1
|
Barquilha G, Dos Santos CMM, Caçula KG, Santos VC, Polotow TG, Vasconcellos CV, Gomes-Santos JAF, Rodrigues LE, Lambertucci RH, Serdan TDA, Levada-Pires AC, Hatanaka E, Cury-Boaventura MF, de Freitas PB, Pithon-Curi TC, Masi LN, Barros MP, Curi R, Gorjão R, Hirabara SM. Fish Oil Supplementation Improves the Repeated-Bout Effect and Redox Balance in 20-30-Year-Old Men Submitted to Strength Training. Nutrients 2023; 15:1708. [PMID: 37049548 PMCID: PMC10096819 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we investigated the effect of fish oil supplementation combined with a strength-training protocol, for 6 weeks, on muscle damage induced by a single bout of strength exercise in untrained young men. Sixteen men were divided into two groups, supplemented or not with fish oil, and they were evaluated at the pre-training period and post-training period. We investigated changes before and 0, 24, and 48 h after a single hypertrophic exercise session. Creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and the redox imbalance were increased in response to the single-bout session of hypertrophic exercises at baseline (pre-training period) and decreased during the post-training period in the control group due to the repeated-bout effect (RBE). The fish oil supplementation exacerbated this reduction and improved the redox state. In summary, our findings demonstrate that, in untrained young men submitted to a strength-training protocol, fish oil supplementation is ideal for alleviating the muscle injury, inflammation, and redox imbalance induced by a single session of intense strength exercises, highlighting this supplementation as a beneficial strategy for young men that intend to engage in strength-training programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Barquilha
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo 01506-000, Brazil
| | - Cesar Miguel Momesso Dos Santos
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo 01506-000, Brazil
- ENAU Faculty, Ribeirão Pires 09424-130, Brazil
- United Metropolitan Colleges, Centro Universitário FMU, Sao Paulo 01503-001, Brazil
| | - Kim Guimaraes Caçula
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo 01506-000, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Coneglian Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Geraldo Polotow
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo 01506-000, Brazil
| | - Cristina Vardaris Vasconcellos
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo 01506-000, Brazil
| | - José Alberto Fernandes Gomes-Santos
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo 01506-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Rodrigues
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo 01506-000, Brazil
| | | | - Tamires Duarte Afonso Serdan
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo 01506-000, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Adriana Cristina Levada-Pires
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo 01506-000, Brazil
| | - Elaine Hatanaka
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo 01506-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Cury-Boaventura
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo 01506-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Barbosa de Freitas
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo 01506-000, Brazil
| | - Tania Cristina Pithon-Curi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo 01506-000, Brazil
| | - Laureane Nunes Masi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo 01506-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Paes Barros
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo 01506-000, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo 01506-000, Brazil
- Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Gorjão
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo 01506-000, Brazil
| | - Sandro Massao Hirabara
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo 01506-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gauer JS, Ajjan RA, Ariëns RAS. Platelet-Neutrophil Interaction and Thromboinflammation in Diabetes: Considerations for Novel Therapeutic Approaches. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e027071. [PMID: 36250653 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.027071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thromboinflammation has become a topic of key interest in cardiovascular disease and the prevention of diabetes complications because of the interplay between thrombosis and inflammation in diabetes. Specifically, the significant risk of vascular thrombotic disease in diabetes highlights the need for new and better therapeutic targets to help manage and prevent vascular thrombo-occlusive disease in this condition. Similarly, the prominent role of inflammation in diabetes has sparked interest in anti-inflammatory agents to better prevent and control vascular disease. Investigations on the effects of anticoagulation and antiplatelet interventions in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease show a potential role for these agents in decreasing morbidity and mortality. Neutrophils and platelets are key players in