SCWA-rHDL enhanced 15% more brain cell (BV-2) growth and 23% more regeneration of tail fin in zebrafish. Conclusion PCO and SCWA both enhance the beneficial functions of HDL to maximize its antioxidant, antiglycation, and antiatherosclerotic activities and the inhibition of CETP. These enhancements of HDL functionality by PCO and SCWA could exert antiaging and rejuvenation activity.
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Francini-Pesenti F, Spinella P, Calò LA. Potential role of phytochemicals in metabolic syndrome prevention and therapy. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:1987-2002. [PMID: 31632110 PMCID: PMC6778731 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s214550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a set of cardiovascular risk factors which severely increases the risk of type II diabetes, renal disease and cardiovascular disease. Over the last decades, the role of dietary bioactive substances in features of MetS has been extensively investigated. Due to their multiple properties, these plant-derived natural compounds have demonstrated to provide positive effects in obesity, diabetes, renal and in cardiovascular disease. Catechins of green tea and caffeine reduce body mass index and waist circumference. Catechins, anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins of cocoa reduce blood pressure and blood glucose. Curcumin and silymarin exert hepatoprotective effects. Monacolins of red yeast rice are effective cholesterol-lowering agents. However, inconsistent or conflicting results have been found in clinical trials when other promising compounds in vitro or in animal studies, such as policosanol, curcumin or silymarin, were used. Low oral bioavailability of substances, ineffective dosages, inadequate treatment duration and insufficient statistical approach may explain the lack of effectiveness observed in some human studies. Further clinical studies are needed to better understand the role of bioactive compounds in the prevention and management of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Spinella
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Nutrition Unit, University of Padova-Azienda Ospedaliera, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Calò
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Padova-Azienda Ospedaliera, Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: Lorenzo A CalòDepartment of Medicine, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Padova-Azienda Ospedaliera, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova35128, ItalyTel +39 049 821 3071Fax +39 049 821 7921Email
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Gong J, Qin X, Yuan F, Hu M, Chen G, Fang K, Wang D, Jiang S, Li J, Zhao Y, Huang Z, Dong H, Lu F. Efficacy and safety of sugarcane policosanol on dyslipidemia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 62. [PMID: 28730734 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gong
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Xin Qin
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Fen Yuan
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Meilin Hu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Ke Fang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Dingkun Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Shujun Jiang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Jingbin Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Zhaoyi Huang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Hui Dong
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Fuer Lu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
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Kitts DD, Kopec A, Zawistowski J, Popovich DG. Effects of high molecular weight alcohols from sugar cane fed alone or in combination with plant sterols on lipid profile and antioxidant status of Wistar rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 37:938-46. [PMID: 22803783 DOI: 10.1139/h2012-072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of feeding a mixture of high molecular weight alcohols derived from sugarcane (SCA), both alone and in combination with phytosterols (PS), on changes in plasma lipids, organ cholesterol accumulation, and antioxidant status of Wistar rats was undertaken. Three separate experiments were conducted and each experiment had 3 subsets. In experiment 1, rats were fed on an AIN-76, semi-synthetic diet supplemented with 0%, 0.5%, and 5% SCA w/w. The second experiment consisted of feeding rats an atherogenic diet (AIN-76+0.5% cholesterol) containing 0%, 0.5%, and 5% SCA w/w. The third experiment consisted of feeding rats an atherogenic diet that contained 2% PS in combination with 0%, 0.5%, and 5% SCA. Rats fed the atherogenic diet exhibited significant elevations in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and significant reductions in the high-density lipoprotein/total cholesterol ratio, regardless of the presence of 0.5% or 5% SCA mixture. Serum cholesterol increased 29% to 35% in these animals compared with animals fed the nonatherogenic diets. In contrast, animals fed atherogenic diets that contained 2% PS exhibited no difference in serum lipids compared with counterparts fed nonatherogenic diets. The combined presence of SCA with PS had no effect on further lowering plasma cholesterol. No changes in C-reactive protein were observed, but plasma oxygen radical scavenging capacity values significantly (p < 0.05) decreased when rats were fed the atherogenic diets that contained the combination of PS and SCA. This result corresponded to an apparent greater (p < 0.05) susceptibility of red blood cells to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Kitts
- Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Li Q, Thomson ABR, Clandinin MT. Cholesterol ester and free fatty acids are modulated by policosanol in CaCo-2 intestinal cells. J Am Coll Nutr 2012; 30:201-9. [PMID: 21896878 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2011.10719961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate policosanol absorption by brush border membrane (BBM), metabolism in CaCo-2 enterocytes, and transport of policosanol metabolites across the basolateral membrane (BLM). It was hypothesized that policosanol is partially oxidized into fatty acids and then is incorporated into other lipids. METHODS Policosanol was emulsified with phosphatidylcholine in the culture medium. The viability of cells was assessed via an MTT (3-[4,5]dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolim) assay. Control cells received only the same amount of "vehicle" (phosphatidylcholine) without policosanol. CaCo-2 cell monolayer and medium were collected; lipid was extracted and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas liquid chromatography (GLC). RESULTS Eighty-six percent of policosanol added to the cell culture medium was absorbed after 48 hours' incubation. The amount of cholesterol ester fatty acid was significantly increased both in the cells and in the basolateral medium, and was reduced in the apical medium. Policosanol increased the quantity of free fatty acids in the basolateral medium and reduced the free fatty acid content of CaCo-2 cells. Further evaluation of lipid profiles indicated that policosanol modulated the fatty acid profile of cholesterol ester in the basolateral medium. CONCLUSION It was concluded that policosanol or policosanol metabolites may modulate lipid metabolism and/or transport following absorption by the BBM, partial oxidation by the intestinal epithelium, and transport of policosanol metabolites across the BLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Li
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R1, Canada
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Backes JM, Gibson CA, Ruisinger JF, Moriarty PM. Modified-Policosanol Does Not Reduce Plasma Lipoproteins in Hyperlipidemic Patients When Used Alone or in Combination with Statin Therapy. Lipids 2011; 46:923-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Marinangeli CPF, Jones PJH, Kassis AN, Eskin MNA. Policosanols as nutraceuticals: fact or fiction. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010; 50:259-67. [PMID: 20301014 DOI: 10.1080/10408391003626249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Policosanols (PC) are very long chain aliphatic alcohols derived from the wax constituent of plants. In the early 1990s, researchers at Dalmer Laboratories in La Habana Cuba isolated and produced the first PC supplement from sugarcane wax. The original PC supplement has been approved as a cholesterol-lowering drug in over 25 countries throughout the Caribbean and South America. Cuban studies claim that 1 to 20 mg/day of the original PC supplement are effective at producing significant reductions in total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). These studies also show that PC supplements are potent antioxidants, promote proper arterial endothelial cell function, inhibit platelet aggregation and thrombosis, and serve as effective treatments for intermittent claudication. However, for the most part, those studies reporting therapeutic efficacy of PC were carried out by one research group situated in Cuba. Conversely, research groups outside of Cuba have failed to validate the cholesterol-lowering and antioxidant efficacy of PC. Cuban researchers, however, continue to claim that the efficacy is attributed to the unique purity and composition of the original PC preparation, a mixture not found in PC products used by external research groups. The absence of independent and external studies confirming the therapeutic benefits of PC in disease prevention and treatment raises questions regarding their true efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P F Marinangeli