inflammation and wound-healing response, respectively. The interaction between neutrophils and platelets is thought to be an important driver of thromboinflammation. Therefore, this review describes the mechanisms involved in platelet-neutrophil interactions that contribute to the development or exacerbation of thromboinflammation in the context of diabetes and its associated comorbidities. The effects observed by the antithrombotic/antidiabetic treatments and physical activity/dietary interventions on attenuating thromboinflammation are discussed. These data suggest that mechanisms involved in platelet-neutrophil interaction, platelet activation/aggregation, and the recruitment of neutrophils have a promising potential to become therapeutic targets to decrease thromboinflammation in patients with diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Gauer
- Discovery and Translational Science Department Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds Leeds United Kingdom
| | - Ramzi A Ajjan
- Discovery and Translational Science Department Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds Leeds United Kingdom
| | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Discovery and Translational Science Department Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds Leeds United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McDaniel J. Regulation of Neutrophil Function by Marine n-3 Fatty Acids-A Mini Review. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 79:641-648. [PMID: 34047941 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-01001-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
While normal functioning neutrophils contribute in various, critical ways to the maintenance of a stable immune system, their hypo- or hyper-activation has been implicated in the onset or exacerbation of multiple inflammatory conditions often affecting the vulnerable, aging population. As such, many would benefit from interventions capable of targeting neutrophils in disease-specific ways without disrupting their primary role in maintaining immune function. After consumption, marine omega-3 fatty acids are rapidly incorporated into the phospholipid bilayer of neutrophils, changing the fatty acid composition and consequently modifying neutrophil function. In addition to eicosanoid synthesis, the mechanisms by which marine n-3 fatty acids and their metabolites alter neutrophil function involve blockage of transcription factors that subsequently reduce pro-inflammatory gene expression by neutrophils and through the disruption of lipid rafts. In the current mini-review, a brief explanation of marine n-3 fatty acid metabolism is provided and the subsequent impact on neutrophil function is discussed. In addition, current evidence of the effects of marine n-3 fatty acid supplementation on neutrophil function from clinical trials conducted in the past 15 years is summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J McDaniel
- The Ohio State University, College of Nursing, 1585 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nutrition and physical activity interventions for the general population with and without cardiometabolic risk: a scoping review. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:4718-4736. [PMID: 34030758 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980021002184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this scoping review was to examine the research question: In the adults with or without cardiometabolic risk, what is the availability of literature examining interventions to improve or maintain nutrition and physical activity-related outcomes? Sub-topics included: (1) behaviour counseling or coaching from a dietitian/nutritionist or exercise practitioner, (2) mobile applications to improve nutrition and physical activity and (3) nutritional ergogenic aids. DESIGN The current study is a scoping review. A literature search of the Medline Complete, CINAHL Complete, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and other databases was conducted to identify articles published in the English language from January 2005 until May 2020. Data were synthesised using bubble charts and heat maps. SETTING Out-patient, community and workplace. PARTICIPANTS Adults with or without cardiometabolic risk factors living in economically developed countries. RESULTS Searches resulted in 19 474 unique articles and 170 articles were included in this scoping review, including one guideline, thirty systematic reviews (SR), 134 randomised controlled trials and five non-randomised trials. Mobile applications (n 37) as well as ergogenic aids (n 87) have been addressed in several recent studies, including SR. While primary research has examined the effect of individual-level nutrition and physical activity counseling or coaching from a dietitian/nutritionist and/or exercise practitioner (n 48), interventions provided by these practitioners have not been recently synthesised in SR. CONCLUSION SR of behaviour counseling or coaching provided by a dietitian/nutritionist and/or exercise practitioner are needed and can inform practice for practitioners working with individuals who are healthy or have cardiometabolic risk.
Collapse
|
5
|
Morishima T, Tsuchiya Y, Ueda H, Ochi E. Muscular endurance and muscle metabolic responses to 8 weeks of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14546. [PMID: 32812384 PMCID: PMC7435031 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been well known that exercise training improves muscular endurance; however, whether nutritional strategies can be used to enhance muscular endurance remains unclear. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that 8 weeks of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation, known to promote oxygen availability and lipid metabolism, would attenuate muscular fatigue caused by numerous muscle contractions. METHODS Nineteen healthy men were randomly assigned to a placebo group (n = 9) and fish oil group (n = 10) in a double-blind fashion. The fish oil group consumed EPA-rich fish oil that contains 600-mg EPA and 260-mg DHA per day for 8 weeks. The placebo group received matching capsules for the same duration of time. After the 8-week intervention, subjects performed muscular endurance test that was repeated knee extensions with weights equal to 40% of the subject's body weight. RESULTS Maximal repetitions to exhaustion were recorded. In addition, maximum isometric voluntary muscle contraction (MVC), muscle metabolism using near-infrared spectroscopy, and blood lactate were measured during the test. Subjects in both groups reached exhaustion after the muscular endurance test, while the maximal repetitions did not differ between the groups. Similarly, there is no significant difference in oxygen saturation in muscle tissue (StO2), an index of muscle oxygen availability, between the groups. Also, MVC and blood lactate did not change between groups. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the present study provided evidence that muscle fatigue caused by knee extensions cannot be attenuated by EPA and DHA supplementation in healthy subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yosuke Tsuchiya
- Laboratory of Health and Sports SciencesMeiji Gakuin UniversityKanagawaJapan
| | - Hisashi Ueda
- Faculty of Health and Medical ScienceTeikyo Heisei UniversityChibaJapan
| | - Eisuke Ochi
- Sports Research CenterHosei UniversityTokyoJapan
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied ChemistryHosei UniversityTokyoJapan
- Graduate School of Sports and Health StudiesHosei UniversityTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Ghasemi Fard S, Wang F, Sinclair AJ, Elliott G, Turchini GM. How does high DHA fish oil affect health? A systematic review of evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:1684-1727. [PMID: 29494205 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1425978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The health benefits of fish oil, and its omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content, have attracted much scientific attention in the last four decades. Fish oils that contain higher amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) than docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), in a distinctive ratio of 18/12, are typically the most abundantly available and are commonly studied. Although the two fatty acids have traditionally been considered together, as though they were one entity, different physiological effects of EPA and DHA have recently been reported. New oils containing a higher quantity of DHA compared with EPA, such as fractionated and concentrated fish oil, tuna oil, calamari oil and microalgae oil, are increasingly becoming available on the market, and other oils, including those extracted from genetically modified oilseed crops, soon to come. This systematic review focuses on the effects of high DHA fish oils on various human health conditions, such as the heart and cardiovascular system, the brain and visual function, inflammation and immune function and growth/Body Mass Index. Although inconclusive results were reported in several instances, and inconsistent outcomes observed in others, current data provides substantiated evidence in support of DHA being a beneficial bioactive compound for heart, cardiovascular and brain function, with different, and at times complementary, effects compared with EPA. DHA has also been reported to be effective in slowing the rate of cognitive decline, while its possible effects on depression disorders are still unclear. Interestingly, gender- and age- specific divergent roles for DHA have also been reported. This review provides a comprehensive collection of evidence and a critical summary of the documented physiological effects of high DHA fish oils for human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Ghasemi Fard
- a School of Medicine, Deakin University , Geelong , Australia.,b Nu-Mega Ingredients Pty Ltd , Altona North , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Fenglei Wang
- c Department of Food Science and Nutrition , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Andrew J Sinclair
- a School of Medicine, Deakin University , Geelong , Australia.,e Department of Nutrition , Dietetics and Food, Monash University , Clayton , Australia
| | - Glenn Elliott
- b Nu-Mega Ingredients Pty Ltd , Altona North , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Giovanni M Turchini