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Ritchie SA, Ahiahonu PWK, Jayasinghe D, Heath D, Liu J, Lu Y, Jin W, Kavianpour A, Yamazaki Y, Khan AM, Hossain M, Su-Myat KK, Wood PL, Krenitsky K, Takemasa I, Miyake M, Sekimoto M, Monden M, Matsubara H, Nomura F, Goodenowe DB. Reduced levels of hydroxylated, polyunsaturated ultra long-chain fatty acids in the serum of colorectal cancer patients: implications for early screening and detection. BMC Med 2010; 8:13. [PMID: 20156336 PMCID: PMC2833138 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-8-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are currently no accurate serum markers for detecting early risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). We therefore developed a non-targeted metabolomics technology to analyse the serum of pre-treatment CRC patients in order to discover putative metabolic markers associated with CRC. Using tandem-mass spectrometry (MS/MS) high throughput MS technology we evaluated the utility of selected markers and this technology for discriminating between CRC and healthy subjects. METHODS Biomarker discovery was performed using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). Comprehensive metabolic profiles of CRC patients and controls from three independent populations from different continents (USA and Japan; total n = 222) were obtained and the best inter-study biomarkers determined. The structural characterization of these and related markers was performed using liquid chromatography (LC) MS/MS and nuclear magnetic resonance technologies. Clinical utility evaluations were performed using a targeted high-throughput triple-quadrupole multiple reaction monitoring (TQ-MRM) method for three biomarkers in two further independent populations from the USA and Japan (total n = 220). RESULTS Comprehensive metabolomic analyses revealed significantly reduced levels of 28-36 carbon-containing hydroxylated polyunsaturated ultra long-chain fatty-acids in all three independent cohorts of CRC patient samples relative to controls. Structure elucidation studies on the C28 molecules revealed two families harbouring specifically two or three hydroxyl substitutions and varying degrees of unsaturation. The TQ-MRM method successfully validated the FTICR-MS results in two further independent studies. In total, biomarkers in five independent populations across two continental regions were evaluated (three populations by FTICR-MS and two by TQ-MRM). The resultant receiver-operator characteristic curve AUCs ranged from 0.85 to 0.98 (average = 0.91 +/- 0.04). CONCLUSIONS A novel comprehensive metabolomics technology was used to identify a systemic metabolic dysregulation comprising previously unknown hydroxylated polyunsaturated ultra-long chain fatty acid metabolites in CRC patients. These metabolites are easily measurable in serum and a decrease in their concentration appears to be highly sensitive and specific for the presence of CRC, regardless of ethnic or geographic background. The measurement of these metabolites may represent an additional tool for the early detection and screening of CRC.
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Plant Sterol and Policosanol Characterization of Hexane Extracts from Grain Sorghum, Corn and their DDGS. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-009-1398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jones PJ, Kassis AN, Marinangeli CP. Policosanols lose their lustre as cholesterol-lowering agents. J Funct Foods 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Kassis AN, Kubow S, Jones PJH. Sugar Cane Policosanols do not Reduce LDL Oxidation in Hypercholesterolemic Individuals. Lipids 2009; 44:391-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-009-3295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kassis AN, Marinangeli CP, Jones PJ. Reply to the discussion by Sergei V. Jargin on Evaluation of cholesterol-lowering and antioxidant properties of sugar cane policosanols in hamsters and humansAppears in Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 34: this issue. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2009. [DOI: 10.1139/h08-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amira N. Kassis
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB R3T 6C5, Canada
| | - Christopher P.F. Marinangeli
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB R3T 6C5, Canada
| | - Peter J.H. Jones
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB R3T 6C5, Canada
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Francini-Pesenti F, Beltramolli D, Dall'acqua S, Brocadello F. Effect of sugar cane policosanol on lipid profile in primary hypercholesterolemia. Phytother Res 2008; 22:318-22. [PMID: 18167048 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Policosanol, a mixture of long-chain aliphatic primary alcohols, is used as a cholesterol-lowering supplement. The effectiveness of policosanol is still questionable. To determine the lipoprotein-lowering effects of Cuban sugar cane-derived policosanol a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial was performed. Sixty-eight primary hypercholesterolemic subjects were enrolled and randomly assigned to the treatment or to the control group. The first group received sugar cane policosanol 20 mg daily for 8 weeks, while the control group was treated with placebo. All subjects followed a normocaloric diet. The content of policosanol in the supplement tablets was assessed by gas chromatography. A total of 32 subjects in the policosanol group and 31 subjects in the control group completed the study. Body mass index, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride plasma levels did not change significantly in either group. In conclusion, sugar cane policosanol at doses of 20 mg daily showed no lipid lowering effects in subjects with primary hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Francini-Pesenti
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera, Padua, Italy.