- d School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Deakin University , Geelong , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gheorghe A, Pérez de Heredia F, Hunsche C, Redondo N, Díaz LE, Hernández O, Marcos A, De la Fuente M. Oxidative stress and immunosenescence in spleen of obese mice can be reversed by 2-hydroxyoleic acid. Exp Physiol 2018; 102:533-544. [PMID: 28205317 DOI: 10.1113/ep086157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Evidence is growing for the link between obesity, immune dysfunction and oxidative stress, but it is still not known how the properties and functions of the spleen and splenic leucocytes are affected. What is the main finding and its importance? Obesity led to premature immunosenescence, manifested as oxidative stress and changes in leucocyte functions in mouse spleen. The oleic acid derivative 2-hydroxyoleate and, to a lesser extent, a combination of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids could reverse most of the observed alterations, suggesting a potential therapeutic tool for obesity-related immune dysfunction and redox imbalance. We aimed to investigate the effects of obesity on oxidative stress and leucocyte function in the mouse spleen and to assess whether supplementation with 2-hydroxyoleic acid (2-OHOA) or n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) could reverse those effects. Female ICR/CD1 mice (8 weeks old, n = 24) received an obesogenic diet (22% fat for 4 weeks and 60% fat for 14 weeks). After 6 weeks, mice were divided into the following three groups (n = 8 per group): no supplementation; 2-OHOA supplementation (1500 mg kg-1 of diet); and n-3 PUFA supplementation (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, 1500 + 1500 mg kg-1 of diet). Eight mice were fed the standard diet for the whole duration of the study (control group). At the end of the experiment, the following variables were assessed in spleens: levels of reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), GSH/GSSG, xanthine oxidase activity, lipid peroxidation, lymphocyte chemotaxis, natural killer activity and mitogen (concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide)-induced lymphocyte proliferation. Obese animals presented higher GSSG levels (P = 0.003), GSSG/GSH ratio (P = 0.013), lipid peroxidation (P = 0.004), xanthine oxidase activity (P = 0.015) and lymphocyte chemotaxis (P < 0.001), and lower natural killer activity (P = 0.003) and proliferation in response to concanavalin A (P < 0.001) than control mice. 2-Hydroxyoleic acid totally or partly reversed most of the changes (body weight, fat content, GSSG levels, GSH/GSSG, lipid peroxidation, chemotaxis and proliferation, all P < 0.05), whereas n-3 PUFAs reversed the increase in xanthine oxidase activity (P = 0.032). In conclusion, 2-OHOA or, to a lesser extent, n-3 PUFAs could ameliorate the oxidative stress and alteration of leucocyte function in the spleens of obese mice. Our findings support a link between obesity and immunosenescence and suggest a potential therapeutic tool for obesity-related immune dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Gheorghe
- Immunonutrition Research Group, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Caroline Hunsche
- Department of Animal Physiology II, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Redondo
- Immunonutrition Research Group, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ligia Esperanza Díaz
- Immunonutrition Research Group, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oskarina Hernández
- Department of Animal Physiology II, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ascensión Marcos
- Immunonutrition Research Group, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica De la Fuente
- Department of Animal Physiology II, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fatty acids as modulators of neutrophil recruitment, function and survival. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 785:50-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
10
|
Shafey TM, Al-Batshan HA, Farhan AM. The Effect of Dietary Flaxseed Meal on Liver and Egg Yolk Fatty Acid Profiles, Immune Response and Antioxidant Status of Laying Hens. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2015.3939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed M.S. Farhan
- Department of Animal Production, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Delfan M, Ebrahim K, Baesi F, Mirakhori Z, Ghalamfarsa G, Bakhshaei P, Saboor-Yaraghi AA, Razavi A, Setayesh M, Yousefi M, Jadidi-Niaragh F. The immunomodulatory effects of fish-oil supplementation in elite paddlers: A pilot randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 99:35-40. [PMID: 26026502 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical exercise can induce imbalance of different cytokines by leading them towards an inflammatory and immunosuppressive milieu. Fish-oil (FO) supplementation may modulate the mentioned skewed balance following intense exercise. Therefore, we decided to investigate the effect of intense physical exercise and FO supplementation on cytokine production and helper T (Th) cell phenotype in male elite paddlers. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Male elite paddlers consumed 6 g/day of either FO capsules (n=11) containing 3.6 g long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (1.2 g docosahexaenoic acid and 2.4 g eicosapentaenoic acid) or placebo capsules (n=11) for 4 weeks. The paddlers simultaneously undertook a program of increasing exercise. Blood samples were taken from all the subjects 48 h before and after the 4 weeks of supplementation. RESULTS Our results show that while FO supplementation decreases the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β in the elite paddlers, it increases the production of IL-6. On the other hand, while there was no change in IL-4 secretion, the production of interferon (IFN)-γ was significantly decreased after 4 weeks FO consumption. We also showed that the production of IL-10 was significantly higher in the FO group compared to the placebo. Finally, we found that fish-oil consumption shifts the balance between Th cells towards Th2 phenotype during intensive exercise. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids during intense exercise can induce the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine networks that are associated with a reduced Th1/Th2 ratio in elite paddlers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Delfan
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosro Ebrahim
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Baesi
- Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Mirakhori
- Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Peyman Bakhshaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Saboor-Yaraghi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Razavi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Setayesh
- Biology Department, School of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dawson DR, Branch-Mays G, Gonzalez OA, Ebersole JL. Dietary modulation of the inflammatory cascade. Periodontol 2000 2013; 64:161-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2012.00458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
13
|
Macaluso F, Barone R, Catanese P, Carini F, Rizzuto L, Farina F, Di Felice V. Do fat supplements increase physical performance? Nutrients 2013; 5:509-24. [PMID: 23434906 PMCID: PMC3635209 DOI: 10.3390/nu5020509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish oil and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) belong to a popular class of food supplements known as "fat supplements", which are claimed to reduce muscle glycogen breakdown, reduce body mass, as well as reduce muscle damage and inflammatory responses. Sport athletes consume fish oil and CLA mainly to increase lean body mass and reduce body fat. Recent evidence indicates that this kind of supplementation may have other side-effects and a new role has been identified in steroidogenensis. Preliminary findings demonstrate that fish oil and CLA may induce a physiological increase in testosterone synthesis. The aim of this review is to describe the effects of fish oil and CLA on physical performance (endurance and resistance exercise), and highlight the new results on the effects on testosterone biosynthesis. In view of these new data, we can hypothesize that fat supplements may improve the anabolic effect of exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Macaluso
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schmidt S, Stahl F, Mutz KO, Scheper T, Hahn A, Schuchardt JP. Transcriptome-based identification of antioxidative gene expression after fish oil supplementation in normo- and dyslipidemic men. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:45. [PMID: 22621246 PMCID: PMC3408332 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The beneficial effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), especially in dyslipidemic subjects with a high risk of cardiovascular disease, are widely described in the literature. A lot of effects of n-3 PUFAs and their oxidized metabolites are triggered by regulating the expression of genes. Currently, it is uncertain if the administration of n-3 PUFAs results in different expression changes of genes related to antioxidative mechanisms in normo- and dyslipidemic subjects, which may partly explain their cardioprotective effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation on expression changes of genes involved in oxidative processes. Methods Ten normo- and ten dyslipidemic men were supplemented for twelve weeks with fish oil capsules, providing 1.14 g docosahexaenoic acid and 1.56 g eicosapentaenoic acid. Gene expression levels were determined by whole genome microarray analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results Using microarrays, we discovered an increased expression of antioxidative enzymes and a decreased expression of pro-oxidative and tissue enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 enzymes and matrix metalloproteinases, in both normo- and dyslipidemic men. An up-regulation of catalase and heme oxigenase 2 in both normo- and dyslipidemic subjects and an up-regulation of cytochrome P450 enzyme 1A2 only in dyslipidemic subjects could be observed by qRT-PCR analysis. Conclusions Supplementation of normo- and dyslipidemic subjects with n-3 PUFAs changed the expression of genes related to oxidative processes, which may suggest antioxidative and potential cardioprotective effects of n-3 PUFAs. Further studies combining genetic and metabolic endpoints are needed to verify the regulative effects of n-3 PUFAs in antioxidative gene expression to better understand their beneficial effects in health and disease prevention. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT01089231)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schmidt