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17
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Kassis AN, Jones PJH. Changes in cholesterol kinetics following sugar cane policosanol supplementation: a randomized control trial. Lipids Health Dis 2008; 7:17. [PMID: 18447941 PMCID: PMC2390548 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-7-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sugar cane policosanols (SCP) have been shown to exert cholesterol-modulating properties in various studies conducted in Cuba by substantially reducing cholesterol synthesis. Independent research examining changes in cholesterol kinetics in response to SCP is limited to few studies, none of which was able to replicate findings of the original research. Moreover, no data are available on the effect of SCP on cholesterol absorption to date. The present study was undertaken to determine effects on cholesterol kinetics, namely synthesis and absorption, within hypercholesterolemic individuals consuming a SCP treatment. Twenty-one otherwise healthy hypercholesterolemic subjects participated in a randomized double-blind crossover study where they received 10 mg/day of policosanols or a placebo incorporated in margarine as an evening snack for a period of 28 days. The last week of the study phase, subjects were given 13C labelled cholesterol and deuterated water for the measurement of cholesterol absorption and synthesis respectively. Blood was collected on the first two and last five days of the trial. Cholesterol absorption and synthesis were determined by measuring red cell cholesterol 13C and deuterium enrichment, respectively. Results There was no significant change in LDL cholesterol levels as compared to control. In addition, the area under the curve for red cell cholesterol 13C enrichment across 96 hours was not significantly different in the SCP group as compared to control. Similarly, no difference was observed in the fractional rate of cholesterol synthesis over the period of 24 hours between the two treatment groups. Conclusion The findings of the present study fail to support previous research concerning efficacy and mechanism of action for policosanols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira N Kassis
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montréal, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
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18
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Dullens SPJ, Mensink RP, Bragt MCE, Kies AK, Plat J. Effects of emulsified policosanols with different chain lengths on cholesterol metabolism in heterozygous LDL receptor-deficient mice. J Lipid Res 2007; 49:790-6. [PMID: 18162663 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700497-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Policosanol is a mixture of long-chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohols. Previous studies in humans and animals have shown that these compounds improved lipoprotein profiles. However, more-recent placebo-controlled studies could not confirm these promising effects. Octacosanol (C28), the main component of sugarcane-derived policosanol, is assumed to be the bioactive component. This has, however, never been tested in an in vivo study that compared individual policosanol components side by side. Here we present that neither the individual policosanol components (C24, C26, C28, or C30) nor the natural policosanol mixture (all 30 mg/100 g diet) lowered serum cholesterol concentrations in LDL receptor knock-out (LDLr(+/-)) mice. Moreover, there was no effect on gene expression profiles of LDLr, ABCA1, HMG-CoA synthase 1, and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) in hepatic and small intestinal tissue of female LDLr(+/-) mice after the 7 week intervention period. Finally, none of the individual policosanols or their respective long-chain fatty acids or aldehydes affected de novo apoA-I protein production in vitro in HepG2 and CaCo-2 cells. Therefore, we conclude that the evaluated individual policosanols, as well as the natural policosanol mixture, have no potential for reducing coronary heart disease risk through effects on serum lipoprotein concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan P J Dullens
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology, Maastricht Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Keller S, Gimmler F, Jahreis G. Octacosanol administration to humans decreases neutral sterol and bile acid concentration in feces. Lipids 2007; 43:109-15. [PMID: 18004604 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate octacosanol (OC) metabolism in humans and its influence on cholesterol metabolism, two studies were conducted. In the first study ten healthy women received daily 30 mg OC for a period of 4 weeks. Blood and feces samples were collected at baseline and after the intervention. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol were not altered following OC administration. Concentrations of excreted cholesterol end products decreased with the intervention (neutral sterols: 24.6 +/- 9.7 mg/g vs. 20.3 +/- 7.5 mg/g dry matter, P < 0.05; bile acids: 6.47 +/- 3.89 mg/g vs. 4.03 +/- 2.26 mg/g dry matter, P < 0.05). OC was not detected in serum samples, but the fecal OC concentration increased after the intervention period (11 +/- 7 microg/g vs. 817 +/- 179 microg/g dry matter, P < 0.05). In the second kinetic study on three participants, OC was identified in serums after oral application of 50 mg OC within 8 h. The decrease in the concentration of fecal cholesterol end products may underline a systemic effect of OC on cholesterol metabolism, even though the serum cholesterol levels were not influenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Keller
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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