- Faculty of Natural Sciences at the Leibniz University of Hannover, Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Am Kleinen Felde 30, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Stahl
- Faculty of Natural Sciences at the Leibniz University of Hannover, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Callinstr 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai-Oliver Mutz
- Faculty of Natural Sciences at the Leibniz University of Hannover, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Callinstr 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Faculty of Natural Sciences at the Leibniz University of Hannover, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Callinstr 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Faculty of Natural Sciences at the Leibniz University of Hannover, Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Am Kleinen Felde 30, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Schuchardt
- Faculty of Natural Sciences at the Leibniz University of Hannover, Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Am Kleinen Felde 30, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Turgut S, Erken HA, Erken G, Ayada C, Genc O, Turgut G. The effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and exercise on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I serum levels during chronic hypoxia in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 22:103-107. [PMID: 22865430 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp.2011.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study we examined the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in response to chronic hypoxia and exercise training in hypoxic conditions. METHODS Thirty-five rats were divided into five groups; control group (C), hypoxia group (H), hypoxia-exercise group (HE), hypoxia-docosahexaenoic acid group (HD), hypoxia-exercise-docosahexaenoic acid group (HED). A treadmill exercise was performed as 30 m/min for 20 min/day, 5 days per week for 28 days at level grade for the exercising groups (HE and HED). DHA was given to the HD and HED groups every day orally (36 mg/kg). The animals, except for the C group, were exposed to hypoxia for 28 days. RESULTS Serum levels of GH and IGF-I in the H group decreased after chronic hypoxia (p<0.001). GH and IGF-I in the HD group also decreased compared with the C group (p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively). GH in C group did not show significant difference compared with the HE and HED groups. Decreased serum level of IGF-I was observed for the HED group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS According to our findings, chronic hypoxia exposure decreases serum levels of GH, and IGF-I and exercise training have a slightly positive effect on GH/IGF-I axis during hypoxia. In addition, DHA supplementation slightly increases GH and IGF-I serum levels in hypoxic conditions. However, this effect on GH/IGF-I axis during hypoxia is not strong compared with exercise. Therefore, we concluded that exercise and/or DHA supplementation does not have additional positive effect on these hormones in hypoxic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebahat Turgut
- Department of Physiology, University of Pamukkale, Denizli, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang M, Ding L, Wang J, Wang H, Yu L. Effects of n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio on heterophil:lymphocyte ratio and T lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of the Yangzhou gosling. Poult Sci 2011; 90:824-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
17
|
Abstract
Diet and exercise are primary strategies recommended for the control of the obesity epidemic. Considerable attention is being paid to the effect of both on the immune system. However, little research has been done on the effect of diet, nutrients or exercise on the mucosal immune system. The gastrointestinal tract (gut) is not only responsible for the entry of nutrients into the organism, but also for triggering the primary immune response to orally ingested antigens. The gut-associated lymphoid tissue contains a large amount of immune cells, disseminated all along the intestine in Peyer's patches and lamina propria. Specific nutrients or their combinations, as well as the microflora, are capable of modulating the immune system through cell activation, production of signalling molecules or gene expression. We have observed an increase in T-cells as well as a decrease in B-cells from Peyer's patches, induced by diets high in fats or carbohydrates in Balb/c mice. It has also been demonstrated that exercise modulates the immune system, where moderate levels may improve its function by increasing the proliferation of lymphocytes from various sites, including gut-associated lymphoid tissue, whereas exhaustive acute exercise may cause immunosuppression. High-fat diets combined with exercise are able to induce an increase in CD3+ lymphocytes due to increased CD8+ cells and a decrease in B-cells. Explanations and consequences of the effects of diet and exercise on the gut mucosal immunity are still being explored.
Collapse
|
18
|
Calder PC. Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes. Nutrients 2010; 2:355-374. [PMID: 22254027 PMCID: PMC3257651 DOI: 10.3390/nu2030355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Long chain fatty acids influence inflammation through a variety of mechanisms; many of these are mediated by, or at least associated with, changes in fatty acid composition of cell membranes. Changes in these compositions can modify membrane fluidity, cell signaling leading to altered gene expression, and the pattern of lipid mediator production. Cell involved in the inflammatory response are typically rich in the n-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid, but the contents of arachidonic acid and of the n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) can be altered through oral administration of EPA and DHA. Eicosanoids produced from arachidonic acid have roles in inflammation. EPA also gives rise to eicosanoids and these often have differing properties from those of arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids. EPA and DHA give rise to newly discovered resolvins which are anti-inflammatory and inflammation resolving. Increased membrane content of EPA and DHA (and decreased arachidonic acid content) results in a changed pattern of production of eicosanoids and resolvins. Changing the fatty acid composition of cells involved in the inflammatory response also affects production of peptide mediators of inflammation (adhesion molecules, cytokines etc.). Thus, the fatty acid composition of cells involved in the inflammatory response influences their function; the contents of arachidonic acid, EPA and DHA appear to be especially important. The anti-inflammatory effects of marine n-3 PUFAs suggest that they may be useful as therapeutic agents in disorders with an inflammatory component.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP887 Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vitorino DC, Buzzachera CF, Curi R, Fernandes LC. Effect of chronic supplementation with shark liver oil on immune responses of exercise-trained rats. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 108:1225-32. [PMID: 20033704 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that chronic supplementation with shark liver oil (SLO) improves immune response of lymphocyte, macrophage and neutrophil in animal models and humans. In a similar manner, exercise training also stimulates the immune system. However, we are not aware of any study about the association of exercise and SLO supplementation on immune response. Thus, our main goal was to investigate the effect of chronic supplementation with SLO on immune responses of exercise-trained rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sedentary with no supplementation (SED, n = 20), sedentary with SLO supplementation (SEDslo, n = 20), exercised (EX, n = 17) and exercised supplemented with SLO (EXslo, n = 19). Rats swam for 6 weeks, 1.5 h/day, in water at 32 +/- 1 degrees C, with a load of 6.0% body weight attached to the thorax of rat. Animals were killed 48 h after the last exercise session. SLO supplementation did not change phagocytosis, lysosomal volume, superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide production by peritoneal macrophages and blood neutrophils. Thymus and spleen lymphocyte proliferation were significantly higher in SEDslo, EX, and EXslo groups compared with SED group (P < 0.05). Gut-associated lymphocyte proliferation, on the other hand, was similar between the four experimental groups. Our findings show that SLO and EX indeed are able to increase lymphocyte proliferation, but their association did not induce further stimulation in the adaptive immune response and also did not modify innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Cristina Vitorino
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Biological Sciences Building, Curitiba, PR 81530-970, Brazil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of dietary antioxidant restriction on plasma concentrations of carotenoids and inflammatory markers at rest and in response to exercise in endurance-trained males. Seventeen males performed two exercise trials 2 weeks apart. Participants followed their habitual antioxidant diet (H-AO) before the first exercise test, then a restricted antioxidant diet (R-AO) for 2 weeks before the second exercise test. Blood was collected pre- and post-exercise. Dietary intakes of fibre, ascorbic acid and β-carotene were lower (P < 0·05) on the R-AO diet, but no other differences were observed. Pre-exercise plasma β-carotene concentrations were lower (H-AO, 195 (sd 92); R-AO, 123 (sd 54) ng/ml; P < 0·05), and TNF-α concentrations were higher (H-AO, 16 (sd 7); R-AO, 613 (sd 325) pg/ml; P < 0·01) on the R-AO diet compared to the H-AO diet. Most plasma carotenoid concentrations decreased with exercise, but this effect was more consistent on the H-AO diet. No differences in plasma IL-6 concentrations were observed pre-exercise, whereas post-exercise plasma IL-6 concentrations (H-AO, 30·3 (sd 16); R-AO, 15·3 (sd 5) pg/ml; P < 0·05) were lower following the R-AO diet. Post-exercise TNF-α concentrations were higher on the R-AO diet. Ratings of perceived effort during submaximal exercise were higher (P < 0·05) on the R-AO diet, but there was no difference in the time to exhaustion between diets. In conclusion, lower dietary intakes of carotenoids alter the plasma concentrations of antioxidants and markers of inflammation at rest and in response to exercise.
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Bibliography. Current world literature. Nutrition and metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2009; 20:63-72. [PMID: 19106709 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32832402a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|